High Production Efficiency Research Articles

Surface Reconstruction of La2CuO4 during the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Ethylene and Its Benefits for Enhanced Performance.

Electrochemical reduction (ECR) of CO2 to C2H4 has a potential key role in realizing the carbon neutral future, which ultimately relies on the availability of an efficient electrocatalyst that can exhibit a high Faradaic efficiency (FE) for C2H4 production and robust, long-term operational stability. Here, for the first time, we report that upon applying reductive potential and electrolyte to the benchmark La2CuO4 catalyst, surface reconstruction occurred, i.e., the appearance of a distinctive phase evolution process over time, which was successfully monitored using ex situ powder XRD and operando Mott-Schottky (M-S) measurements of La2CuO4 samples that were soaked into the electrolyte and subjected to CO2-ECR for different durations. At the end of such a reconstruction process, an outermost layer consisting of lanthanum carbonate, a thin outer layer made of an amorphous Cu+ material formed over the core bulk La2CuO4, as confirmed by various characterization techniques, which resulted in the redistribution of interfacial electrons and subsequent formation of electron-rich and electron-deficient interfaces. This contributed to the enhancement in FE for C2H4, reaching as much as 58.7%. Such surface reconstruction-induced electronic structure tuning gives new explanations for the superior catalytic performance of La2CuO4 perovskite and also provides a new pathway to advance CO2-ECR technology.

Influences of fractional separation on the structure and reactivity of wheat straw cellulose for producing 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

High-efficient production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a “sleeping giant” in sustainable chemistry, from cellulose depends significantly on the effective separation of cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. Herein, we report the fractional separation of wheat straw cellulose (WSC) from wheat straw under solvothermal conditions using a mixed solvent of γ-valerolactone (GVL) and H2O as the separating solvent, wherein the impacts of fractional separation parameters (solvent composition, temperature, and time) on removals of lignin and hemicellulose as well as purity and recovery of cellulose were studied by a Box-Behnken Design of response surface method. The optimization of the solvothermal parameters enabled an optimal fractional separation condition (VGVL: ∼ 60.0 vol%, T: 205 oC, t: ∼1.7 h) that led to a higher purity (89.4%) and recovery (86.7%) of cellulose in WSC. A further correlation of the removals of lignin and hemicellulose as well as purity and recovery of cellulose with the yield of HMF excluded an independent influence of the above factors. Instead, a comprehensive contribution of high fractional separation efficiency (defined as the product of cellulose purity and recovery) and low crystallinity of WSC was found to improve the HMF yield. However, the heat- and freeze-dryings of WSC after the solvothermal separation were found to lower the HMF yield because it re-improved the crystallinity of WSC. A high HMF yield of 58.6 mol% was achieved after reacting wet-WSC in a mixed solvent of 1,4-dioxane and H2O at 180 oC for 20 min, which was 1.5 fold higher than that from microcrystalline cellulose. This work highlights the importance of enhancing the fractional separation efficiency of cellulose from lignocellulosic biomass whereas avoiding drying process for future HMF biorefinery.

Sulfur-doped manganese-cobalt hydroxide with promoted surface reconstruction for glycerol electrooxidation assisted hydrogen production

Glycerol electrooxidation reaction (GOR), as an attractive alternative to oxygen evolution reaction, not only produces value-added formic acid but also facilitates H2 production. However, its practical application suffers from the lack of efficient electrocatalysts with high activity at low potentials. Herein, sulfur doped manganese-cobalt hydroxide nanosheets on nickel foam (Mn-Co-S/NF) has been demonstrated as a promising electrocatalytic electrode for GOR, showing high current density at low potentials and high Faradaic efficiency for formate production. The combination of ex situ characterization, operando Raman analysis, and in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement unveils that S doping leads to the formation of hierarchically porous structure with abundant oxygen vacancies during the reaction, enabling the surface reconstruction to proceed in an easier manner and to a higher degree. As a result, the reconstructed Mn-Co-S/NF possesses highly enhanced charge/mass transfer capability and enriched high valence Co active species. Impressively, in a practical flow electrolyzer, an industrial-level current density of 900 mA cm−2 can be achieved at a cell voltage of 2.0 V. It also exhibits H2 yield rate of 3.5 mmol cm−2 h−1 at 200 mA cm−2, realizing up to 30.2% energy saving efficiency compared to water electrolysis.

Preparation of solution blow spinning nanofibers and its application in the food field: a review

Abstract Solution blow spinning is a technology that uses high-pressure gas to prepare spinning solution into nanofibers. It has the advantages of high production efficiency and easy operation, and the prepared nanofibers have a large specific surface area, high porosity, and flexible surface functionalization. Therefore, solution blow spinning has received more and more attention in the food field. This paper first introduces the principle of solution blow spinning, the influence of spinning liquid properties, process parameters, and environmental factors on the spinning process. Secondly, it introduces the materials and ways of applying solution blow-spun nanofibers in the food field, such as bacteriostatic food packaging, slow-release food packaging, and intelligent sensors. Finally, the application of solution blow spinning technology in food is summarized and prospected. This paper provides a reference for further research and application of solution blow spinning in the food field at a later stage.

Water-induced controllable deswelling strategy enabled rapid fabrication of transparent cellulose film for plastics replacement

Plastic pollution has posed significant impacts on the ecosystem. While biodegradable transparent cellulose films are considered ideal alternatives, they still grapple with issues of high energy consumption and low production efficiency. In this study, we proposed a water-induced fiber deswelling strategy to expedite the fabrication of transparent cellulose films from wood pulp. Raw cellulose fibers were firstly disintegrated into micro-sized fibers via cold alkali swelling and mild mechanical blending. Subsequently, water was introduced to govern the swelling and aggregation behavior of these treated cellulose fibers, reducing their water retention and facilitating the rapid preparation of cellulose films. By regulating the amount of water added, cellulose film can be prepared within 1 min using vacuum filtration. Furthermore, the resulting film exhibits good wet strength, surpassing most previously reported cellulose-based films, with a wet strength exceeding 30 MPa and a wet strength retention of up to 65.7 %. With these advantageous features, the cellulose film was demonstrated for packaging and fruits preservation, showing a great potential to replace conventional plastics in the packaging applications. In addition, the life cycle environmental impacts of 1.0 kg cellulose film production (cradle-to-gate system boundary) were 12.63 kg CO2-eq, 0.04 kg SO2-eq, and 397 MJ energy use.

The Role of the Heterogeneous Catalyst to Produce Solketal from Biodiesel Waste: The Key to Achieve Efficiency.

The valorization of the large amount of crude glycerol formed from the biodiesel industry is of primordial necessity. One possible direction with high interest to the biorefinery sector is the production of fuel additives such as solketal, through the acetalization of glycerol with acetone. This is a chemical process that conciliates high sustainability and economic interest, since solketal contributes to the fulfillment of a Circular Economy Model through its use in biodiesel blends. The key to guarantee high efficiency and high sustainability for solketal production is the use of recovery and recyclable heterogeneous catalysts. Reported works indicate that high yields are attributed to catalyst acidity, mainly the ones containing Brönsted acidic sites. On the other hand, the catalyst stability and its recycling capacity are completely dependent of the support material and the acidic sites incorporation methodology. This review intends to conciliate the information spread on this topic and indicate the most assertive strategies to achieve high solketal production in short reaction time during various reaction cycles.

Screening and genetic engineering of marine-derived Aspergillus terreus for high-efficient production of lovastatin

BackgroundLovastatin has widespread applications thanks to its multiple pharmacological effects. Fermentation by filamentous fungi represents the major way of lovastatin production. However, the current lovastatin productivity by fungal fermentation is limited and needs to be improved.ResultsIn this study, the lovastatin-producing strains of Aspergillus terreus from marine environment were screened, and their lovastatin productions were further improved by genetic engineering. Five strains of A. terreus were isolated from various marine environments. Their secondary metabolites were profiled by metabolomics analysis using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS) with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS), revealing that the production of secondary metabolites was variable among different strains. Remarkably, the strain of A. terreus MJ106 could principally biosynthesize the target drug lovastatin, which was confirmed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and gene expression analysis. By one-factor experiment, lactose was found to be the best carbon source for A. terreus MJ106 to produce lovastatin. To improve the lovastatin titer in A. terreus MJ106, genetic engineering was applied to this strain. Firstly, a series of strong promoters was identified by transcriptomic and green fluorescent protein reporter analysis. Then, three selected strong promoters were used to overexpress the transcription factor gene lovE encoding the major transactivator for lov gene cluster expression. The results revealed that compared to A. terreus MJ106, all lovE over-expression mutants exhibited significantly more production of lovastatin and higher gene expression. One of them, LovE-b19, showed the highest lovastatin productivity at a titer of 1512 mg/L, which represents the highest production level reported in A. terreus.ConclusionOur data suggested that combination of strain screen and genetic engineering represents a powerful tool for improving the productivity of fungal secondary metabolites, which could be adopted for large-scale production of lovastatin in marine-derived A. terreus.

Seeding Atomic Silver into Internal Lattice Sites of Transition Metal Oxide for Advanced Electrocatalysis.

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are widely studied for loading of various catalysts due to their low cost and high structure flexibility. However, the prevailing close-packed nature of most TMOs crystals has restricted the available loading sites to surface only, while their internal bulk lattice remains unactuated due to the inaccessible narrow space that blocks out most key reactants and/or particulate catalysts. Herein, using tunnel-structured MnO2, this study demonstrates how TMO's internal lattice space can be activated as extra loading sites for atomic Ag in addition to the conventional surface-only loading, via which a dual-form Ag catalyst within MnO2 skeleton is established. In this design, not only faceted Ag nanoparticles are confined onto MnO2 surface by coherent lattice-sharing, Ag atomic strings are also seeded deep into the sub-nanoscale MnO2 tunnel lattice, enriching the catalytically active sites. Tested for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR), such dual-form catalyst exhibits a high Faradaic efficiency (94%), yield (67.3mol g-1 h-1) and durability (≈48h) for CO production, exceeding commercial Ag nanoparticles and most Ag-based electrocatalysts. Theoretical calculations further reveal the concurrent effect of such dual-form catalyst featuring facet-dependent eCO2RR for Ag nanoparticles and lattice-confined eCO2RR for Ag atomic strings, inspiring the future design of catalyst-substrate configuration.

Research on Hybrid Rectifier for High Power Electrolytic Hydrogen Production Based on Modular Multilevel Converter

Aiming at the problem that silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR) and pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifiers cannot balance high power levels, high hydrogen production efficiency, and high grid connected quality in the current research on rectifier power supplies for electrolytic hydrogen production, a new hybrid rectifier topology based on a modular multilevel converter (MMC) is proposed. The hybrid topology integrates a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) with an auxiliary power converter, wherein the SCR is designated as the primary power source for electrolytic hydrogen production. The auxiliary converter employs a cascaded modular multilevel converter (MMC) and an input-series-output-parallel (ISOP) phase-shifted full-bridge (PSFB) arrangement. This configuration allows the auxiliary converter to effectively mitigate AC-side harmonics and minimize DC-side ripple, concurrently transmitting a small amount of power. The effectiveness of the hybrid rectifier in achieving low ripple and harmonic distortion outputs was substantiated through hardware-in-the-loop experiments. Notably, the hybrid topology is characterized by its enhanced electric-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency, elevated power density, cost efficiency, and improved grid compatibility.

Advances in hybrid aluminium metal matrix composite produced by stir casting route: A review on applications and fabrication characteristics

The sustained demand for lightweight parts, superior strength, and high-efficiency products has made material researchers interested to study and explore new materials with superior properties. One of the most promising materials for meeting this demand is aluminium metal matrix composite. Due to its tailored properties, the usage of composite is currently increasing in the automotive, aerospace, marine, electronic, defence, domestic, and sports sectors. Simplicity, affordability, and bulk production in the stir casting method have attracted the attention of many researchers across the globe. This paper reviews the need for hybrid aluminium metal matrix composites, various aluminium alloys, and reinforcement materials produced by the stir casting technique. In addition, the applications, morphological, mechanical, and tribological behavior of aluminium hybrid metal matrix composites are discussed. This review will assist materials researchers in selecting the matrix and reinforcements for a specific application of aluminium matrix composites using the stir casting route.

Himalayas farmer participatory evaluation of balanced application of nutrients in rice (Oryza sativa)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) system in Kumaon hills

A study was conducted by involving 24 farmers in their fields during 2011–13 in lower Kumaon hills, to study the response of rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system to balanced nutrient application. The highest mean grain yields of rice (7.21 t/ha) and of wheat (5.14 t/ha) were recorded with the recommended doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (120, 60 and 40 kg/ha respectively, to both the crops) applied along with the sulphur @ 20 kg/ha followed by recommended NPK alone without micronutrients (7.01 and 5.01 t/ha, respec tively, for rice and wheat). During both the years, grain yields of rice and wheat under the farmers’ practice of nu trient application were significantly lower than the other treatments except control and N alone. In rice crop, appli cation of recommended doses of N, P and K provided additional mean grain yield of 1.50 t/ha over the farmers’ practice, whereas it was 1.04 t/ha in wheat. Application of sulphur @ 20 kg/ha over the recommended dose of NPK to both the crops resulted in additional grain yield of rice and wheat by 200 and 130 kg/ha, respectively, it also resulted in the highest production efficiency (45.4 kg/ha/day). The highest net returns were found under the treatment receiving recommended dose of NPK along with sulphur @ 20 kg/ha ( 150.15 × 103/ha) and it was 54.8% higher over the farmers’ practice of fertilizer application. The soil fertility status after harvesting of wheat in rice–wheat cropping system revealed that highest available nitrogen (298 kg/ha), phosphorus (16.9 kg/ha) and po tassium (200 kg/ha) were observed with recommended doses of N, P and K along with sulphur @ 20 kg/ha to rice and wheat crops in sequence.

Bacillus velezensis strain NA16 shows high poultry feather-degrading efficiency, protease and amino acid production

Isolated Bacillus velezensis strain NA16, which produces proteases, amino acids and the transcription levels of different keratinolytic enzymes and disulfide reductase genes in whole gene sequencing, was evaluated during feather degradation. The result shows under optimum fermentation conditions, chicken feather fermentation showed total amino acid concentration of 7599 mg/L, degradation efficiency of 99.3% at 72 h, and protease activity of 1058 U/mL and keratinase activity of 288 U/mL at 48 h. Goose feather fermentation showed total amino acid concentration of 4918 mg/L (96 h), and degradation efficiency was 98.9% at 120 h. Chicken feather fermentation broth at 72 h showed high levels of 17 amino acids, particularly phenylalanine (1050 ± 1.90 mg/L), valine (960 ± 1.04 mg/L), and glutamic (950 ± 3.00 mg/L). Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed the essential role of peptide bond cleavage in structural changes and degradation of feathers. Protein purification and zymographic analyses revealed a key role in feather degradation of the 39-kDa protein encoded by gene1031, identified as an S8 family serine peptidase. Whole genome sequencing of NA16 revealed 26 metalloproteinase genes and 22 serine protease genes. Among the proteins, S8 family serine peptidase (gene1031, gene1428) and S9 family peptidase (gene3132) were shown by transcription analysis to play major roles in chicken feather degradation. These findings revealed the transcription levels of different families of keratinolytic enzymes in the degradation of feather keratin by microorganisms, and suggested potential applications of NA16 in feather waste management and amino acid production.

Synthesis of Co0·52Cu0·48/Cu@S–C arrays for the enhanced performance of hydrazine-assisted hydrogen production

The development of efficient bifunctional catalysts is the key technology to replace oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) with lower theoretical potential to achieve high efficiency and energy-saving hydrogen production. In this work, the Co0·52Cu0·48/Cu@S–C (−1.3 V) composite with flower-like array was prepared by two-step electrodeposition coupled pyrolysis method. The electrochemical measurements showed that the driving voltages of the optimal composite for HzOR and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are respectively −118 mV and 47 mV at a current density (j) of 10 mA cm−2. The excellent performance of Co0·52Cu0·48/Cu@S–C (−1.3 V) composite is attributed to the fact that the flower-like structure exposes more active areas and facilitates the diffusion of electrolyte, the strong electron interaction between Co0·52Cu0·48/Cu and S–C substrate, which can be verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), enhances the electrical conductivity, the Co0·52Cu0·48/Cu heterogeneous interface reduces the water dissociation barrier and facilitates the dehydrogenation kinetics of N2H4 determined by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Due to the excellent performance of Co0·52Cu0·48/Cu@S–C (−1.3 V), the overall hydrazine splitting (OHzS) electrolytic cell was constructed with Co0·52Cu0·48/Cu@S–C (−1.3 V) as electrodes. The results showed the voltages required by the cell are 36, 210 and 282 mV at the current density values of 10, 100 and 200 mA cm−2 respectively, showing that Co0·52Cu0·48/Cu@S–C (−1.3 V) can be used for energy-saving hydrogen production by hydrazine assisted water electrolysis.

Carbon-coated nickel phosphide enhances efficiently electron transfer of cadmium sulfide for photocatalytic hydrogen production

The capacitance of a co-catalyst can be likened to a “double-edged sword”. Α co-catalysts with high capacitance can store photoexcited electrons, thereby facilitating charge separation within the host catalyst. However, this property simultaneously restricts electron release. Both effects are enhanced with an increasing capacitance value, implying that excessively high capacitance can significantly hinder the photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) production reaction. Herein, we have designed a metal-organic framework (MOF) -derived carbon-coated nickel phosphide (C-Ni5P4) as the co-catalyst of cadmium sulfide (CdS). When C-Ni5P4 and CdS are closely interconnected, electrons spontaneously migrate from CdS to C-Ni5P4 under irradiation due to the higher work function (WF) of C-Ni5P4 compared to CdS. Most importantly, although the WF of C-Ni5P4 is 0.1 eV lower than that of Ni5P4, its specific capacitance (1.2 mF/cm2) is also lower than that of Ni5P4 (1.3 mF/cm2). This difference dramatically promotes electron release. Thereby exerting a strong positive effect on capacitance catalysis. Therefore, 7% C-Ni5P4/CdS exhibits exceptional cyclic stability and has a remarkably high activity level of 12283 μmol/h/g and 3.8 times as many as 3.0 %Ni5P4/CdS. This study provides a theoretical basis for the advancement of photocatalysts with high efficiency in H2 production and is expected to be applied in other fields of photocatalysis.

Photothermal performance of vitreous products from high-temperature melting of hazardous waste

High-temperature molten vitreous (HTMV), as the primary means of hazardous waste disposal, was produced in large quantities. Exploring its potential in photothermal applications could extend its high-value. Herein, the HTMV was used to explore the photothermal performance potential. It indicates that the HTMV possesses significant photothermal conversion capability, capable of increasing the tested water temperature by 6.65 °C. The HTMV mass and water volume are critical factors affecting the water temperature outcomes. The HTMV exhibits distinct conversion capabilities when applied at different application scenarios on the test object. Application on the bottom primarily focuses on photothermal conversion with high heat production efficiency, while side application additionally demonstrates excellent thermal insulation properties. Based on heat balance and backpropagation neural network predictions, optimal scheme of HTMV on both inside and outside bottom application scenarios of the heated object can achieve a maximum heat input of 660.6 kJ m−2 and 570.1 kJ m−2, respectively, and reduce carbon emissions by 0.062 kg CO2 m−2 and 0.054 kg CO2 m−2. This study not only provides a foundation for the further application of HTMV but also opens a new direction for the development of photothermal conversion materials, which is of great significance in advancing sustainable energy technology.

Combined biomass network design: A new integrated approach based on ArcGIS

In light of contemporary energy and environmental objectives, a pivotal transformation of the energy system, encompassing biomass energy, is imperative. A notable challenge in biomass energy facility layout planning is the trade-off between high-efficiency production and the associated investment costs. To harmonize energy efficiency with economy viability, a hybrid layout with the simultaneous construction of centralized and decentralized biomass energy facilities has emerged as a crucial strategic solution. However, the delineation methods for these two layouts lack explicit data support. This study established a population density threshold (PDT) suitable for selecting the distributed layout and employed population density as the criterion for delineating the two layouts. Taking Fuxin City as an example, hybrid layout planning schemes were generated under different PDTs, and a cost and energy benefit analysis framework was developed for these schemes. The results indicated that the scheme with a PDT of 145 person/km2 exhibited the highest energy and economic comprehensive benefits. Compared to a single layout, the planning strategy proposed in this study could achieve nearly the same energy surplus level while saving an investment cost ranging from 2403.9 million CNY to 25,000.23 million CNY. The findings are applicable to other regions with similar conditions, and the analysis framework proposed in this study can be utilized in formulating biomass development strategies for other countries and regions.

Nano core-shell Mn0.5Cd0.5S@ copper phthalocyanine heterojunction structured with high hydrogen production efficiency

The core-shell structure photocatalysts have attracted extensive attention in photocatalysis due to large contact area, multiple reaction sites and high photocatalytic performance. Herein, a series of Mn0.5Cd0.5S@CuPc nano core-shell composites photocatalyst were successfully synthesized by facile solution method. The results showed that the as-prepared Mn0.5Cd0.5S photocatalyst hydrogen evolution was only 0.40 mmol/g·h, while Mn0.5Cd0.5S@CuPc composites show strong light absorption from 600 nm to 800 nm and high catalytic performance compared with pure Mn0.5Cd0.5S. Notably, the hydrogen evolution of Mn0.5Cd0.5S @CuPc-5% reached up to 2.14 mmol/(g·h), representing a remarkable 5.35 times improvement compared to the pure Mn0.5Cd0.5S when the optimal loading capacity of CuPc was set at 5%. The Mn0.5Cd0.5S@CuPc-5% exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the CuPc forms a uniform molecular film on the surface of Mn0.5Cd0.5S, and the close contact between Mn0.5Cd0.5S and CuPc which can effectively promote the transfer and separation of photo-generated carriers. Moreover, the 5% Mn0.5Cd0.5S@CuPc nano core-shell composites have excellent stability, photocatalyst hydrogen activity reduce was approximately 20.1% after four runs for 12 h. This nano core-shell structure photocatalyst research offers a new strategy for constructing organic-inorganic nanocomposite photocatalysts.

PySupercharge: a python algorithm for enabling ABC transporter bacterial secretion of all proteins through amino acid mutation.

The process of producing proteins in bacterial systems and secreting them through ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is an area that has been actively researched and used due to its high protein production capacity and efficiency. However, some proteins are unable to pass through the ABC transporter after synthesis, a phenomenon we previously determined to be caused by an excessive positive charge in certain regions of their amino acid sequence. If such an excessive charge is removed, the secretion of any protein through ABC transporters becomes possible. In this study, we introduce 'linear charge density' as the criteria for possibility of protein secretion through ABC transporters and confirm that this criterion can be applied to various non-secretable proteins, such as SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins, botulinum toxin light chain, and human growth factors. Additionally, we develop a new algorithm, PySupercharge, that enables the secretion of proteins containing regions with high linear charge density. It selectively converts positively charged amino acids into negatively charged or neutral amino acids after linear charge density analysis to enable protein secretion through ABC transporters. PySupercharge, which also minimizes functional/structural stability loss of the pre-mutation proteins through the use of sequence conservation data, is currently being operated on an accessible web server. We verified the efficacy of PySupercharge-driven protein supercharging by secreting various previously non-secretable proteins commonly used in research, and so suggest this tool for use in future research requiring effective protein production.

Effects of long-term positioning tillage on13C assimilate distribution and grain yield formation in wheat

To provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the high-yield and high-efficiency production of wheat, we examined the effects of different tillage patterns on wheat grain yield of Jimai 22 and the physiological mechanisms in an experiment with three treatments: 14 years in rotary tillage (R), minimal and no tillage (S), and minimal and no tillage with a 2-year subsoiling interval (SS). We assessed the light interception by wheat plant canopy, the distribution of photosynthate transport, and grain yield for the three cultivation modes. The results showed that leaf area index was significantly higher for SS treatment than the other treatments at 14-28 days after anthesis. The interception rate and amount of photosynthetically active radiation in the upper and middle layers of wheat canopy were significantly higher for SS treatment than R and S treatments at 21 days after anthesis. The contribution rate of grain assimilation and the distribution proportion of 13C assimilated in grain, and the maximum and average filling rates, were the highest under SS treatment. The 1000-kernel weight for SS treatment increased by 8.7% and 9.6%, and the grain yield increased by 14.2% and 19.4% compared with R and S treatments, respectively. SS treatment significantly improved light energy utilization by wheat canopy, promoted the accumulation and transport of dry matter, increased the grain-filling rate, increased grain weight, which together contributed to the highest grain yield. Therefore, SS was the optimal tillage pattern under the conditions of this experiment.

Gas-Blows-Liquid Spinning Strategy Toward Mechanically Strong, Thermally Protective, Efficiently Hemostatic Aerogel Fibers/Fabrics.

Nanoporous aerogel fibers enjoy the luxury of being one of the most attractive nanomaterials. However, the representative fabrication pathways have faced up with low production rates due to significant speed mismatch between slow sol-gel transition and as fast as possible spinning in the same period. Herein, a novel gas-blows-liquid spinning (GS) strategy with a spinning speed of 300-700ms-1 is developed to get the high-speed and high-efficiency production of aerogel fibers/fabrics. The spinning speed of the GS strategy is 900 times higher than various techniques reported for aerogel fibers. The resulting aerogel fibers exhibit a high specific surface area (180m2g-1). In comparison, the aerogel fiber possesses the highest tensile strength (58.7±3.9MPa) among its counterparts and aerogel fabric with surprising water-absorption and microparticle-blocking performances exhibits the application prospect for better hemostasis than that of commercial gauze and cotton ball. Besides, the GS aerogel fabrics with hierarchical aligned structures show better thermal insulation (≈0.035Wm-1K-1) than wet spinning aerogel fabric and commercial insulation felts. This work has provided inspiration for fast fabricating more aerogel fibers/fabrics with this GS strategy, and the resulting aerogel fibers/fabrics may find significant application in the fields of 5G smart phones, wound hemostasis, etc.