High-pressure Liquid Chromatography Research Articles

Hybrid Polymer-Inorganic Materials with Hyaluronic Acid as Controlled Antibiotic Release Systems.

In recent years, significant developments have taken place in scientific fields such as tissue and materials engineering, which allow for the development of new, intelligent biomaterials. An example of such biomaterials is drug delivery systems that release the active substance directly at the site where the therapeutic effect is required. In this research, polymeric materials and ceramic-polymer composites were developed as carriers for the antibiotic clindamycin. The preparation and characterization of biomaterials based on hyaluronic acid, collagen, and nano brushite obtained using the photocrosslinking technique under UV (ultraviolet) light are described. Physical and chemical analyses of the materials obtained were carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and optical microscopy. The sorption capacities were determined and subjected to in vitro incubation in simulated biological environments such as Ringer's solution, simulated body fluid (SBF), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and distilled water. The antibiotic release rate was also measured. The study confirmed higher swelling capacity for materials with no addition of a ceramic phase, thus it can be concluded that brushite inhibits the penetration of the liquid medium into the interior of the samples, leading to faster absorption of the liquid medium. In addition, incubation tests confirmed preliminary biocompatibility. No drastic changes in pH values were observed, which suggests that the materials are stable under these conditions. The release rate of the antibiotic from the biomaterial into the incubation medium was determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of the antibiotic in the incubation fluid increased steadily following a 14-day incubation in PBS, indicating continuous antibiotic release. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the developed polymeric material demonstrates potential for use as a carrier for the active substance.

α-Tocopherol Depletion Exacerbates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Reduction of Grip Strength

Backgroundα-Tocopherol (αT) deficiency causes several neurologic disorders, such as spinocerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and myopathy. Furthermore, decreased antibody production, impaired ex vivo T cell function, and elevated cytokine production are observed in humans and mice with αT deficiency. Although modeling αT deficiency in animals is challenging, αT depletion can be more readily achieved in α-tocopherol transfer protein-null (Ttpa-/-) mice than wild-type (WT) mice. Thus, the Ttpa-/- mouse model is a useful tool for studying metabolic consequences of low αT status. Optimizing this mouse model and selecting the reliable indicators/markers of deficiency are still needed. ObjectiveOur objective was to assess whether αT depletion alters lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in the brain and/or grip strength used as a proxy for fatigue. MethodsWT and Ttpa-/- weanling littermates (n = 37–40/genotype) were fed an αT deficient diet ad libitum for 9 wk. Mice were then injected with LPS (10 μg/mouse) or saline (control) intraperitoneally and killed 4 h later. Concentrations of αT in diet and tissues were measured via high-pressure liquid chromatography. Grip strength was evaluated via a grip strength meter apparatus 2 d before and 3.5 h after LPS injection. Cerebellar and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ResultsαT concentrations in the liver, heart, and adipose tissue of WT mice were higher than Ttpa-/- mice. Although αT was detected in the brain, muscle, and serum of WT mice, it was undetectable in these tissues of Ttpa-/- mice. Cerebellar and serum concentrations of IL-6 were increased in LPS-treated groups but were not significantly affected by genotype. Grip strength was reduced in LPS-treated groups, an effect that was more pronounced in Ttpa-/- mice. ConclusionsSystemic LPS administration caused an acute inflammatory response with a concomitant decline in grip strength, especially in Ttpa-/- mice. αT depletion appears to exacerbate reductions in grip strength brought on by systemic inflammation.

Evaluation of the dyeability of hemp fabric with Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra subsp. Pallassiana) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

The development of more sustainable textile dyeing techniques includes a lot of potential in utilizing bio-based plant-derived colorants. Hemp fabric has been dyed with an aqueous extract of pine cones at various dye concentrations to produce a brownish to darker color. Agricultural waste specimens, Anatolian black pine ( Pinus nigra subsp. Pallassiana), and Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) cones were used as natural dye sources on a sustainable basis. The dyed hemp fabrics were analyzed by different analytical and technical methods such as CIE L*a*b*, high-pressure liquid chromatography–diode-array detection, and scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The color characteristics of all the dyed fabrics were measured by a CIE L*a*b* spectrophotometer. The reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography–diode-array detection method with the diode-array detection method was utilized for the identification of the components of dyes present in the dyed fabrics. Scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer was used for imaging and elemental analysis of the surfaces of the dyed hemp fabrics. This work has created a novelty direct dyeing method with pine cones without using any mordants and to promote the use of agricultural waste. The fastness values of washing, rubbing, and light were assessed and contrasted. The fastness results were good in general. Washing fastness values were excellent and the same for all fabrics between 4 and 5. Rubbing fastness is also generally good and of the desired grade. The chemical compositions of hemp and pine cones, as well as the formation of dyestuff fiber, were investigated by using Fourier transform infrared analysis.

Unlocking the potential of glyphosate-resistant bacterial strains in biodegradation and maize growth.

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine] is a non-selective herbicide with a broad spectrum activity that is commonly used to control perennial vegetation in agricultural fields. The widespread utilization of glyphosate in agriculture leads to soil, water, and food crop contamination, resulting in human and environmental health consequences. Therefore, it is imperative to devise techniques for enhancing the degradation of glyphosate in soil. Rhizobacteria play a crucial role in degrading organic contaminants. Limited work has been done on exploring the capabilities of indigenously existing glyphosate-degrading rhizobacteria in Pakistani soils. This research attempts to discover whether native bacteria have the glyphosate-degrading ability for a sustainable solution to glyphosate contamination. Therefore, this study explored the potential of 11 native strains isolated from the soil with repeated glyphosate application history and showed resistance against glyphosate at higher concentrations (200 mg kg-1). Five out of eleven strains outperformed in glyphosate degradation and plant growth promotion. High-pressure liquid chromatography showed that, on average, these five strains degraded 98% glyphosate. In addition, these strains promote maize seed germination index and shoot and root fresh biomass up to 73 and 91%, respectively. Furthermore, inoculation gave an average increase of acid phosphatase (57.97%), alkaline phosphatase (1.76-fold), and dehydrogenase activity (1.75-fold) in glyphosate-contaminated soil. The findings indicated the importance of using indigenous rhizobacteria to degrade glyphosate. Therefore, by maintaining soil health, indigenous soil biodiversity can work effectively for the bioremediation of contaminated soils and sustainable crop production in a world facing food security.

Determination of tannin acyl hydrolase activity of Streptomyces mirabilis TBGS10 by measuring gallic acid using high-pressure liquid chromatography

Tannase is a hydrolytic enzyme known as tannin acyl hydrolase that acts on the ester bonds of hydrolyzable tannins and produces gallic acid. Tannase enzymes are obtained from various sources. Tannase from microbial sources, especially fungi like Aspergillus spp., has been used in the food, brewing, and pharmaceutical industries. Tannin acyl hydrolase activities of Actinomycetes are seldom reported, though they are known to produce a wide range of industrial enzymes. This communication deals with the tannase activity of a Streptomyces isolate from the shola forests of Munnar in the Western Ghats of Kerala. The isolate is identified as S. mirabilis TBGS10 based on morphological characters and 16s rDNA homology. The isolate showed promising tannase activity in plate assays, submerged, and solid-state fermentation conditions. High-pressure liquid chromatography determines the industrially important intermediate gallic acid produced through solid-state fermentation using cashew apple bagasse as substrate. The extract observed a gallic acid (GA) content of 142.624 g/mL with a retention time of 2.506 min. The tannase gene of the strain TBGS10 was PCR amplified using specific primers designed based on similar Streptomyces sequences available in the NCBI-GenBank

Chimgin from Ferula haussknechtii as AChE inhibitor and confirmation of the absolute configuration

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and is classified as a neurodegenerative disorder. From a drug design perspective, natural products (NPs) are more drug-like and are highly compatible with biological systems compared to most synthetic libraries. NPs provide a more efficient and cost-effective approach to new drug discovery. However, the complexity of NPs makes their identification a challenging task. Chimgin, a bicyclic monoterpene with three chiral centers, exhibits a wide range of biological activity. Despite this, the exact structure of chimgin has remained unclear until now. In this study, we quantified the amount of chimgin in Ferula haussknechtii using analytical Reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography equipped with photodiode array detector (RP-HPLC-PDA). Furthermore, we determined the absolute configuration of chimgin through electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. Finally, we evaluated its inhibitory effect on AChE through in vitro and in silico studies. The extraction process yielded an output of 2.82 ± 0.10% with an exact amount of 0.62 ± 0.04 mg of chimgin per 100 g of plant. Based on the results of ECD and TDDFT calculation, the absolute configuration of chimgin was determined to be 1S, 2S, 4S. Chimgin exhibited an inhibitory effect on AChE with an IC50 of 37.43 µM and its mechanism of action was found to be competitive. Highlights Chimgin was isolated from the roots of Ferula haussknechtii. The amount of chimgin in the plant was determined by RP-HPLC-PDA. Its absolute configuration of chimgin was determined using ECD. In vitro acetylcholinesterase activity of the chimgin was evaluated. The docking and molecular dynamic simulation of chimgin was done. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Research on the targeted improvement of the yield of a new VB12-producing strain, Ensifer adhaerens S305, based on genomic and transcriptomic analysis

BackgroundVitamin B12 (VB12) has a wide range of applications and high economic value. In this study, a new strain with high VB12 production potential, Ensifer adhaerens S305, was identified in sewage. Because E. adhaerens strains have become the main strains for VB12 production via fermentation in recent years, the directional modification of the S305 strain to obtain a strain suitable for the industrial production of VB12 has great potential and commercial value.Results16S rRNA and genome-wide phylogenetic tree analysis combined with average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis showed that the high-yielding VB12 strain was a E. adhaerens strain and that its VB12 synthesis pathway genes were highly similar to related genes of strains of this and other species, including E. adhaerens Casida A, Pseudomonas denitrificans SC 510, and E. adhaerens Corn53. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) results indicated that the VB12 yields of the S305 strain were more than double those of the Casida A strain under different medium components. Multiple genes with significantly upregulated and downregulated transcription were identified by comparing the transcription intensity of different genes through transcriptome sequencing. KEGG enrichment analysis of the porphyrin metabolism pathway identified 9 significantly upregulated and downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the VB12 synthesis pathway, including 7 transcriptionally upregulated genes (cobA, cobT, hemA, cobJ, cobN, cobR, and cobP) that were episomally overexpressed in the Casida A strain. The results showed that the VB12 yield of the overexpressed strain was higher than that of the wild-type strain. Notably, the strains overexpressing the cobA and cobT genes exhibited the most significant increases in VB12 yield, i.e., 31.4% and 24.8%, respectively. The VB12 yield of the S305 strain in shake-flask culture was improved from 176.6 ± 8.21 mg/L to 245.6 ± 4.36 mg/L by integrating the cobA and cobT genes into the strain.ConclusionPhylogenetic tree and ANI analysis showed that the Ensifer and Sinorhizobium strains were quite different at the genome level; the overexpression and integrated expression of significantly upregulated genes in the VB12 synthesis pathway could increase the yield of VB12, further improving the VB12 yield of the E. adhaerens S305 strain.

Advances and challenges in conventional and modern techniques for halal food authentication: A review.

Food is one of the most necessary needs since human civilization. For Muslims, it is mandatory to consume halal food. From a halal authentication perspective, adulteration of food products is an emerging challenge worldwide. The demand for halal food consumption has resulted in an ever-increasing need for halal product validity. In the market, there are several food products in which actual ingredients and their source are not mentioned on the label and cannot be observed by the naked eye. Commonly nonhalal items include pig derivatives like lard, pork, and gelatin derivatives, dead meats, alcohol, blood, and prohibited animals. Purposely, various conventional and modern methods offer precise approaches to ensure the halalness and wholesomeness of food products. Conventional methods are physiochemical (dielectric) and electrophoresis. At the same time, modern techniques include high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), electronic nose (E-Nose), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. This review intends to give an extensive and updated overview of conventional and modern analytical methods for ensuring food halal authenticity.

Simultaneous Lipid and Carotenoid Production via Rhodotorula paludigena CM33 Using Crude Glycerol as the Main Substrate: Pilot-Scale Experiments.

Rhodotorula paludigena CM33 is an oleaginous yeast that has been demonstrated to accumulate substantial quantities of intracellular lipids and carotenoids. In this study, crude glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, was used as a carbon source to enhance the accumulation of lipids and carotenoids in the cells. The culture conditions were first optimized using response surface methodology, which revealed that the carotenoid concentration and lipid content improved when the concentration of crude glycerol was 40 g/L. Different fermentation conditions were also investigated: batch, repeated-batch, and fed-batch conditions in a 500 L fermenter. For fed-batch fermentation, the maximum concentrations of biomass, lipids, and carotenoids obtained were 46.32 g/L, 37.65%, and 713.80 mg/L, respectively. A chemical-free carotenoid extraction method was also optimized using high-pressure homogenization and a microfluidizer device. The carotenoids were found to be mostly beta-carotene, which was confirmed by HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography), LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry), and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). The results of this study indicate that crude glycerol can be used as a substrate to produce carotenoids, resulting in enhanced value of this biodiesel by-product.

Analytical and chemometric strategies for elucidation of yerba mate composition.

Yerba mate, a popular plant consumed mainly as an infusion, possesses nutritional and medicinal properties attributed to its secondary metabolites. This study aimed to develop strategies to elucidate the phenolic composition of yerba mate samples from Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was performed, and the extracted compounds were characterized using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS), molecular fluorescence and high-pressure liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Chemometric analysis, including parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and principal component analysis (PCA) explored metabolite profiles and identify patterns. PARAFAC modelling of the molecular fluorescence results revealed higher pigment content in Brazilian samples, while other countries' samples exhibited higher phenolic content. PCA modeling of HPLC-DAD results indicated that cultivated yerba mate contained higher chlorogenic acids levels, and samples from Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay exhibited higher concentrations of chlorogenic acids and flavonoids.

Determination of isohydrafural and methyluracil in ear drops by high performance liquid chromatography

Abstract Objective The aim of current study was the development and validation of a reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) method for the quantitative determination of two active ingredients, isohydrafural (IHF) and methyluracil (MU) in fixed dose combination ear drops. Methods: An efficient separation of the two compounds was achieved on a Teknokroma C1 5μm (150*4,6mm) column, with a methanol: water 60:40 (V: V) mobile phase, at 300C temperature and 0.6 mL/min flow-rate. The total analysis time was 5.5 min. Result: The verified validation parameters were: linearity, selectivity, specificity, precision (repeatability and reproducibility), robustness, limit of detection and quantification. Conclusions: Good separation and lack of interference from other chromatographic peaks, rapidanalysis times were obtained. The newly developed chromatographic method can be applied for the analysis of fixed dose combination ear drops with isohydrafural and methyluracil.

Supercritical fluid chromatography is not (only) normal-phase chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), now using carbon dioxide as a major component of the mobile phase, has been known for over 60 years but still some misunderstandings remain about its capabilities. Amongst them, SFC is often described as a normal-phase chromatographic technique, based on different considerations: polarity of the stationary phase, elution order of the analytes, relative non-polarity of the mobile phase, non-linear retention behaviour, or adsorption retention mechanisms. All of these assumptions are true to a certain extent, and in certain circumstances. But also, all of these assumptions are wrong in different circumstances. In this paper, the criteria to categorize SFC as a normal-phase chromatographic method will be examined individually, considering all knowledge acquired from the early years of its development. Finally, it will appear that the “normal-phase” glass lens is greatly reducing the true extent of SFC's possibilities.

Identification of bioactive compounds and inhibitory effects of TNF-α and COX-2 in the extract from cultured three-spot seahorse (H. trimaculatus).

Three-spot seahorse (Hippocampus trimaculatus) has been consumed as traditional Chinese medicine in Asian society. This study was designed to analyze the bioactive compounds of the solvent extracts from cultured three-spot seahorse by high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI/MS/MS). Subsequently, their biological activities were evaluated and confirmed by cell modes and Western blot analysis. Experimental results indicated that taurine and arginine were the primary bioactive compounds identified and quantified without pre- or post-column derivatization within 20 min retention time. The analytical method was established and validated with intraday/interday RSD from 0.25% to 3.34% and with recovery from 87.8% to 91.2%. As compared to other extracts, water layer extract (WLE) contained the most taurine and arginine contents of 6.807 and 0.437 mg/g (dry basis), respectively. In the meanwhile, WLE also showed anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-induced NO production and inhibited the protein expression of TNF-α and COX-2 by Western blot analysis with better cell viability.

Asymmetric Cu(I)-Catalyzed Conjugate Borylation of α,β-Unsaturated Acyl Silanes

AbstractWe report the development of a Cu(I)-catalyzed conjugate borylation of α,β-unsaturated acyl silanes using bis(pinacoloto)diboron. Racemic borylations of β-aryl- and β-alkyl-substituted silyl enones were achieved using ligand-free conditions to access β-borylated acyl silanes in up to 97% yield. Josiphos enabled the synthesis of enantioenriched boronic esters in up to 58% yield and 94% ee. The racemic reaction was demonstrated on 5.0 mmol scale and isolation of the boronic esters was achieved using simple filtration and normal-phase chromatography. This work supplements known methods to access boronic esters from electron-deficient olefins using Cu(I) catalysis.

The Impact of Different Withering Process Conditions on the Bioactivity and Quality of Black Tea from Azorean Camellia sinensis

The objective of this study was to investigate the variability of natural bioactive compounds, such as catechin, theaflavin, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), of Azorean black tea (Camellia sinensis L., O. Kuntze) as well as its antioxidant activities according to different withering times. The TPC, TFC, free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and ferrous-ion-chelating (FIC) activities were determined by colorimetric methods, and catechin and theaflavin contents were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The FRSA shows similar results for the withering range of 6 to 16 h (hours). For FRAP, the best results were observed at 16 h, and for FIC, the highest value was at 20 h. The TPC and TFC showed the highest value at 9 h and the lowest at 20 h. For the total theaflavins, the highest results were obtained after 12 h of withering, and the lowest values were obtained at 16 and 20 h. According to the different withering times, the highest value of total catechin levels was at 12 h, while the lowest value was observed at 20 h. Regarding caffeine content, all samples presented similar results, with the exception of the 12 h time point. In conclusion, the best withering times were observed in the range of 9 to 16 h, showing decreased values at 20 h, with the exception of FIC.

Emotional states predict cellular immune system activity under conditions of life as it is lived: A multivariate time-series analysis approach.

The relationship between emotional states and immune system activity is characterized by bidirectional influences; however, limited information is available regarding the temporal dynamics of these effects. The goal of this investigation was to examine how these psychoimmunological interdependencies unfold over time under conditions of "life as it is lived". For this purpose, three healthy women collected their entire urine over a period of approximately two months at 12-h intervals (8 am-8 pm, 8 pm-8 am), resulting in a total of 112 to 126 consecutive measurements per subject. In addition, among other regular psychological assessments, the subjects completed the EWL-60-S, an emotional state questionnaire, each morning and evening. To assess the extent of T-helper type 1 immune activation, the neopterin per creatinine concentration was measured in the urine samples using high-pressure liquid chromatography. The dynamic relationships between the time series of the six emotional states (performance-related activity, general inactivity, extraversion/introversion, general feeling of comfort, emotional irritation, anxiety/depressiveness) and urinary neopterin levels were estimated in vector-autoregressive models and evaluated using Granger-causality tests, impulse-response functions and forecast error variance decompositions. The findings showed that emotional states explained up to 20% of the variance of urinary neopterin per creatinine levels, whereby most of the effects occurred within a period of approximately three days. Across all subjects, increases in anxiety/depressiveness and extraversion led to increases in neopterin levels, while a general feeling of comfort led to decreases in neopterin. These results emphasize the importance of the interdependencies between emotional states and immune system activity and showcase the potential that intensive longitudinal study designs offer for psychoneuroimmunology.

New and Rapid Analytical Method Using HPLC-MS Detection for Acrylamide Determination in Black Ripe Olives

The presence of acrylamide, a known human carcinogen, in various heated foods raises significant concerns among consumers. Therefore, the development of a good analytical method is of paramount interest to the scientific community. Keeping this in view, a rapid, simple, reliable, and low-cost analytical method was developed and validated for acrylamide quantification in black ripe olives. The method consisted of the water extraction of the compounds from crushed olives with the addition of (13C3)acrylamide as an internal standard. The quantification was performed using high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass detection with positive electrospray ionization. The limits of detection and quantification were determined to be 4 and 11 µg/kg, respectively. The developed method exhibited excellent results in terms of accuracy (98.4–104.8%) and intra- and inter-day precision limits, both less than 20%. This new method was carried out by analyzing 15 samples of Spanish commercial black ripe olives, revealing a wide range of values, from 79 to 1068 µg/kg of fruit. The new protocol reduces the analysis time to just one hour per sample versus the minimum 24 h required by gas chromatography and mass detection, meaning that it could be a good option for the routine analysis of acrylamide in black ripe olives, and may be extendable to the analysis of this compound in other foods.

Development of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) Method for Quantification of Broccoli Sulforaphane

Sulforaphane (SFN) is an isothiocyanate and the product of the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin (GRA) by myrosinase. Broccoli is one of the rich sources of GRA and thus SFN. SFN possess a wide range of bioactivities and is considered an anti-cancer phytochemical. Most of the current common methods used to quantify SFN are based on high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection (DAD) — also known as HPLC-DAD. Although this technique has shown encouraging results, the detection of SFN by DAD is relatively weak and affected by high interference of sample matrices. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method in which SFN is identified by molecular mass to give more accurate results. The developed method demonstrated a highly reproducible retention time (7.204 ± 0.008 min), producing a sharp, symmetrical and well-defined sulforaphane peak in standard and test samples. The most dominant ion of sulforaphane in the pure and test samples was 178 m/z ([M + H]+). In terms of linearity, the calibration curve had a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9963. The limit of detection of this method is 1.3 ng/mL, and the limit of quantification is 3.9 ng/mL, indicating high sensitivity. The uniformity of peak shape and retention time in both pure and test samples were the same suggesting excellent selectivity. Overall, the developed method showed promising results in identifying and quantifying broccoli SFN.

Design and Development of Nanoparticles Containing α-Mangostin for Wound Application

Objective: The objective of this research was to design and develop nanoparticles containing α-mangostin (α-MG) for wound applications. Material and Methods: The nanoparticles were composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) and Eudragit® S 100 (EDG), with 10% wt of α-MG; wherein, the optimal compositions of the nanoparticles were studied using a mixture-typed simplex lattice design. The amount of PCL (5-20 milligram/milliliter (mg/mL)) and EDG (5-20 mg/mL) were varied, and the effects of the components toward particle size, size distribution, zeta potential; drug content, and drug release were examined. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were analyzed using a zetasizer. The content of α-MG was quantified using High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. Results: It was found that the nanoparticles having different mixtures of PCL and EDG did not affect the physicochemical properties nor the drug content. However, the release of α-MG can be tuned by varying the nanoparticle composition. Formulations with higher EDG showed greater drug release at pH 7.4, because of the polymer dissolution at a specified pH. The composition of the optimized formulation composed of 16.5 mg/mL of EDG and 8.5 mg/mL of PCL. The optimized nanoparticle showed a controlled release profile of up to 12 h, which was superior to the α-MG solution. Conclusion: The developed nanoparticles of PCL and EDG can be considered as a promising platform to deliver α-MG for wound applications.

Oil Extraction from Hemp Plant as a Potential Source of Cannabidiol for Healthy Protein Foods.

In recent years, the increasing demand for alternative foods has shifted research toward new sources enriched with nutraceutical molecules. It is well known that many diseases are caused by oxidative stress; thus, the supplementation of antioxidants has been proposed to reduce it. Cannabis sativa L. is an interesting species that could provide an alternative source of antioxidants. This work aimed to investigate the possibility of optimizing the yield of cannabidiol (CBD) and recovering it from residual biomass (stalks), valorizing the residual biomass, and using this for protein bar preparation. Different extraction methods were used, and High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used to analyze the extracts. Antioxidant power was investigated using the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays. The best results in terms of CBD yield were obtained via dynamic maceration after decarboxylation with a quantity of 26.7 ± 2 mgCBD/graw material from inflorescences. The extract also shows good antioxidant power with an IC50 value of 38.1 ± 1.1 µg/mL measured using the DPPH assay. The CBD extract was added to the hemp oil to obtain dough for protein bars. The doughs were studied by taking rheological and technological measurements, and it was found that the protein bars could provide an excellent means for the consumption of products enriched with antioxidants because their CBD anti-inflammatory activity is preserved after cooking.