High Pressure Hydrogen Storage Vessel Research Articles

Research on hydrogen environment fatigue test system and correlative fatigue test of hydrogen storage vessel

A 70MPa hydrogen environment fatigue test system has been designed and applied in the manufacture of a hydrogen storage vessel. Key equipment is the 80MPa flat steel ribbon wound high pressure hydrogen storage vessel. A reasonable stress distribution has been realized, that is low stress in the liner of the pressure vessel and even stress in the flat ribbon layers. This optimal stress distribution is achieved through the adjustment of the prestress in flat steel ribbons. A control system for the fatigue test system has also been designed. It consists of a double control model, i.e. manual control and automatic control, to satisfy different experimental requirements. The system is the unique one that can be used in the real hydrogen environmental fatigue test system in China. An experiment for the 70MPa onboard composite material hydrogen vessel has been carried out on the system. The experimental result from this test is in close agreement with the practical operating conditions.

Fatigue test of carbon epoxy composite high pressure hydrogen storage vessel under hydrogen environment

A significant temperature raise within hydrogen vehicle cylinder during the fast filling process will be observed, while the strength and fatigue life of the cylinder will dramatically decrease at high temperature. In order to evaluate the strength and fatigue of composite hydrogen storage vessel, a 70-MPa fatigue test system using hydrogen medium was set up. Experimental study on the fatigue of composite hydrogen storage vessels under real hydrogen environment was performed. The experimental results show that the ultimate strength and fatigue life both decreased obviously compared with the values under hydraulic fatigue test. Furthermore, fatigue property, failure behavior, and safe hydrogen charging/discharging working mode of onboard hydrogen storage vessels were obtained through the fatigue tests.

Prospects Analysis of Integrated-Wrapped Multi-Layer Vessels Used as High Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen Storage Vessels

High pressure gaseous hydrogen energy is the most mature technology of hydrogen utilizing. High pressure gaseous hydrogen storage involves with high pressure vessel. In this paper, the research of high pressure gaseous hydrogen storage vessel is reviewed, and the research progress of multi-layer vessel used as high pressure hydrogen storage vessel is especially introduced. An integrated multi-layer-wrapped cylinder which may be used as high pressure gaseous hydrogen storage equipment is analyzed. The cylinder consists of lining, internal cylinder and multi-layer laminates. Lining and internal cylinder are made of anti-hydrogen steel, while the laminates are wrapped outside the internal cylinder to the required thickness with integrated wrapping method. The circumferential and longitudinal welding seams can be staggered in each laminate. The hydrogen leaking detection device is located in each cylinder section. This cylinder is provided with bearing pressure, resistance to hydrogen, anti-burst, online safety monitoring and other characteristics, which offers a possible structure for the construction of high pressure hydrogen storage vessel.

Analysis of the cost-effectiveness of pressure for vehicular high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage vessel

Hydrogen storage in filament-wound pressure vessel with aluminum liner has been considered to be the simplest method affording the best economy under current condition. The cost, efficiency, and safety of a hydrogen storage system are closely related to the vessel's pressure capacity. Through intensive research, the cost-effectiveness of a hydrogen system was found to vary non-linearly with storage pressure. When the storage pressure is kept between 50 and 55 MPa, the cost-effectiveness of a hydrogen storage system offers the best tradeoff. In addition, the trend of vehicular hydrogen storage pressure that satisfies the best cost-effectiveness is predicted to improve with the advance in technology and when capacity improvement will be realized in the future.

Experimental and numerical studies on the bonfire test of high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels

Abstact The bonfire test is an important prototype test in the standard of hydrogen storage vessels. It is designed to demonstrate the safety performance of the vessel and the Pressure Relief Devices (PRD) under a specified fire condition. However, the required temperature of the thermocouples, which is one of the most relevant parameters, is still not unified. The fuel types and fuel flow, which may influence on the temperature distribution and the PRD activation time, are also not specified in the standards. In this paper, an experiment was carried out on a composite vessel filled with hydrogen and the experimental results of temperature and pressure were obtained. A 3D simulation model was developed to study the bonfire test. The effects of fuel type, fuel flow and filling medium on the temperature rising of internal gas were studied. It reveals that the influence of fuel type on the temperature rising is significant. In addition, the rate of temperature rising increases as the fuel flow increases. However, the filling medium has little effect on the temperature rising.

Optimal design of high pressure hydrogen storage vessel using an adaptive genetic algorithm

The weight minimum optimization of composite hydrogen storage vessel under the burst pressure constraint is considered. An adaptive genetic algorithm is proposed to perform the optimal design of composite vessels. The proposed optimization algorithm considers the adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation which change with the fitness values of individuals and proposes a penalty function to deal with the burst pressure constraint. The winding thickness and angles of composite layers are chosen as the design variables. Effects of the population size and the number of generations on the optimal results are explored. The results using the adaptive genetic algorithm are also compared with those using the simple genetic algorithm and the Monte Carlo optimization method.

Fatigue life evaluation of high pressure hydrogen storage vessel

By combining the micromechanics and continuum damage mechanics, a theoretical model is proposed to perform the fatigue evaluation of high pressure hydrogen storage vessel under cyclic internal pressure, which concentrates on the fatigue properties of the aluminum liner. Results show that the fatigue lifetime of vessel relates to the finite element mesh size, crack density and ratio in an element, cyclic loading amplitude and stress status at the liner. Effects of the mesh size and crack density on the fatigue lifetime of vessel are discussed. In addition, numerical results are also compared with those by experiments.

Finite element analysis of burst pressure of composite hydrogen storage vessels

Carbon fiber/epoxy composites have been increasingly used to develop the lightweight high pressure hydrogen storage vessel in areas of the hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. In this research, a 3D parametric finite element model is proposed to predict the damage evolution and failure strength of the composite hydrogen storage vessels, in which a solution algorithm is proposed to investigate the progressive damage and failure properties of composite structures with increasing internal pressure. The maximum stress, Hoffman, Tsai–Hill and Tsai–Wu failure criteria which are employed respectively to determine the failure properties of composite vessels are incorporated into the numerical method as individual subroutines. The birth-to-death element technique in the finite element analysis is used to describe the mechanical properties of carbon fiber/epoxy composite elements. Parametric studies in terms of the effects of different failure criteria are performed and the calculated failure strengths of composite vessels are also compared with the experimental results.

Methodology to improve the lifetime of type III HP tank with a steel liner

Abstract The present paper aims at studying a high-pressure hydrogen storage vessel, combining a steel liner and a wrapped composite reinforcement. Nowadays, this means of storage is notably used in transport. However, limits appear insofar as fatigue problem happens when the operating pressure is 700 bar. This matter has to be solved. This study tries to arrange a method to build a 700 bar vessel which could resist to cyclic pressure loading, and particularly focuses on the behaviour of the liner which seems to be the critical element to control. In addition, as a large part of this gaseous storage is bound to be on board, the composite optimization and thus weight optimization is considered.

Risk identification and control of stationary high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels

The number of hydrogen fueling stations is steadily growing as the number of hydrogen fueled vehicles increases. Stationary high-pressure hydrogen storage vessels are key equipment in hydrogen fueling station. The safety of these vessels should be first considered during the design of hydrogen infrastructure because the vessel failure will cause huge damage and losses. This paper analyzes the potential hazards in these vessels. Based on the risk identification, it is proposed that risks can be mitigated and controlled by taking various measures, such as optimizing vessel structure, correct selection of materials, mitigation of ignition sources, on-line safety monitoring, safe operation and management. Furthermore, it was shown that multi-layered stationary hydrogen storage vessels, which were recently developed in the People's Republic of China, are safe in operation.

High-pressure hydrogenation properties of Ti–V–Mn alloy for hybrid hydrogen storage vessel

Ti–V–Mn alloys, which are one of the suitable materials for a high-pressure hybrid hydrogen storage vessel of 35 MPa, have been evaluated the hydrogenation properties and the microstructures. Among the Ti–V–Mn alloys produced by as-cast arc melting and annealing treatment at 1223 K, a Ti0.5V0.5Mn alloy particularly absorbed hydrogen up to 2.1 wt% at 260 K under 35 MPa H 2. The hydrogen desorption pressure isotherm showed sloping plateau in the range of 0.3–0.6 MPa at 260 K. This effective hydrogen capacity under H 2 pressure from 35 to 0.1 MPa was 1.9 wt%. The alloy mainly consisted of the hexagonal C14 Laves and BCC phases. The microstructure of the several phases in the alloy was revealed by transition electron microscopy (TEM).

Stresses controllable analysis and optimal design of unique high pressure vessel applied in hydrogen charge station

High pressure hydrogen storage vessels are the key equipment in hydrogen charge stations. Hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) is always the associated problem that is inescapable and difficult to be solved completely. In order to decrease the harmfulness of HEE, a unique flat steel ribbon wound pressure vessel (FSRWPV) is designed, whose inner shell material is austenitic stainless steels 0Cr18Ni9 (304) and the steel ribbon material is 16MnR (SA516Gr70). The residual stresses in FSRWPV are analyzed and a stress controlling model is put forward. Through this model, the stress distribution in the FSRWPV wall can be controlled by adjusting the pretension in flat steel ribbons. After optimal designing, the stresses in flat steel ribbon layers are uniform, and that in the inner shell is low or negative. This kind of stress distribution can effectively prevent HEE and stress corrosion cracking (SCC), therefore the FSRWPV has good properties of bearing HEE and SCC. Furthermore, as flat steel ribbon layers are a discrete structure, the online monitoring of FSRWPVs can be conveniently realized, so they have performance of “leak only no bursting”. At the end, an applied example of high pressure hydrogen FSRWPV is given.

Optimal design of a Type 3 hydrogen vessel: Part I—Analytic modelling of the cylindrical section

The present paper aims to study the cylindrical section of a Type 3 high-pressure hydrogen storage vessel, combining an aluminium liner which prevents gas diffusion and an overwrapped composite devoted to reinforce the structure. Today, this technique is widely used but still requires consistent time investments whenever a competitive solution, involving to definitely increase weight efficiency, is needed. The laminate composite is assumed to be an elasto-damage material whereas the liner behaves as an elasto-plastic material. Based on the classical laminate theory and on Hill's criterion to take into account the anisotropic plastic flow of the liner, the model provides an exact solution for stresses and strains on the cylindrical section of the vessel under thermomechanical static loading. Part I focuses on the theoretical background. The effect of the stacking sequence on the gap occurrence, on the residual stress magnitude and on the structure stiffness may then be investigated. This will be done and be compared with results of experiments which are carried out on prototypes in the second part of this paper before an optimization is performed.

04/00135 Hybrid hydrogen storage vessel, a novel highpressure hydrogen storage vessel combined with hydrogen storage material: Takeichi, N. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2003, 28, (10), 1121–1129.

04/00135 Hybrid hydrogen storage vessel, a novel highpressure hydrogen storage vessel combined with hydrogen storage material: Takeichi, N. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2003, 28, (10), 1121–1129.

“Hybrid hydrogen storage vessel”, a novel high-pressure hydrogen storage vessel combined with hydrogen storage material

Potential of a novel hydrogen storage vessel, “hybrid hydrogen storage vessel”, combining an aluminum–carbon fiber reinforced plastic (Al–CFRP) composite vessel and hydrogen storage alloy, is reported through calculation of the weight and volume of the hydrogen storage system for 5 kg of hydrogen. Evaluation of this system showed that the concept of the hybrid hydrogen storage vessel allowed us to realize a hydrogen storage system advantageous in both gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen density compared with conventional hydrogen storage techniques. The hybrid vessel requires a hydrogen storage alloy with a higher volumetric hydrogen density as well as a higher gravimetric density, and with a higher equilibrium hydrogen pressure than the hydrogen storage alloys which have been used for conventional hydrogen storage vessels.