High Pressure Extract Research Articles

Development of Cat Snacks Containing High-pressure Extracts from Sea Squirt Tunics

Development of Cat Snacks Containing High-pressure Extracts from Sea Squirt Tunics

High Hydrostatic Pressure Extract of Mulberry Leaf Attenuated Obesity-Induced Inflammation in Rats.

Low-grade inflammation might be a link between obesity and obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction, including diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and other health complications. This study investigated whether the supplementation of high hydrostatic pressure extract of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves (HML) to obese rats could counteract obesity-related inflammation. Three-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into three groups as follows: (a) a normal diet, (b) 45% high-fat (HF) diet, and HF diet containing 0.4% HML (c) or 0.8% HML (d) (IACUC No. 17-033). After 14 weeks of HML supplementation, adipose tissue mass, mRNA expression of adipogenic genes, such as aP2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), and macrophage recruitment were significantly decreased in HF-fed obese rats. Serum concentrations of nitric oxide and mRNA levels of arginase1 (Arg1), CD11c, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) involved in adipose tissue macrophage M1 polarization were also significantly reduced by HML. Moreover, HML alleviated the serum and hepatic lipid profiles and reduced hepatic lipogenic gene expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), CPT1, fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1), and SREBP1c, and inflammation-associated genes, including IL1β, interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Serum IL6 and TNFα levels were remarkedly suppressed in the 0.8% HML group. These results suggested that the favorable effect of HML on obesity-associated inflammation might be related in part to the decrease in adipose tissue and hepatic fat deposition and inflammation.

High hydrostatic pressure extract of mulberry leaves ameliorates hypercholesterolemia via modulating hepatic microRNA-33 expression and AMPK activity in high cholesterol diet fed rats.

BackgroundMulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) contains multiple bioactive ingredients and has been used in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing has been developed for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. However, the hypocholesterolemic effect of the HHP extract from mulberry leaves and its underlying mechanism have never been investigated.ObjectiveThe specific aim of the present study was to investigate the hypocholesterolemic property of a novel extract obtained from mulberry leaves under HHP in rats.DesignSprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups and fed either a normal diet (NOR), a high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid (HC), an HC diet containing 0.5% mulberry leaf extract (ML), or a 1% mulberry leaf extract (MH) for 4 weeks.ResultsHigh hydrostatic pressure extract of mulberry leaves significantly reduced the HC-increased serum levels of triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and hepatic contents of TG and TC. The HHP extraction from mulberry leaves also increased the HC-decreased fecal TC and bile acid levels without changing body weight, food intake, liver weight, and serum activities of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) (P < 0.05). The mulberry leaf extract significantly enhanced the expression of hepatic genes such as cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), and ATP-binding cassette transporters, ABCG5/ABCG8, involved in hepatic bile acid synthesis and cholesterol efflux (P < 0.05). In addition, the HHP extraction of mulberry leaves significantly suppressed hepatic microRNA(miR)-33 expression and increased adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity.ConclusionThese results suggest that the HHP extract of mulberry leaves lowers serum cholesterol levels by partially increasing hepatic bile acid synthesis and fecal cholesterol excretion through the modulation of miR-33 expression and AMPK activation in the liver.

Production of protein hydrolysate from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) larvae by enzyme treatment under high pressure.

To improve the industrial use of health-functional materials based on edible insects, the objective of this study was to establish optimal conditions for improving the quality of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larval (PBSL) hydrolysates. PBSL was extracted using four methodologies: atmospheric pressure 50°C-water extraction, atmospheric pressure 95°C-water extraction, atmospheric pressure 50°C-water enzymatic hydrolysis, and enzyme treatment under high pressure (HPE). The quality characteristics of soluble solid content, extraction yield, total protein content, protein yield, protein content with low molecular weight (LMW) (< 1kD), and the amino acid composition of hydrolysates were compared based on the different methods. All of the quality characteristics were found to be higher for HPE extracts than for the other extracts. Under optimized HPE conditions, extraction yield, protein yield, protein content with LMW, amino acid content and the content of essential amino acids increased by 3.4, 4.4 1.4 1.5, and 1.3 times respectively, compared to the other methods.

High hydrostatic pressure extract of Siegesbeckia orientalis inhibits adipogenesis through the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

St. Paul's Wort (Siegesbeckia orientalis L.) confers anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-infertility, and immunosuppressive properties. Here, we elucidated whether high hydrostatic pressure extract of St. Paul's Wort (SPW-HHPE) had anti-adipogenic activity. SPW-HHPE inhibited adipogenesis by reducing intracellular lipid accumulation. SPW-HHPE reduced the mRNA and protein expression of adipogenic regulatory factors [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c]. In addition, SPW-HHPE decreased the mRNA expression levels of lipogenic enzymes (fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase) as well as adipocytokines (adiponectin and leptin). The inhibitory effect of SPW-HHPE on adipogenesis was mainly attributed to the enhancement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. When β-catenin siRNA was transfected into 3T3-L1 adipocytes, the mRNA expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα was upregulated; however, their expression was attenuated by SPW-HHPE. These results suggest that SPW-HHPE suppresses adipogenesis by stimulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Study of viability of high pressure extract from pomegranate peel to improve carrot juice characteristics.

Extracts from fruit processing by-products usually present high amounts of bioactive compounds with several important activities such as antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities. In this work we studied (i) the cytotoxicity profile of pomegranate peel extract and (ii) safety and quality aspects after incorporating this extract in carrot juice - a beverage with low antioxidant potential and highly prone to microbial growth. The extract was obtained by high-pressure extraction and was non-cytotoxic towards the Caco-2 cell line after in vitro digestion. The non-cytotoxic pomegranate peel extract was added to carrot juice in a concentration of 5 mg mL-1. Fortified juices were processed by high-pressure and conventional heat and stored under refrigeration. On the 28th day of storage, microbial counts in PPE-fortified juices were reduced by 1.0 log10 CFU mL-1 and the pressurized juices showed significantly fewer counts than the thermal-treated ones. Just after processing, phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as ABTS and FRAP antioxidant capacities, increased 3.6, 3.5, 8.2, and 9.4-fold, respectively in the fortified juices. The extract addition did not affect any colour parameter and all studied physicochemical parameters i.e. total soluble solids, pH, colour, total phenolics, flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins, and antioxidant capacity remained constant throughout storage. These findings could pave the way towards the development of safe beverages with improved bioactive properties.

Hypolipidemic Effect of Mulberry Leaf Extract in Rats Fed a High-cholesterol Diet (P06-014-19)

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of high hydrostatic pressure extract of mulberry leaf on in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. MethodsMale Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated into four groups. Each group fed a normal diet (NOR), a high-cholesterol diet (HC), a HC containing 0.5% high hydrostatic pressure extract of mulberry leaves (ML), or a HC containing 1.0% high hydrostatic pressure extract of mulberry leaves (MH) for 4 weeks. ResultsBody weight and food intake were not different among the four groups. The levels of serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and atherosclerotic index (AI) significantly reduced in the ML and MH groups compared to HC group. While, in MH group, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was increased compared to HC group. Liver cholesterol was lower in the ML and MH groups than those in the HC group. Fecal excretion of the total lipid, TG, TC, and bile acid were higher in the ML and MH groups than those in the HC group. The mRNA related to cholesterol efflux and hepatic bile acid synthesis in liver, such as liver X receptor-a (LXRa), ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5(ABCG5), ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 8 (ABCG8), and cholesterol 7- alpha hydroxylase gene (CYP7A1) were significantly upregulated in MH group compared to HC group. ConclusionsThese results suggest that hypolipidemic effect of mulberry leaf extracts partially associated with modulating gene expression related to hepatic cholesterol efflux, hepatic bile acid synthesis, and increasing fecal lipid excretion. Funding SourcesNone.

The Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Extract of Mulberry Fruit on Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism in Rats (P06-013-19)

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to investigate the effects of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) extract of mulberry fruit on the regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism in high-cholesterol diet fed rats. MethodsMale Sprague-Dawley rats(6-week-old) were randomly divided into 5 groups, and fed with a normal diet (NOR), High cholesterol diet (HC), HC supplemented with 0.4% mulberry (ML) or 0.8% mulberry (MH) and HC treated with statin (ST) for 4 weeks. ResultsThe HHP extract of mulberry fruit did not affect body weight gain and food intake and reduced the serum and liver lipids in the mulberry supplemented groups (ML, MH). In this study, we found that the HHP extract of mulberry fruit changed the level of genes involved in hepatic cholesterol metabolism. In the MH group, the mRNA levels of apolipoprotein A-1 (apoA-1), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), which are involved in hepatic HDL biogenesis, were significantly increased by 1.80-, 1.77- and 2.65-fold, respectively, compared with the HC group. The MH group also significantly upregulated mRNA levels of cholesterol efflux related gene such as the liver X receptor α (LXRα), ATP-binding cassette protein G5 (ABCG5) and ATP-binding cassette protein G8 (ABCG8) compared to the HC group in the liver tissue. ABCG5 and ABCG8 expression levels of the MH group were also higher than those of the ST group. The mRNA level of cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), which is bile acid synthetic rate-limiting enzyme was higher in the MH group than that of the HC group. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical staining intensity became evident for CYP7A1 in liver of the MH group. ConclusionsThese results suggest at least partial involvement of HDL cholesterol synthesis, cholesterol efflux and bile acid synthesis in HHP extract of mulberry fruit mediated beneficial effects on hepatic cholesterol metabolism. Funding SourcesNone.

Effects of non-traditional extraction methods on extracting bioactive compounds from chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) compared with hot water extraction

Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) is mainly consumed as an extract. Hot water extraction, which is a traditional method preparing chaga mushroom extract, has limitations requiring a large amount of solvent and long extraction time. The objective of this study was to compare non-traditional methods for extracting bioactive compounds in chaga mushroom with traditional hot water extraction. β-Glucans and total phenolic compounds were the highest in high temperature and pressure extract. Enzyme extract contained more β-glucans than hot water extract. Enzyme and ultrasound extracts contained more triterpenoids than the hot water extract.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Extract of Mulberry (Morus alba) Fruit on LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells.

Mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) contains abundant bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins and flavonols, and has been reported to possess potent beneficial properties including anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-oxidant effects. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing, a nonthermal food processing technology, is suitable for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. Nevertheless, the anti-inflammatory effects of HHP extract of mulberry fruit (HM) in RAW264.7 cells remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of HM on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vitro. RAW264.7 cells were treated with various concentrations (0.1–1 μg/mL) of HM in the presence or absence of LPS. HM inhibited the inflammatory mediator, nitric oxide (NO) release, and mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. In addition, HM suppressed both mRNA and protein expressions of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2). Moreover, it reduced the LPS-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. These results revealed that HM exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting several mediators and cytokines involved in the inflammatory process.

추출방법에 따른 톳 추출물의 항산화 및 생리활성 특성

The physiological properties of extracts from Hizikia fusiforme with different extraction methods (hot water extraction, autoclave extraction and high pressure extraction) were investigated. The amounts of substances related to polyphenol and flavonoids contents were the highest in autoclave extract (30.51 mg/g and 4.78 mg/g, respectively). The DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in the autoclave extract (81.80%) at the 5 mg/mL. Autoclave extract exhibited the strongest ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power among the three extraction methods. However, ferrous ion chelating, TBA reactive substances and xanthine oxidase inhibition activity of high pressure extract were higher than those of the other extracts. Additionally, the tyrosinase and elastase inhibition activities of high pressure extract with a concentration of 1 mg/mL were higher than those of the other extracts. These results suggest that extracts of Hizikia fusiforme have a potential to act as functional materials, and autoclave and high pressure extractions are superior to hot water extraction for enhancement of the biological activity.

High Hydrostatic Pressure Extract of Ginger Exerts Antistress Effects in Immobilization-Stressed Rats.

Stress contributes to physiological changes such as weight loss and hormonal imbalances. The aim of the present study was to investigate antistress effects of high hydrostatic pressure extract of ginger (HPG) in immobilization-stressed rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 24) were divided into three groups as follows: control (C), immobilization stress (2 h daily, for 2 weeks) (S), and immobilization stress (2 h daily, for 2 weeks) plus oral administration of HPG (150 mg/kg body weight/day) (S+G). Immobilization stress reduced the body weight gain and thymus weight by 50.2% and 31.3%, respectively, compared to the control group. The levels of serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and corticosterone were significantly higher in the stress group, compared to the control group. Moreover, immobilization stress elevated the mRNA levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (Dbh), and cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (P450scc), which are related to catecholamine and corticosterone synthesis in the adrenal gland. HPG administration also increased the body weight gain and thymus weight by 12.7% and 16.6%, respectively, compared to the stress group. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of Th, Dbh, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, and P450scc were elevated by the HPG treatment when compared to the stress group. These results suggest that HPG would have antistress effects partially via the reversal of stress-induced physiological changes and suppression of mRNA expression of genes related to corticosterone and catecholamine synthetic enzymes.

Antitumor activity of conventional and supercritical extracts from Piper nigrum L. cultivar Bragantina through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction

Herbal formulae with black pepper have been used to cancer treatment. The aim of this work was to evaluate antitumor activity of ethanolic and high pressure extracts produced from black pepper (Piper nigrum L. cultivar Bragantina). The high pressure extracts were obtained by Supercritical Fluid extraction (SFE) at different conditions. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed the presence of piperine and terpenoids. However, the extract at 200bar and 40°C (SFE200) had higher piperine content and lowest monoterpenes/sesquiterpenes ratio, compared to others extracts, and also presented more cytotoxicity after 72h (EC50 14.40±3.30μg/ml), probably due the synergy between piperine and sesquiterpenes. The SFE200 contain phytocompounds able to intercalate causing oxidative DNA damage. In vivo treatment with 10mg/kg/day of SFE200 for isogenic Balb-c mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma showed higher tumor inhibition and increased the survival time compared to ethanolic extract, probably related to the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Contribution of high pressure and thyme extract to control Listeria monocytogenes in fresh cheese - A hurdle approach

Abstract Capability of thyme natural antimicrobials (NAs) to reduce the intensity of high pressure processing (HPP) and enhance the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in fresh cheese was investigated. Thyme extracts were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction at 30 MPa and 40 MPa and their concentration was estimated in units of carvacrol (190.44–609.57 μg/mL). The acceptable sensorial threshold of thyme extract in cheese was 0.2% (v/w), a value lower than the MIC for L. monocytogenes. Detailed kinetic studies of L. monocytogenes inactivation in cheese were performed following HPP (200–300 MPa) treatments. A maximum 1.68-log10 CFU/g supplementary reduction was achieved for L. monocytogenes in cheese with HPP & NAs than without NAs. The kinetic parameter zp indicated an accelerated inactivation of L. monocytogenes when HPP was combined with thyme NAs, as hurdle applied to fresh cheese (55.99 MPa for HPP and 33.29 MPa for HPP with thyme NAs). Industrial relevance Applied as a post-processing treatment high pressure processing (HPP) is considered an effective listericidal tool that produces limited quality changes in foods compared to other preservative methods. In order to overcome the main drawback related to HPP effect on cheese structure, a combination of pressure with natural antimicrobials (NAs) is proposed for reducing the intensity of processing while improving microbiological safety of food. The efficacy of L. monocytogenes inactivation in cheese by HPP and HPP with NAs from thyme was kinetically evaluated and modeled in the present work. The current results provide support for the industrial development of more effective combined HPP with NAs treatment, able to minimize the risk of Listeria presence in cheese.

Anti‐stress Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Extract of Ginger on Immobilization‐stressed Rats

Exposure to physical or psychological stress may be related to weight loss and hepatotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether high hydrostatic pressure extract of ginger affects immobilization stress‐induced weight loss and liver damage in rats. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats (n=21) were divided into three groups; (i) normal (N), (ii) immobilization stress (S) and (iii) immobilization stress plus ginger extract (S+G) (150 mg/kg BW/d). For immobilization stress, rats were immobilized in restrain cage for 2 hours every day for 2 weeks. Immobilization stress resulted in a significant reduction of body weight by 13% and a thymus weight by 30% (P&lt;0.05) compare to N group. The levels of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), the marker of acute liver injury, were increased in S group compared to N group (P&lt;0.05). Ginger extract administration significantly increased body weight gain by 12% and thymus weight by 16% compared to S group (P&lt;0.05). Ginger extract significantly lowered the levels of AST and ALT by 20.1% and 20.3%, respectively compare to S group (P&lt;0.05). These results suggest that high hydrostatic pressure extract of ginger might improve weight gain and liver function in stressed condition.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the Brain Korea 21 plus project funding (No. 22A20130012143).

Hypolipidemic Effects of High Hydrostatic Pressure Extract of Ginger in Rats Fed a High‐fat Diet

This study compared the hypolipidemic effect of hot water extract of ginger(WEG) and high hydrostatic pressure extract of ginger (HPG) in rats fed with a high‐fat diet. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into four groups and fed a normal diet (NOR), a high‐fat diet (HFD), a high‐fat diet supplemented with 0.8% WEG (WEG) and a high‐fat diet supplemented with 0.8% HPG (HPG) for 10 weeks. HPG supplementation significantly reduced body weight and epididymal adipose tissue weight compared to HFD group (p&lt;0.05). In the WEG group, the body weight and epididymal adipose tissue weight tended to be lowered compared to those of HFD group. Rats supplemented with HPG showed lower serum triglyceride (TG) and higher serum HDL level compared to those of HFD group (p&lt;0.05). Additionally, HPG significantly decreased the levels of hepatic total lipids, TG and total cholesterol (TC), while fecal total lipids, TG and TC were significantly increased compared to HFD group (p&lt;0.05). These results suggest that HPG more efficiently reduced than WEG the body weight and improved lipid profiles through decreasing hepatic lipids and promoting fecal lipids excretion.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the Brain Korea 21 plus project funding (No. 22A20130012143)

High Hydrostatic Pressure Extract of Red Ginseng Attenuates Inflammation in Rats with High-fat Diet Induced Obesity.

Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with obesity. This study investigated effect of high hydrostatic pressure extract of red ginseng (HRG) on inflammation in rats with high-fat (HF) diet induced obesity. Male, Sprague-Dawley rats (80~110 g) were randomly divided into two groups, and fed a 45% HF diet (HF) and a 45% HF diet containing 1.5% HRG (HF+HRG) for 14 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the serum leptin level was reduced by the HRG supplementation. The mRNA expression of genes related to adipogenesis including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and adipocyte protein 2 was down-regulated in the white adipose tissue (WAT). The mRNA levels of major inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and interleukin-6 were remarkably down-regulated by the HRG in WAT. These results suggest that HRG might be beneficial in ameliorating the inflammation-associated health complications by suppressing adipogenic and pro-inflammatory gene expression.

Germination and Inactivation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Spores Using Moderate High Pressure and Pomegranate Peel Extract

The combined effect of two pressure treatments (200 MPa for 20 min and 400 MPa for 10 min at &lt;27 °C) with 0.1% pomegranate peel extract (PPE) on inactivation/germination of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores was evaluated. A known quantity of spores (≈108 cfu.ml-1) was suspended in sterile distilled water (DW) or 0.1% PPE. Pressurization was done at 27 °C using a 2 l pressurization vessel. Survival counts were estimated using a spread plate method, and heat shock (80 °C for 15 min) was used as criteria for germination. Results showed that 200 MPa for 20 min induced an inactivation of 0.6 and 0.90-logs of spores suspended in DW and PPE, respectively. Further increasing the high pressure to 400 MPa for 10 min inactivated 2.6 and 2.92-log of spores suspended in DW and PPE. In contrast to inactivation results, germination level was 2.76 and 2.64- logs for 200 MPa and 1.73 and 0.78 logs for 400 MPa in DW and PPE, respectively. Scanning electron microscopic studies indicated that average size of the spores was about 2.2 by 1.2 µ. The control spores were oval in shape with smoother surfaces, but autoclaving and high-pressure treatments caused significant morphological damage. The combination of high pressure and PPE could be further explored for developing a natural method of food preservation.

Polyphenols, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaf and bark extracts of Solidago canadensis L.

The leaf and bark of Solidago canadensis L. (SCL) contain a wide range of bioactive compounds that may be responsible for their biological activities. However, little information is available about their specific active compounds, as well as their contributions to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This study investigated the total phenolics, tannins and flavonoid contents and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of high pressure (HPE) or ultrasound (UE) assisted ethanolic extracts from leaf and bark of SCL at three ripening stages (vegetative growth (VG), full bloom (FB) and maturity after flowering (MF)). The antioxidant activities and contents of total phenolic (TPC), tannins (TTC) and flavonoids (TFC) varied with ripeness stage, tissue type and extraction method. Overall, the UE leaf extracts at the FB stage exhibited the highest TPC (3.8mg GAE/g DM), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging capacity (0.547mg AAE/g DM) and oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC) value (57.86mmol TE/g DM). The HPE extracts of MF samples had the greatest TFC (2.45mg RE/g DM) and reducing power (3.38). The greatest TTC (4.17g/100g DM) was observed in the ethanolic extracts at the MF stage. All leaf extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, but only the HPE extracts of the VG samples showed activity against Salmonella spp. The UE leaf extracts at the MF stage demonstrated the maximum inhibitory potency against Escherichia coli, L. monocytogenes and S. aureus. These results highlighted the potential of using S. canadensis extracts as natural antimicrobial and antioxidant substances for food applications.

Anti‐adipogenic and anti‐inflammatory effects of high hydrostatic pressure extract of red ginseng in diet‐induced obese rats

Red ginseng has been known to have beneficial effects against cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. High hydrostatic pressure processing extracts essential components from food materials at a low temperature without destroying heat‐sensitive bioactive constituents. High hydrostatic pressure extract of red ginseng has been reported to increase the content of active components including ginsenosides. This study examined the effects of high hydrostatic pressure extract of red ginseng (HRG) on obesity and inflammation in obese rats fed a high‐fat diet. The rats were fed a high‐fat control diet (HF), high‐fat diet supplemented with 1.5% HRG (wt:wt) for 14 weeks. HRG reduced body weight and also decreased serum leptin level compared with the HF control group. HRG supplementation decreased the mRNA levels of adipogenic genes including peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPAR‐γ) and adipocyte protein 2 (aP2) in white adipose tissue (WAT). Moreover, mRNA levels of major inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) were remarkably down‐regulated by the HRG in WAT. Therefore, HRG might be beneficial for the amelioration of obesity and inflammation by suppressing genes involved in the adipogenesis and pro‐inflammation.