Abstract
Mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) contains abundant bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins and flavonols, and has been reported to possess potent beneficial properties including anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-oxidant effects. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing, a nonthermal food processing technology, is suitable for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. Nevertheless, the anti-inflammatory effects of HHP extract of mulberry fruit (HM) in RAW264.7 cells remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of HM on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in vitro. RAW264.7 cells were treated with various concentrations (0.1–1 μg/mL) of HM in the presence or absence of LPS. HM inhibited the inflammatory mediator, nitric oxide (NO) release, and mRNA expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. In addition, HM suppressed both mRNA and protein expressions of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2). Moreover, it reduced the LPS-induced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. These results revealed that HM exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting several mediators and cytokines involved in the inflammatory process.
Highlights
Inflammation is a normal protective response to irritation, injury, and infection, and is required to maintain homeostasis of the immune system and for healing; it can damage the body if it is not regulated after a certain time period
We evaluated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), which are involved in the synthesis of inflammatory mediators
Mulberry fruit is a rich source of anthocyanins and flavonoids, in particular flavonols
Summary
Inflammation is a normal protective response to irritation, injury, and infection, and is required to maintain homeostasis of the immune system and for healing; it can damage the body if it is not regulated after a certain time period. Uncontrolled or prolonged inflammatory responses are often involved in the onset of chronic diseases, such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and vascular diseases. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used in the treatment of inflammatory disease; currently available NSAIDs present serious side effects such as gastric lesions, bronchospasm, and kidney and cardiac damage [1]. Several studies have been conducted to find new anti-inflammatory agents without side effects as alternatives to NSAIDs. Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is a flowering plant that belongs to the family Moraceae. Mulberry fruits are generally consumed due to their delicious taste, pleasing color, and high nutrient content [2]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
