High-precision Beam Research Articles

High precision capacitive beam phase probe for KHIMA project

In the medium energy beam transport (MEBT) line of KHIMA project, a high precision beam phase probe monitor is required for a precise tuning of RF phase and amplitude of Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator and IH-DTL linac. It is also used for measuring a kinetic energy of ion beam by time-of-flight (TOF) method using two phase probes. The capacitive beam phase probe has been developed. The electromagnetic design of the high precision phase probe was performed to satisfy the phase resolution of 1° (@200MHz). It was confirmed by the test result using a wire test bench. The measured phase accuracy of the fabricated phase probe is 1.19ps. The pre-amplifier electronics with the 0.125 ∼ 1.61GHz broad-band was designed and fabricated for amplifying the signal strength. The results of RF frequency and beam energy measurement using a proton beam from the cyclotron in KIRAMS is presented.

Large Optics for the National Ignition Facility

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser with its 192 independent laser beams is not only the world’s largest laser but also the largest optical system ever built. With its 192 independent laser beams, the NIF requires a total of 7648 large-aperture (meter-sized) optics. One of the many challenges in designing and building NIF has been to carry out the research and development on optical materials, optics design, and optics manufacturing and metrology technologies needed to achieve NIF’s high output energies and precision beam quality. This paper describes the multiyear, multisupplier development effort that was undertaken to develop the advanced optical materials, coatings, fabrication technologies, and associated process improvements necessary to manufacture the wide range of NIF optics. The optics include neodymium-doped phosphate glass laser amplifiers; fused-silica lenses, windows, and phase plates; mirrors and polarizers with multilayer, high-reflectivity dielectric coatings deposited on BK7 substrates; and potassium di-hydrogen phosphate crystal optics for fast optical switches, frequency conversion, and polarization rotation. Also included is a discussion of optical specifications and custom metrology and quality-assurance tools designed, built, and fielded at supplier sites to verify compliance with the stringent NIF specifications. In addition, a brief description of the ongoing program to improve the operational lifetime (i.e., damage resistance) of optics exposed to high fluence in the 351-nm (3ω) is provided.

A 5.8-GHz Active Transmitting Array Based on Frequency Shiftable Vector Modulator Module

This study presents a 1 × 8 active transmitting array based on frequency shiftable vector modulator (FSVM) module. The FSVM module, which should be treated as a separate module, is capable of flexibly shifting the operating band of the vector modulator (VM) while not deteriorating the passing signal. By employing this module, a 1 × 8 active transmitting array with a radio frequency (RF) path beamforming structure is developed and fabricated. Measured results validate the concept of the proposed FSVM module and demonstrate the high-precision beam scanning capability of the active array.

Miniaturized Precision Stages with Piezo‐based Inertia Drives

AbstractThere are a number of areas in automation technology where precise positioning is necessary. This particularly applies to laser technology. High‐precision beam steering and focusing is just as indispensable in ophthalmology as in super‐high resolution microscopy, interferometry or photonics where the objective is to align fibers precisely. At the same time, laser beam steering and focusing also requires the drive systems used to be dynamic, reliable, and compactly dimensioned, so that they can be easily integrated into applications. Now, small positioning systems based on piezo inertia drives offer possible new solutions. In miniaturized design, they offer a high resolution at theoretically unlimited travel ranges, are self‐locking and on top of that, they are also inexpensive.

Abstract 2054: Patient relevant preclinical in vivo models using image-guided small animal irradiation for drug discovery

Abstract BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy is a primary, adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment for a number of different cancers such as glioblastoma, breast, lung and prostate. Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) is widely used to treat cancer patients providing more accurate treatment plans and reduced side effects. However in the preclinical setting the use of IGRT is less common with traditional irradiation studies utilising whole body irradiation with lead shielding attempting to focus the radiation to specific area on the animal or simple single beam techniques. The development of the image-guided small animal radiation research platform (SARRP) allows the treatment of animal models of cancer more accurately and importantly, with planned protocols similar to those utilised in the clinic. In addition the high precision beam geometry allows the platform to be used in vitro in multi-well assays providing a more high-throughput system for screening. METHODS: We have established multiple cancer models which incorporate bioluminescence to track primary orthotopic and metastatic lesions in real-time using the Spectrum CT imaging system. Tumor growth was monitored longitudinally through quantification of the bioluminescent signal. Bioluminescence from established tumor was correlated to CT and co-registered with the integrated CT on the SARRP platform to allow estimation of tumor dimensions and position in order to deliver a more accurate dose of irradiation specifically to tumors whilst sparing the surrounding normal tissue. In addition we have established Caucasian non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models which are admixed with human stroma and evaluated SARRP in these. Tumor specific protocols and dose calculation for irradiation were designed to deliver appropriate irradiation dose to immuno-deficient mice bearing xenografted tumor either alone or in combination with targeted agent or chemotherapeutic. RESULTS: Mice treated with SARRP tolerated irradiation doses in a range of different models either alone or in combination. Validation of different protocols will be reported as well as intrinsic resistant profiles for different models and outcome of any combination treatments to re-sensitize resistant cancer to radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The SARRP platform allows the use of irradiation alone or in combination with anti-cancer agents in small animals with reduced side effects and improved clinical outcome allowing these novel preclinical models to be used effectively for drug discovery programmes to ultimately improve efficacy and treatment options for cancer patients using radiotherapy. Citation Format: Rajendra Kumari, Andrew McKenzie, Nektaria Papadopoulou, Yinfei Yin, Martin Page, Henry Li, Ian Wilson. Patient relevant preclinical in vivo models using image-guided small animal irradiation for drug discovery. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2054. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2054

Cyclotrons as Drivers for Precision Neutrino Measurements

As we enter the age of precision measurement in neutrino physics, improved flux sources are required. These must have a well defined flavor content with energies in ranges where backgrounds are low and cross-section knowledge is high. Very few sources of neutrinos can meet these requirements. However, pion/muon and isotope decay-at-rest sources qualify. The ideal drivers for decay-at-rest sources are cyclotron accelerators, which are compact and relatively inexpensive. This paper describes a scheme to produce decay-at-rest sources driven by such cyclotrons, developed within the DAEδALUS program. Examples of the value of the high precision beams for pursuing Beyond Standard Model interactions are reviewed. New results on a combined DAEδALUS—Hyper-K search for CP violation that achieve errors on the mixing matrix parameter of 4° to 12° are presented.

DVCS at HERMES

This talk explores the impact that the Hermes experiment has had regarding knowledge of the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering process. We discuss the various measurements that Hermes has contributed to the library of DVCS knowledge, with focus in particular on the recent high-precision beam spin and charge asymmetries.

Test of Time Reversal Invariance and COSY

Test of Time Reversal Invariance in pd scattering is planned at the COoler-SYnchrotron COSY-Jülich using the PAX internal target station. Feasibility test, performed in September 2012, have shown possibility to perform such an experiment using COSY and PAX. In parallel to the PAX upgrade a new high precision beam current measurement system will be constructed by the end of 2014. After these modifications, it will be possible to improve the current upper limit on a strength of T-odd P-even NN potential by an order of magnitude.

Compact beam conditioning unit

A new modular beam conditioning unit is presented. The unit can be freely arranged to meet the requirements of the specific experimental setup. Currently the following modules are available: High precision beam position monitor, slit screens, filter wheel, ultra-fast shutter, beam stop and an in-line microscope. Special emphasis was put on the flexible and space saving design.

Improved Continuous Tube Welding Due to Unique Process Sensor System and Process Control

Abstract A unique camera-based triple sensor system increases productivity, yield and quality of continuous welding of tubes and profiles. It combines high-precision seam tracking and beam positioning with weld spot visualization and characterization, and seam geometry measurement. The higher overall precision allows operating the process closer to its limits, online quality monitoring detects faults immediately. The process setup time is greatly reduced, and also the waste during startup is reduced. Finally, full documentation sets the basis for data traceability.

MIA analysis of FPGA BPMs and beam optics at APS

Model independent analysis, which was developed for high precision and fast beam dynamics analysis, is a promising diagnostic tool for modern accelerators. We implemented a series of methods to analyze the turn-by-turn BPM data. Green's functions corresponding to the local transfer matrix elements R12 or R34 are extracted from BPM data and fitted with the model lattice using least-square fitting. Here, we report experimental results obtained from analyzing the transverse motion of a beam in the storage ring at the Advanced Photon Source. BPM gains and uncoupled optics parameters are successfully determined. Quadrupole strengths are adjusted for fitting but can not be uniquely determined in general due to an insufficient number of BPMs.

Homogeneous one-dimensional optical lattice generation using a digital micromirror device-based high-precision beam shaper

A homogeneous one-dimensional optical lattice is demonstrated by using a high-precision beam shaper based on a digital micromirror device (DMD) with an imaging system containing a pinhole low-pass filter (LPF). This system is capable of producing a high-quality flattop beam profile to form a standing-wave optical lattice with a 50×50 μm2 flattop region. The periodic potential generated by the optical lattice confines ultracold atoms in Bose-Einstein condensate experiments. We conducted beam shaping tests at several wavelengths by implementing various coherent and incoherent light sources in the visible and infrared wavelength ranges. Experiments produced flattop and other well-controlled beam profiles with 0.2% to 0.26% root-mean-square (RMS) error after applying a digital LPF and nearly flat phase. Several concerns for the system design are presented. First, the energy requirement was determined by power conversion analysis and DMD diffraction efficiency simulation. In addition, a LabVIEW program was written to accelerate the speed of the iterative process for beam profile refinement. Finally, various camera calibrations improved the measurement accuracy. We achieved a 1.25% RMS error flattop beam with diameter of 70.4 μm at the atoms' plane. Other beam profile measurements in different diagnostic planes demonstrated a good intensity uniformity of the optical lattice.

The K1.8BR spectrometer system at J-PARC

A new spectrometer system was designed and constructed at the secondary beam line K1.8BR in the hadron hall of J-PARC to investigate $\bar K N$ interactions and $\bar K$-nuclear bound systems. The spectrometer consists of a high precision beam line spectrometer, a liquid $^3$He/$^4$He/D$_2$ target system, a Cylindrical Detector System that surrounds the target to detect the decay particles from the target region, and a neutron time-of-flight counter array located $\sim$15 m downstream from the target position. Details of the design, construction, and performance of the detector components are described.

THE ATACAMA COSMOLOGY TELESCOPE (ACT): BEAM PROFILES AND FIRST SZ CLUSTER MAPS

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) is currently observing the cosmic microwave background with arcminute resolution at 148 GHz, 218 GHz, and 277 GHz. In this paper, we present ACT's first results. Data have been analyzed using a maximum-likelihood map-making method which uses B-splines to model and remove the atmospheric signal. It has been used to make high-precision beam maps from which we determine the experiment's window functions. This beam information directly impacts all subsequent analyses of the data. We also used the method to map a sample of galaxy clusters via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect, and show five clusters previously detected with X-ray or SZ observations. We provide integrated Compton-y measurements for each cluster. Of particular interest is our detection of the z = 0.44 component of A3128 and our current non-detection of the low-redshift part, providing strong evidence that the further cluster is more massive as suggested by X-ray measurements. This is a compelling example of the redshift-independent mass selection of the SZ effect.

Inhomogeneous Deformation Observed Using High-Precision Markers Drawn by Electron Beam Lithography in a Magnesium Alloy with LPSO Phase

Inhomogeneous deformation in a magnesium alloy with long-period stacking order (LPSO) phase has been investigated using high-precision markers drawn by electron beam lithography. Mg alloys containing Zn and rare earth elements such as Y have a characteristic microstructure including the LPSO phase and the usual hcp matrix phase. The mechanical performance of this alloy is remarkably enhanced by warm-extrusion. The microstructure developed by such extrusion consists of elongated grains with fine-lamellae of LPSO phase and fine-grained matrix of hcp phase. In order to clarify the details of inhomogeneous deformation which should relate with the superior mechanical properties in this alloy, high-precision marking method using electron beam lithography has been employed. By using the method, local displacement due to tensile deformation in the Mg alloy was directly measured.

A comprehensive system for dosimetric commissioning and Monte Carlo validation for the small animal radiation research platform

Our group has constructed the small animal radiation research platform (SARRP) for delivering focal, kilo-voltage radiation to targets in small animals under robotic control using cone-beam CT guidance. The present work was undertaken to support the SARRP's treatment planning capabilities. We have devised a comprehensive system for characterizing the radiation dosimetry in water for the SARRP and have developed a Monte Carlo dose engine with the intent of reproducing these measured results. We find that the SARRP provides sufficient therapeutic dose rates ranging from 102 to 228 cGy min−1 at 1 cm depth for the available set of high-precision beams ranging from 0.5 to 5 mm in size. In terms of depth–dose, the mean of the absolute percentage differences between the Monte Carlo calculations and measurement is 3.4% over the full range of sampled depths spanning 0.5–7.2 cm for the 3 and 5 mm beams. The measured and computed profiles for these beams agree well overall; of note, good agreement is observed in the profile tails. Especially for the smallest 0.5 and 1 mm beams, including a more realistic description of the effective x-ray source into the Monte Carlo model may be important.

BEAM OPTICS SIMULATION OF RARE-RI RING AT RI BEAM FACTORY IN RIKEN

The cyclotron-like storage ring dedicated to Rare-RI Ring project consists of 6 magnetic sectors and 6 straight sections, having a circumference of 56.13 m. The magnetic sector works for both bending and focusing. The total circulation is assumed to be 1,000 turns. Over the momentum range from -1% to +1% in ∆p/p, the required isochronisity is 10-6 while the beam emittance is sevaral tens of π mm-mrad. To examine the design of cyclotron-like storage ring and fix its parameters, we have developed a high precision beam optics simulation. To achieve the precision as high as possible within a feasible computational time, we have adopted a geometrical tracking assuming a circular orbit for a small spatial segment. For that purpose, it is enough that the magnetic sector is divided into 150 sub-sectors in calculation. In each sub-sector, the magnetic field is given as a function of radial position but uniform around the vicinity of beam trajectory. The beam trajectory is evaluated in 4th order Runge-Kutta algorithm. Finally, we have achieved a precision of 10-9 in ∆T/T and a computational time of 1.8 sec on a typical PC server for ray tracing of single particle undergoing a circulation of 1,000 turns.

Design of a standing-wave multicell radio frequency cavity beam monitor for simultaneous position and emittance measurement

High precision, nondisruptive emittance measurement through second moment monitoring requires precise beam position at the measurement location. We present the design and analysis of a multicavity standing wave structure for a pulse-to-pulse beam position-emittance measurement system in which the quadrupole and the dipole standing wave modes resonate at harmonics of a presumed beam bunch train frequency. As an application for the Next Linear Collider (NLC) beams, an optimized nine-cavity standing-wave structure is designed for simultaneous high precision beam position and emittance measurement. It operates with the π-phase advance quadrupole mode resonating at the 16th harmonic (11.424 GHz) of the NLC bunch frequency and the 3π∕4-phase advance dipole mode at the 12th harmonic (8.568 GHz). The output powers from these modes are estimated for the NLC beams. Measurement resolution is estimated to be on the micron scale for rms beam size and on the nanometer scale for beam position.

Single ion bombardment of living cells at LIPSION

We report on the development of an irradiation platform for living cells at the Leipzig nanoprobe LIPSION and on first irradiation experiments. The platform enables cell irradiation with targeted and counted ions (H +, He +) (2–3 MeV) in specially constructed mini-Petri dishes in vertical position in air. The use of a 200 nm (Si 3N 4) thick Petri dish irradiation window, a 100 nm (Si 3N 4) thick beam exit window and the high precision beam positioning ensure a hit accuracy significantly better than 0.5 μm. Hit verification tests using CR-39 are shown. For the cell irradiation we seeded epithelial cells (HUVEC) in the special irradiation Petri dishes. Initially, we tested parameters such as attachment, survival and sedentariness of the cells on the irradiation window. After 14 h about 50% of the seeded cells attached to the window with sufficient survival and sedentariness. The cell handling for the irradiation procedure did not significantly affect the cells. The first patterned irradiation experiments were carried out with 2.25 MeV protons.

The 24‐hour pad test in continent women and men: normal values and cyclical alterations

To obtain control values for the 24-hour pad test in a wide age range of continent women using accurate weighing scales and to compare the results obtained from pantyliners and pads in women and men. Prospective anonymous study. A Sydney Tertiary Urogynaecology Unit. One hundred and forty continent women and 14 continent men. A 24-hour pad test was performed in 120 continent women of widely varying ages, in whom hormonal status and exercise habits were documented. These continent women wore a standardised pantyliner for 24 hours and a high precision beam balance (accuracy 0.1 g) was used to measure the loss on the pad. To assess any variation in pad weights with differing pads, 20 female volunteers undertook the 24-hour test firstly with pantyliners then larger pads. To understand evaporative qualities of the two types of pads, one male wore each type of pad, instilled with 5 mL normal saline for eight hours overnight. Furthermore, to understand the contribution of vaginal secretions, a group of male volunteers performed a 24-hour test with pantyliners followed by pads. Pad weight, with regard to hormonal status, exercise, pad type and gender. The median age of subjects was 48 (interquartile range [IQR] 32-60), with a median pad weight gain of 0.3 g (IQR 0.2-0.6; 95th centile 1.3 g). Subgroup analysis showed no significant trends for pad loss in relation to menopause status, use of hormone replacement therapy or hormonal contraception and exercise status during the 24-hour period. Control values for pantyliners were not significantly different from those for continence pads. In addition, normal values in 14 males showed similar results, regardless of pad type. The response rate of 39% might limit the applicability of the results. However, our finding that women lose only 0.3 g of vaginal secretions in 24 hours is much lower than previously reported. This might arise from the use of a highly accurate beam balance and the recruitment of a large sample of women with widely varying ages. This result might lower the threshold for objective diagnosis of urinary incontinence and alters the pad test definition of 'cure'.