High Content Of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

Exploring the cause of reduced production responses to feeding corn dried distillers' grains in lactating dairy cows

An experiment was conducted to identify the factors that cause reduced production of cows fed a diet with high corn distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS). We hypothesized that the factors could be high S content in DDGS which may directly (S toxicity) or indirectly [dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD)] cause reduced production. We also hypothesized that high polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in DDGS could be another major factor. In a randomized complete block design, 60 lactating cows (15 primiparous and 45 multiparious; average ± SD at the beginning of the trial: milk yield, 44.0 ± 6.9 kg/d; DIM, 123 ± 50; BW, 672 ± 82 kg) were blocked and cows in each block were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: SBM [4.7% fatty acids (FA), 0.22% S, and 178 mEq/kg DM of DCAD], a diet containing soybean meal as the main protein source; DG, SBM replacing mainly soybean byproducts and supplemental fat with DG at 30% dietary DM (4.7% FA, 0.44% S, and 42 mEq/kg DM of DCAD); SBM+S, SBM with sodium bisulfate for additional dietary S (4.8% FA, 0.37% S, and 198 mEq/kg DM of DCAD); SBM+CO, SBM with corn oil (4.7% FA, 0.23%, and 165 mEq/kg DM of DCAD); and DG+DCAD, DG with increased DCAD (4.7% FA, 0.40% S, and 330 mEq/kg DM of DCAD). Due to the limited tie stalls, the blocks of 1 to 6 started the experiment first as phase 1 and the rest of the blocks as phase 2 started the experiment after phase 1. All cows were fed the SBM diet for 10 d as a covariate period followed by the experimental period for 35 d. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS, block and phase were random effects and treatments, repeated wk, and interaction were fixed effects. There was an interaction of wk by treatment for DMI. While milk yield did not change, milk fat concentration tended to decrease (2.78 vs. 3.34%) for DG compared with SBM. Dry matter, OM, NDF, and CP digestibilities were lower when cows were fed the DG diet compared with SBM. Additionally, cows fed DG had lower blood concentrations of HCO3-, base excess, and tCO2 compared with SBM. The SBM+S diet did not affect production, nutrient digestibility, or blood parameters when compared with SBM. The SBM+CO diet decreased milk fat concentration and yield compared with SBM. The DG+DCAD diet tended to increase milk fat yield and concentration (1.24 vs. 1.47 kg/d; 2.78 vs. 3.37%) and increased ECM (40.9 vs. 45.1 kg/d) compared with DG but did not improve nutrient digestibility. However, blood HCO3-, base excess, and tCO2 were greater for DG+DCAD compared with DG. In conclusion, the indirect role of S-, altering DCAD, along with the high PUFA content in DDGS appears to be the factors causing reduced production responses to a high DDGS diet. Increasing DCAD to 300 mEq/kg DM in a high DDGS diet can be a feeding strategy to alleviate the reduced production responses.

Traditional and Domestic Cooking Dramatically Reduce Estrogenic Isoflavones in Soy Foods.

Soybean is a pulse which has considerable nutritional value due to its high protein, fibers and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents. It also contains phytoestrogenic compounds that definitely hinder its recommendation for general consumption. Contrary to ancient times, when soybeans were boiled, modern commercial soy foods can contain up to 150 mg/100g of estrogenic isoflavones. Interestingly, current estimations of isoflavone intake in the literature do not distinguish between the origins of soy food, i.e., whether it is homemade or commercial. As a result, the isoflavone exposure in Asian countries may well be overestimated. This study aims to demonstrate, based on step-by-step monitoring of isoflavones, that traditional and domestic treatments, leveraging isoflavones water-solubility, can indeed significantly reduce their content in soy foods. Indeed, when compared to commercial foods, the isoflavone content was found to be 20, 2.6, 4.5 and 9.8 times lower in "homemade" soy juice, tofu, tempeh and miso, respectively. Additionally, water soaking was found to reduce the isoflavones levels in soy-textured proteins by more than 70%. Hence, this simple process has the potential to help drastically reduce overall xenoestrogens exposure. This study could serve as a basis for establishing the isoflavones Reference Dose and issuing food safety guidelines.

Comparative Study of Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Local Mediterranean Donkey Breeds.

This study aimed to evaluate carcass and meat quality traits in Masri (n = 14) and North African (n = 14) male donkeys, raised in a semi-intensive breeding system, grazing on mountainous areas, with supplementation of 1 kg of barley per day per animal, slaughtered at 5 (±0.48) years old. Compared to Masri, the North African population exhibited higher (p < 0.05) final body weights (181.7 ± 2.1 and 212.5 ± 7.6 kg) and cold carcass weights (101.7 ± 1.3 and 116.2 ± 4.5 kg), but lower (p < 0.05) cold dressing percentages (56.0 ± 0.4 and 54.6 ± 0.4%). Meat quality analyses showed higher (p < 0.05) cooking loss values in Masri meat (43.9 ± 0.8 vs. 39.9 ± 1.2%). Among the meat color parameters, the hue value was higher (p < 0.05) in North African samples (0.42 ± 0.01 vs. 0.39 ± 0.1). Meat from North African donkeys had higher (p < 0.05) dry matter, fat, and protein contents. Meat amino acid analysis revealed abundant levels of lysine, leucine, and methionine, in both populations. Donkey meat from both populations presented a high polyunsaturated fatty acids content, resulting in polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids and omega 6/omega 3 ratios for all breeds close to the recommended values for human health. Atherogenic and thrombogenic indices were also suggested to have positive effects on consumers' artery health. The characteristics of donkey meat present intriguing nutritional aspects compared to ruminant meat, and its production should be encouraged in the rural development of inner-Mediterranean areas.

Ameliorative effect of crocin on post-thaw quality, fertility-associated gene expression and fertilization potential of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bull sperm.

Buffalo bull sperm suffer more cryoinjuries due to lipid peroxidation of high structural polyunsaturated fatty acid contents than cattle sperm. Consequently, the post-thaw fertilization potential of buffalo bull sperm is compromised. Crocin is a carotenoid known for its antioxidant potential through scavenging reactive oxygen species. Objectives of the current study were to investigate the effect of crocin addition in the semen extender on post-thaw quality, fertility-associated gene expression and fertilization potential of buffalo bull sperm. Semen samples (n = 32) from four Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls were extended with tris-citric acid extender containing different concentrations of crocin (0 mM; control, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mM). The extended semen was packed in 0.5 mL French straws (25 × 106 sperm/straw) and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Computer-assisted semen analysis, hypo-osmotic swelling test, normal apical ridge assay, Rhodamine 123, acridine orange, propidium iodide staining, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay were performed to assess sperm motility parameters, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA integrity, viability, and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Expression levels of sperm acrosome-associated SPACA3, DNA condensation-related PRM1, anti-apoptotic BCL2, pro-apoptotic BAX, and oxidative stress-associated ROMO1 genes were evaluated through qPCR. The fertility of semen doses containing the most potent concentration of crocin (based on optimum post-thaw semen quality) was compared with control during the breeding season. Buffaloes (n = 400; 200/group) were inseminated 24 h after the onset of oestrus and transrectally palpated for pregnancy at least 60 days post-insemination. Results revealed that 0.5 and 1 mM crocin improved sperm post-thaw total motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and viability, and 1 and 1.5 mM crocin enhanced catalase activity and reduced lipid peroxidation compared to control (p < .05). Moreover, 1 mM crocin improved sperm post-thaw progressive motility, kinematics, and DNA integrity, and 1.5 mM crocin enhanced plasma membrane integrity than control (p < .05). Expression levels of SPACA3, PRM1 and BCL2 genes were higher (p < .05) with 1 mM crocin compared to other groups. In contrast, no difference (p > .05) was noticed in expressions of BAX and ROMO1 genes among all groups. The fertility rate of semen doses containing the most potent concentration (1 mM) of crocin was higher (p = .0465) compared to control (56 ± 0.03% vs. 46 ± 0.04%, respectively). In conclusion, 1 mM crocin in the semen extender improves post-thaw quality, fertility-associated gene expression and fertilization potential of buffalo bull sperm.

Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profiles of Seven Edible Insects: Focus on Lipid Class Composition and Protein Conversion Factors.

This study is based on the fatty acid and amino acid profiles of seven edible insect species: Acheta domesticus, Alphitobius diaperinus, Blaptica dubia, Galleria mellonella, Locusta migratoria, Tenebrio molitor, and Zophobas morio. The aim of the present study is to provide new data on the fatty acid distributions among lipid classes as well as the species-specific protein conversion factor (Kp) of a wide range of insects in order to further improve the nutritional characterisation of insects as food. Oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in all insects except for A. domesticus, in which a significantly higher percentage of linoleic acid was found. The majority of the lipids were neutral lipids. A significant amount of α-linolenic acid in the phospholipid fraction of L. migratoria was shown, while in T. molitor, phospholipids were the only fraction in which a measurable amount of docosahexaenoic acid was found. Overall, in most insects, the phospholipid fraction had the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content compared to the other classes, which may be protective in terms of auto-oxidative stability. Kp values in the range of 4.17 to 6.43 were obtained. Within the nutritional quality indices, all insects showed healthy fatty acids and high-quality amino acid profiles.

Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on oxidative stress, mitophagy, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in broiler breast meat

Poultry meat has a high polyunsaturated fatty acids content, making it vulnerable to oxidative stress. Mitophagy participates in the regulation of oxidative stress and the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family as well as pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P8 (P8) is a probiotic strain with an antioxidant capacity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of P8 on oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, mitophagy, and NLRP3 inflammasome in the breast meat of oxidatively stressed broilers. Four hundred 1-day-old male broilers were assigned to a 2×2 factorial design with 2 P8 levels (0 or 1×108 cfu/g), either with or without dexamethasone (DEX) injection, for a 21-day experimental period. DEX was injected intraperitoneally once daily from d 16 to 21. The breast meat was collected on d 21. The results showed that P8 supplementation decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and activated the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in DEX-injected broilers. Moreover, P8 supplementation downregulated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and increased the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), mitochondrial fusion protein 1 (Mfn1), and optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1) in DEX-treated broilers. In addition, the decreased mitophagy level in DEX-treated broilers was elevated with P8 supplementation, as reflected by the increased gene expression of autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5), Bcl-2-interacting protein (Becline-1), Parkin, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), light chain 3 II (LC3II)/LC31, and the protein expression of Parkin as well as decreased p62 expression. In addition, P8 supplementation inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation by decreasing the transcription of NLRP3, IL-18, cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-1 (Caspase-1), and the expression of NLRP3 and IL-18 in DEX-treated broilers. In conclusion, dietary P8 supplementation alleviates oxidative stress, improves mitophagy, and inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the breast meat of oxidatively stressed broilers.

Light irradiance modifies the fatty acid composition of Amphidinium carterae (Dinophyceae)

ABSTRACT Amphidinium carterae is a dinoflagellate of increasing interest for producing bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of five irradiances (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1) on the fatty acid profile of A. carterae. The results show that high irradiances increase the lipid productivity (36.65 mg l–1 d–1 at 50 µmol photon m–2 s–1 to 90 mg l–1 d–1 at 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1). High irradiance increased the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) relative to the total content of fatty acids (40.0% at 50 µmol photon m–2 s–1 to 53.23% at 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1) and decreased the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) (14.30% at 50 µmol photon m–2 s–1 to 6.04% at 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1). The higher PUFAs content was due to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 20.76% at 50 µmol photon m–2 s–1 to 30.63% at 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 14.91% at 50 µmol photon m–2 s–1 to 18.96% at 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1). Palmitic acid (C16:0) had the highest content among saturated fatty acids (19.87% at 50 µmol photon m–2 s–1 to 22.29% at 250 µmol photon m–2 s–1). The proportion of neutral lipids tended to increase under high irradiances (100–250 µmol photon m–2 s–1). At the lowest irradiance (50 µmol photon m–2 s–1), the proportion of polar lipids was higher than that of neutral lipids. PUFAs had the main content within polar lipids at the five irradiances (47%–50%). The major neutral lipids were SFAs at the five irradiances (47%–51%). It was concluded that the irradiance levels influence the lipid metabolism of A. carterae. The increase in irradiance level raises the production of lipids and the content of EPA and DHA for potential utilization in the biotechnological, aquaculture and nutraceutical industries.

Low-Temperature Vacuum Drying on Broccoli: Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Proliferative Properties Regarding Other Drying Methods.

Low-temperature vacuum drying (LTVD) has shown great potential for drying vegetables. It could avoid excessive degradations of active compounds with potential therapeutic agents. In this study, the effect on several relevant bioactive compounds, anti-inflammatory activity, and anti-proliferative activity of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) were evaluated. Effects of other drying methods, including vacuum drying (VD), convective drying (CD), infrared drying (IRD), and freeze drying (FD), were also comparatively evaluated. The results of all dried samples showed high polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (of up to 71.3%) and essential amino acid contents (of up to 8.63%). The LTVD method stands out above the other drying methods, since it obtained the highest content of total phenols, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid. Both the LTVD and CD samples demonstrated high anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities. These CD and LTVD samples were also the most active against the breast carcinoma MDA-MB-23 cell line. Due to the good retention of bioactive compounds via LTVD, the obtained dried broccoli here can be used in a near time as an ingredient for the development of novel natural products with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects.

Encapsulating capacity of ultra-high-pressure homogenization (UHPH): Replacement of milk fat by vegetable oils using buttermilk as a functional ingredient in yogurt processing

This study investigated the characteristics of yogurts produced by substituting dairy fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)-rich oils encapsulated with buttermilk (BM) in spray-dried emulsions (SDE). Two homogenization methods, conventional (CH) and ultra-high-pressure homogenization (UHPH), were compared to obtain the emulsions for spray drying. Recombined milks (RMs) were formulated using two different concentrations (4 g/100 g and 6 g/100 g) of SDE, followed by fermentation. Yogurt characteristics were evaluated during cold storage using various parameters, including coagulation properties, texture and rheology, microstructure, physicochemical characteristics (color, pH, total acidity, and water holding capacity), oxidative stability, main fatty acid profile, microbial assessment, and sensory evaluation. During cold storage, several parameters significantly influenced the yogurt characteristics. The CH yogurts exhibited higher textural parameters (firmness and consistency) and viscoelastic parameters (G′ and G'') compared to the UHPH yogurts at the same SDE concentration. However, UHPH yogurts generally showed better water holding capacity (WHC) values. UHPH yogurts also demonstrated superior stability to oxidation and higher PUFA content. The observed differences between the CH and UHPH treatments can be attributed to the structuring of fat-protein-BM into colloidal particles based on the homogenization system employed in this study. Neither of the homogenization systems nor the SDE content impacted yogurt flavor.

Environmental drivers alter PUFA content in littoral macroinvertebrate assemblages via changes in richness and abundance

Shallow littoral areas in lakes are productive and highly diverse ecotonal zones, providing habitats for both invertebrate and vertebrate species. We developed a Bayesian modeling framework to elucidate the relationships between environmental drivers (lake typology, habitat, water chemistry, and latitude) and taxon richness, abundance, as well as the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in littoral macroinvertebrate communities in 95 boreal lakes. PUFAs, particularly arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are critical micronutrients to maintain normal physiological functions in consumers. Lake typology was a significant predictor for PUFA content in the invertebrate assemblages, which was connected to taxon richness and/or abundance. Benthic communities in large humus-poor or nutrient-rich lakes displayed higher abundance, taxon richness, and more PUFA-rich taxa, whereas those in medium- and large-sized humic (color 30–90 mg Pt/L) and humus-rich lakes (color >90 mg Pt/L) were characterized by decreased abundance and subsequently low PUFA content. The abundance, taxon richness, and nutritional quality of the communities were also strongly related to latitude. Lakes with lower pH were characterized by lower benthic invertebrate diversity and low frequency of taxa with high somatic EPA and DHA content. The complexity of littoral habitats dominated by various macrophyte assemblages creates an environment that favors higher benthic abundance and increased presence of taxonomic groups with high PUFA content. Nutritional quality of benthic invertebrates for upper trophic levels can be modulated by a complex interplay between external stressors and abiotic factors that typically shape the structure of littoral benthic communities.

Changes of the Protein CoAlation Pattern in Response to Oxidative Stress and Capacitation in Human Spermatozoa.

The spermatozoa have limited antioxidant defences, a high polyunsaturated fatty acids content and the impossibility of synthesizing proteins, thus being susceptible to oxidative stress. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) harm human spermatozoa, promoting oxidative damage to sperm lipids, proteins and DNA, leading to infertility. Coenzyme A (CoA) is a key metabolic integrator in all living cells. Recently, CoA was shown to function as a major cellular antioxidant mediated by a covalent modification of surface-exposed cysteines by CoA (protein CoAlation) under oxidative or metabolic stresses. Here, the profile of protein CoAlation was examined in sperm capacitation and in human spermatozoa treated with different oxidizing agents (hydrogen peroxide, (H2O2), diamide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). Sperm viability and motility were also investigated. We found that H2O2 and diamide produced the highest levels of protein CoAlation and the greatest reduction of sperm motility without impairing viability. Protein CoAlation levels are regulated by 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (PRDXs). Capacitated spermatozoa showed lower levels of protein CoAlation than non-capacitation cells. This study is the first to demonstrate that PRDXs regulate protein CoAlation, which is part of the antioxidant response of human spermatozoa and participates in the redox regulation associated with sperm capacitation.

Evaluating the effects of very long chain and hydroxy fatty acid content on tribological performance and thermal oxidation behavior of plant-based lubricants

Here, we assess several potential plant-based lubricants to reveal their functional characteristics in comparison to the traditionally used synthetic lubricant polyalphaolefin 4 and 10 oils. Our results indicate that jojoba and castor oils demonstrate the best oxidation resistance at elevated temperatures. The low erucic acid (LE) oils demonstrated a decrease in the lubrication efficiency already at 150 °C. This performance was inferior to that of canola oil which also has low erucic acid content, possibly due to the LE pennycress oil having relatively higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content. These results provide a comprehensive overview of plant-based oil candidates, including some with very long chain fatty acids and/or hydroxylated fatty acids, and suggest new concepts for lubrication efficiency improvement.

Donkey milk: chemical make-up, biochemical features, nutritional worth, and possible human health benefits - Current state of scientific knowledge

Milk and milk derivatives are widely consumed because of their high nutritional density. Donkey milk and milk products have been consumed since ancient times. The use of donkey milk in the human diet is gaining popularity. The abundance of antibacterial components and protective elements in donkey milk sets it apart from the milk of other animals. Like human milk, donkey milk has low fat, high lactose, and low casein/whey protein ratio. Donkey milk whey protein's anti-proliferative properties imply lung cancer treatment. Alpha-lactalbumin, a type of protein, has been found to have antiviral, anticancer, and anti-stress properties. Donkey milk, like human milk, includes a low amount of casein and a smaller quantity of beta-lactoglobulin than cow milk. Donkey milk is an alternative for newborns with cow milk protein allergy and lactose intolerance since it has a higher amount of lactose, improves palatability, and prevents allergies. Osteogenesis, arteriosclerosis therapy, cardiac rehabilitation, accelerated aging, and hypocholesterolemic diets are some areas where donkey milk is beneficial. Since it contains probiotic lactobacilli strains, fermented beverages can be made with donkey milk. Donkey milk moisturizes skin due to its high vitamin, mineral, and polyunsaturated fatty acid content. The chemical makeup and potential therapeutic benefits of donkey milk warrant additional research. This has led to a rise in interest in producing dairy goods derived from donkey milk. Donkey milk has been used to make cheese, ice cream, milk powder, and even some experimental useful fermented drinks. The present article summarises what we know about donkey milk's chemical makeup, biological functions, nutritional worth, and possible human health benefits.

Effect of Extraction Method on the Yield and Quality of Mullet Roe Oil

AbstractStriped mullet (Mugil cephalus) roe is used for the production of high nutritional and added‐value delicacies. Its lipid fraction is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and bioactive compounds. This study examines scalable oil extraction methods for mullet roe oil extraction. Namely, solvent extraction (SE) using ethanol in two different temperatures, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2‐ethanol mixture (SFE‐E) in two different temperatures, expeller oil press (EP) extraction, expeller oil press combined with ethanol extraction (EP‐SE) and wet reduction (WR) are examined. The methods are evaluated with regard to the oil yield and recovery, the oil oxidation and the composition in fatty acids, and polar compounds and unsaponifiable matter. EP‐SE and SE provide the highest oil recovery for tested extraction temperatures (76% and 65% respectively), followed by SFE‐E (46%) and EP (36%). Extracted oils present high PUFA content (28.5–33.9%). The type of extraction process and the process variables affect oil oxidation as well as the concentration of polar compounds and unsaponifiable matter. In terms of oxidation levels, 85% of the extracted oil samples were within the limits set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The potential of the examined methods for industrial mullet roe oil production is discussed.Practical applications: Oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids was extracted from stripped mullet roe. The work proposes several scalable extraction methods using mild conditions which could be applied to obtain edible and high nutritional value mullet roe oil with high recovery reaching up to 76%. The same methods could be employed also for mullet roe by‐products. The obtained results improve the knowledge regarding the potential of roe valorization for oil extraction as well as the effect of the extraction method on the oil yield, main composition features and the quality characteristics of oil extracted by mullet roe. This research could offer new opportunities for the food industry for fish roe valorization for high nutritional quality oil production.

The Inhibitory Effects of Hydroxytyrosol, α-Tocopherol and Ascorbyl Palmitate on Lipid Peroxidation in Deep-Fat Fried Seafood.

This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of hydroxytyrosol, α-tocopherol and ascorbyl palmitate on lipid peroxidation in squid, hoki and prawn during deep-fat frying and refrigerated storage. Fatty acid analysis using gas chromatography (GC) showed that the seafood had a high omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFAs) content, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). The total content of n-3 fatty acids in their lipids was 46% (squid), 36% (hoki) and 33% (prawn), although they all had low lipid contents. The oxidation stability test results showed that deep-fat frying significantly increased the peroxide value (POV), p-anisidine value (p-AV) and the value of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in squid, hoki and prawn lipids. Meanwhile, antioxidants delayed the lipid oxidation in fried seafood and sunflower oil (SFO) used for frying, albeit in different ways. The least effective of all the antioxidants was α-tocopherol, as the POV, p-AV and TBARS values obtained with this antioxidant were significantly higher. Ascorbyl palmitate was better than α-tocopherol but was not as effective as hydroxytyrosol in suppressing lipid oxidation in the frying medium (SFO) and in the seafood. However, unlike the ascorbyl palmitate-treated oil, hydroxytyrosol-treated oil could not be used for multiple deep-fat frying of seafood. Hydroxytyrosol appeared to be absorbed in the seafood during multiple frying, thus leaving a low concentration in the SFO and making it susceptible to oxidation.

The Promoter SNPs Were Associated with Both the Contents of Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) and the Expressions of PUFA-Related Genes in Common Carp.

The allo-tetraploid common carp encodes two duplicated fads2 genes (fads2a and fads2b) and two duplicated elovl5 genes (elovl5a and elovl5b). The coding SNPs (cSNPs) of these genes were reported to be significantly associated with the PUFA contents. Whether the promoter SNPs (pSNPs) were associated with the PUFA contents has not been reported yet. In this study, after sequencing the promoters of these four genes, we identified six pSNPs associated with the contents of PUFAs in common carp, including one elovl5a pSNP, one elovl5b pSNP, and four fads2b pSNPs. The pSNPs were predicted in the locations of transcriptional factor binding sites. Together with previously identified cSNPs in fads2b and elovl5b, the pSNPs and cSNPs of these two genes had the joint effects on the PUFA contents with higher explained percentage of phenotypic variation of the PUFA contents than single gene. The expression levels of both fads2a and fads2b were significantly positively correlated with the contents of six PUFAs. The fads2b pSNPs corresponding to higher fads2b expression levels were associated with higher PUFA contents. The pSNPs and cSNPs will be useful for the future selection breeding of common carp with higher PUFA contents.

Pressurized n-propane extraction improves bioactive compounds content, fatty acid profile, and biological activity of Mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru DC.) seed oil

This work aimed to evaluate the bioactive compounds content, fatty acid profile, and biological activity of Mandacaru seed oil obtained using n-propane at different pressures (45, 75, or 105 Bar, 40 °C) or conventional technique (Soxhlet method). The oil yield was similar among the treatments (17.78–20.45 %) but using n-propane resulted in shorter processing times (50 min vs. 8 h) and solvent consumption (25 % less). Furthermore, the oil obtained with pressurized n-propane, mainly at 105 Bar, showed a better fatty acid profile (higher polyunsaturated fatty acid contents and lowered saturated fatty acid), a higher concentration of bioactive compounds (γ-sitosterol and γ-tocopherol), and lower free fatty acid content than that obtained by conventional technique. Furthermore, it showed superior health indices (lower hypercholesterolemic saturated fatty acid, thrombogenic, and atherogenic, and higher desirable fatty acid indices). Finally, it presented higher antidiabetic properties (13.87 % higher inhibition of α-glucosidase). In conclusion, pressurized n-propane extraction improved the bioactive compound content, fatty acid profile, and biological activity of mandacaru seed oil, mainly at 105 Bar. Our results demonstrate that mandacaru seeds can be an important source of oils with essential chemical composition and biological activity, which can stimulate the production of this fruit and its utilization.

RNAseq reveals modulation of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis in chicken liver according to genetic background, sex, and diet.

Increases in chicken production are mainly due to specialised breeds. However, local breeds are of increasing importance, known for ability to adapt to the environment and unique products. Conventional poultry products contain lower levels of n-3 fatty acids (FAs) compared to those obtained from local breeds, therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the modulation of expression of genes involved in long-chain polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) biosynthesis pathways according to genetic background, diet conditions, and sex. Animals from two local breeds and a commercial line were fed different diets: control and experimental diet (10% linseed supplementation). For each breed and diet group, both sexes were reared. The RNA was extracted from 36 liver samples and sequenced by RNAseq method. Bioinformatic analysis was carried out to find differentially expressed genes from comparisons between experimental groups. Results showed low impact of diet on differentially expressed genes related to FA biosynthesis, but linseed diet increased percentage of n-3 FAs of liver. Sex and genetic background determined the differential expression of genes related to long-chain PUFA biosynthesis. Specifically, females of local breeds shared 23 up-regulated genes when compared to their respective commercial line groups. Some of the shared genes had a role in de novo triglyceride biosynthesis (MTTPL and GPAM), and in de novo FA biosynthesis (ACACA and SCD) was detected. In conclusion, local breeds are able to better adapt to a diet rich in PUFA, by triggering certain transcriptomic shifts in the liver that allow birds to process the high PUFA content provided by diet.

Total Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Level in Abdominal Adipose Tissue as an Independent Predictor of Recurrence-Free Survival in Women with Ovarian Cancer.

Prognostic factors for epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are in particular clinical factors such as pathology staging at diagnosis (FIGO stages), genetic mutation, or histological phenotypes. In the present study, FIGO stage, tumor residue after surgery, and body mass index were clinical predictors of recurrence-free survival (RFS). Nonetheless, a number of studies support a lipid metabolism disorder in ovarian cancer patients. The objective of this pilot study was to explore whether fatty acid composition of adipose reflecting the qualitative dietary intake and fatty acids metabolism may be associated with RFS. Forty-six women with EOCs and six with borderline ovarian tumors between March 2017 and January 2020 were included in this prospective study at Tours university teaching hospital (central France). The patients involved in the present study are part of the METERMUS trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03027479). Adipose tissue specimens from four abdominal locations (superficial and deep subcutaneous, visceral (pericolic), and omental) were collected during surgery or exploratory laparoscopy. A fatty acid profile of adipose tissue triglycerides was established by gas chromatography. Fatty acids composition was compared among the four locations using nonparametric Friedman's ANOVA test for repeated measures. Median follow-up of EOC patients was 15 months and patients' RFS was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank test by separating patients into two groups according to median fatty acid levels. The content of long-chain saturated fatty acids (SFAs) was increased and that of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) decreased in deep versus superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue in EOC patients. Nevertheless, the content of total SFAs was ~28%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) ~55%, PUFAs n-6 ~11.5%, and PUFAs n-3 about 1.3%, whatever the adipose tissue. When EOC patients were separated into two groups by median fatty acid content, total PUFAs (n-6+n-3) levels, whatever the adipose tissue, were positively and independently associated with RFS. RFS was about two times longer in EOC patients with high versus low total PUFA content (median survival: 12 vs. 27 months, p = 0.01 to &lt;0.0001 according to the tissue). Content of total PUFAs (n-6+n-3) in abdominal adipose tissue (visceral and subcutaneous) are new prognostic factors in EOC.

Investigation of the possibility of obtaining butter with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) consumed with dietary fats are physiologically active substances involved in metabolic processes in the organism, in particular, carbohydrate-fat and cholesterol metabolism, regulation of redox processes. Butter is one of the main food items of the daily human diet. The basis of butter is milk fat, which is characterized by a rich fatty acid composition and unique properties. The possibility of obtaining butter with the desired ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids without making adjustments to the technological process using milk with high PUFA content has been investigated. The purpose of the study was to obtain butter enriched with PUFA from the milk of Holstein cows with a modified fatty acid composition towards an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids. Material and methods. For the research, dairy raw materials from lactating Holstein cows were used, the milking herd included 881 cows. Dairy raw materials were studied, selected individually from each cow. According to the results of an in-depth assessment of the composition of milk lipid fractions, a group of cows was isolated after the first calving - 15 heads, whose milk was characterized by an increased content of unsaturated fatty acids. The content of milk fat, protein, lactose and fatty acid composition of milk were determined by infrared spectrometry with Fourier transform. Butter was produced from the milk of the experimental and control (combined) groups, which was evaluated by organoleptic (on a 20-point scale), physico-chemical parameters, including fatty acid composition determined by gas chromatography. Results. Milk obtained from cows of the experimental group differed downward from the combined milk produced in the whole herd in terms of protein and casein content by 12.8%, dry matter - by 4.4%, SOMO - by 3.1%. It varied upwards in milk sugar level (by 3.2%). In the milk fat of the milk of the experimental group of cows, the total amount of saturated fatty acids was reduced by 14.9%, and unsaturated fatty acid level was increased by 12.6%; as a result, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids was higher by 31.7%. The butter produced from the milk of cows of the experimental group was slightly inferior to the control sample in terms of the characteristics of «taste and smell», «consistency» and total score. At the same time, the prototype fat differed from the control one by a more pronounced, saturated yellow color. Evaluation of the fatty acid composition of the experimental and control fat samples showed the advantage of the prototype in terms of PUFA content compared to the control. The total amount of unsaturated fatty acids exceeded the same indicator for the control sample by 8.3%, while the superiority of polyunsaturated fatty acids was 14.4%. At the same time, saturated fatty acid level in the experimental sample was 4.2% less, but the amount of volatile low-molecular- weight fatty acids was significantly reduced compared to the control sample - by 19.1%. Conclusion. The results obtained show the possibility and open the prospect of obtaining butter with a more favorable ratio of fatty acids in favor of PUFAs by selecting cows for milk with a higher ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids and further selection aimed at an increased content of PUFAs in milk.