High-performance Water Research Articles

Scalable electrodeposition of NiFe-based electrocatalysts with self-evolving multi-vacancies for high-performance industrial water electrolysis

Water electrolysis is a promising technique for green hydrogen production to achieve the global strategic goal of carbon neutrality. Herein, we propose an optimized-electrodeposition set-up in Ethaline-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) for the electrochemical preparation of NiFe-based catalysts. The developed synthesis procedure involves the anodic dissolution of Fe plates to provide Fe sources, which are gradually incorporated into the in-situ grown Ni films to fabricate NiFe-based electrodes. Our findings show that introducing nitrate ions coupled with electrochemical water oxidation can induce the formation of multi-vacancy-rich NiFe-based catalysts with outstanding water splitting performance in quasi-industrial conditions. A simulated industrial anion exchange membrane (AEM)-based device loaded with our NiFe-based electrocatalysts requires only 1.73 Vcell to reach 1000 mA cm−2 in 5.0 M KOH at 60 °C and works continuously for up to 200 h. The present work provides a means for the scalable synthesis of self-supported NiFe-based catalysts for industrial water splitting.

3D-printed solar evaporator with seashell ornamentation-inspired structure for zero liquid discharge desalination

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation has enormous promise for fresh water recovery and salt harvesting, but salt accumulation-related challenges stand in its way. Herein, we report a spined groove-ridge pairs inspired by the shell ornamentation of the Vasticardium vertebratum, which addresses salt accumulation by artfully integrating salt reflux into localized salt crystallization. The seashell-mimetic radial V-groove array enables the 3D evaporator to transport water rapidly and directionally, resulting in high-performance water evaporation (∼95% efficiency) and localized crystallization. The periodic spines enlightened by the spine-bearing ridge on the seashell provide considerable micro-unit salt reflux. The 2-in-1 integration design endows the three-dimensional evaporator with superior solar-driven zero liquid discharge and excellent long-term salt resistance even when dealing with high-salinity brine (20 wt% NaCl) and a series of heavy metallic salt solutions. Our design offers a new alternative solution to avoiding salt scaling and could advance locally crystallized solar evaporators towards practical applications.

Engineering electron redistribution of bimetallic phosphates with CeO2 enables high-performance overall water splitting

Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) with Pt-like electronic structures are anticipated to be potential candidates for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysis. However, the strong binding strength between metallic active sites in TMPs and intermediates hinders the enhancement of their electrocatalytic activity. Herein, we used surface CeO2-decorated strategy to regulate surface electron distribution of bimetallic phosphides and achieve the enhanced HER activity. Taking NiCoP nanowire arrays as an example, the surface-modified CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2-NiCoP) make the surface electrons redistribute, promoting the transfer of electrons from NiCoP to CeO2. As a result, the d-band center of metal active sites in CeO2-NiCoP is negatively shifted, resulting in the optimized binding strength with H intermediates. Therefore, CeO2-NiCoP exhibits significantly enhanced HER catalytic activity with low overpotentials of 84, 202 and 242 mV at the current densities of 10, 500 and 1000 mA cm−2, respectively, much lower than those of NiCoP counterparts (ƞ10 = 142 mV, ƞ500 = 349 mV, ƞ1000 = 427 mV). Furthermore, we extend this surface electron redistribution strategy to other bimetallic phosphides and similar trends are observed. Finally, a double-electrode electrolyzer based on CeO2-NiCoP is assembled to achieve a low cell voltage of 1.80 V at a current density of 1000 mA cm−2 under simulated industrial conditions, as well as excellent stability. This work provides a feasible method to design highly active and stable electrocatalysts for overall water splitting via regulating electronic structure of TMPs, and enlightens a new mentality in terms of designing surface active sites of catalysts.

Study on the Strength and Microcosmic Characteristics of C50 High-Performance Concrete (HPC) Containing Manufactured Sands

In this paper, C50 high-performance concrete (HPC) containing manufactured sand was prepared. First, three different gradations of aggregates and three different types of admixtures with significant differences in specific surface area, porosity, and water ratios were used to prepare nine groups of concrete mixtures. Second, the effect of the aggregate gradation and admixture on the workability of fresh HPC and compressive strength of hydration-hardened HPC was investigated. Finally, microscopic tests were conducted to examine the hydration product pore structure (mercury injection porosimeter (MIP)), hydration product surface appearance (scanning electron microscope (SEM)), and element qualitative analysis (energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS)), and the mechanism of the C50 HPC was discussed. The results show that the types of gradation aggregates and admixtures significantly affect the workability and strength of C50 HPC. When the slump of fresh HPC is specified, the workability of the mixture can be controlled by a homemade high-performance lignin sulfonate water reducer. The aggregate gradation biased toward the median of the gradation curve can be used to prepare the C50 HPC. In this paper, the maximum compressive strength of C50 HPC is 58.3 MPa at 90 days. In addition, the microscopic test results show that the composite compound of C50 HPC has a dense hydration product and a high bond strength interface transition zone (ITZ).

Energy Efficiency of a New Parallel PIC Code for Numerical Simulation of Plasma Dynamics in Open Trap

The generation of energy-efficient parallel scientific codes became very important in the time of carbon footprint reduction. In this paper, we briefly present our latest particle-in-cell code with the results of a numerical simulation of plasma dynamics in an open trap. This code can be auto-vectorized by the Fortran compiler for Intel Xeon processors with AVX-512 instructions such as Intel Xeon Phi and the highest series of all generations of Intel Xeon Scalable processors. Efficient use of processor architecture is the main feature of an energy-efficient solution. We present a step-by-step methodology of energy consumption calculation using Intel hardware features and Intel VTune software. We also give an estimated value of carbon footprint with the impact of high-performance water cooled hardware. The Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) in the case of high-performance water cooled hardware is equal to 1.03–1.05, and is up to 1.3 in the case of air-cooled systems. This means that power consumption of liquid cooled systems is lower than that air-cooled ones by up to 25%. All these factors play an important role in the carbon footprint reduction problem.

Accelerating the surface reconstruction of cobalt phosphide via dual-doping engineering for high-performance water electrolysis

Most transition metal compound electrocatalysts would undergo potential-dependence phase conversion to generate actual active phase of anodic water oxidation. However, the dependence of high potential in electrochemical self-reconstruction, as well as the sluggish dynamics of water oxidation reaction are the main obstacles to real catalytic origins exploration and large-scale hydrogen fuel production. Herein, for the first time, sulfur and nickel dual-doped cobalt phosphide nanowire arrays (CoP3NiS NAs) are rationally designed as pre-catalysts, in which the S anions accelerate the surface reconstruction of the CoP3 while the Ni cations enhance the activity and selectivity of oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The converted products (CoP3NiS-R NAs) exhibit the overpotential of only 260 mV at 100 mA cm−2 for OER, much superior to the CoP3-R NAs and the benchmark IrO2. In addition, the two-electrode electrolyser (CoP3NiS@CoP3NiS-R) presents an ultra-low cell voltage of 1.47 V at 10 mA cm−2 and extraordinary durability over 120 h. This work elucidates the rational design of bifunctional materials in energy devices, and demonstrates that the electrochemical self-reconstruction engineering of cobalt-based phosphides is a promising strategy to design highly-efficient OER electrocatalysts.

Hexagonal NiO nanosheets on Ni-foam as an electrocatalyst for high-performance water splitting application

• NiO electrocatalyst displays excellent electrocatalytic activities. • Low overpotential of 83 mV during hydrogen evolution reaction. • Low overpotential of 380 mV during oxygen evolution reaction. • Low Tafel slope of 209 mV dec −1 during hydrogen evolution reaction. • Low Tafel slope of 299 mV dec −1 during oxygen evolution reaction. This study illustrates the catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities of the hexagonal NiO nanosheets on Ni-foam. The NiO electrocatalyst demonstrates the low overpotentials of 83 mV/380 mV and low Tafel slopes of 209 mV dec −1 /299 mV dec −1 during HER/OER, respectively. It also reveals excellent stability, showing a slight change in overpotentials of 116 mV and 430 mV during HER/OER after 2000 CV cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy spectra show the series resistance of 0.83 Ω/1.04 Ω and charge-transfer resistance of 1.63 Ω/4.70 Ω during HER/OER after 2000 CV cycles.

Simultaneously Enhanced Hydrophilicity and Stability of a Metal-Organic Framework via Post-Synthetic Modification for Water Vapor Sorption/Desorption.

With increasing demands for high-performance water sorption materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained considerable attention due to their high maximum uptake capacities. In many cases, however, high overall capacity is not necessarily accomplishing high working capacity under operating conditions, due to insufficient hydrophilicity and/or water stability. Herein, we present a post-synthetic modification (PSM) of MOF-808, with di-sulfonic acids enhancing simultaneously its hydrophilicity and water stability without sacrificing its uptake capacity of ≈30 mmol g-1 . Di-sulfonic acid PSM enabled a shift of the relative humidity (RH) associated with a sharp step in water vapor sorption from 35-40 % RH in MOF-808 to below 25 % RH. While MOF-808 lost uptake capacity and crystallinity over multiple sorption/desorption cycles, the di-sulfonic acid PSM MOF-808 retained >80 % of the original capacity. PSM MOF-808 exhibited good hydrothermal stability up to 60 °C and high swing capacity.

Constructing a bifunctional catalyst with both high entropy alloy nanoparticles and Janus multi-principal alloy nanoparticles for high-performance overall water splitting

Encouraged by the excellent multifunctional catalytic performance of Janus nanoparticles and superior long-term durability of high-entropy alloy nanoparticles, a bifunctional catalyst with high-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs) and Janus multi-principal alloy nanoparticles (JMPA-NPs) is prepared. Beneficial from the accelerated electron/optimized adsorption of intermediate of JMPA-NPs and the nature of high entropy effect of HEA-NPs, the catalyst (HEA/JMPA) exhibits superior OER and HER catalytic performance with excellent stability in 1 M KOH solution. For OER, the overpotential required to reach 20 mA cm−2 (η20) is only 314 mV, which is much better than that of commercial RuO2 catalyst. During the long-term operation at 10 mA cm -2, the potential presents almost no attenuation after 21 h. For HER, the η10 is only 85 mV with superior stability of 108 h. The water electrolyzer which is conducted with HEA/JMPA as both cathode and anode in 1 M KOH (HEA/JMPA (+, -)) exhibits excellent overall water splitting activity. The voltage of HEA/JMPA (+, -) to reach 100 mA cm−2 is only 1.75 V and the current density is as high as 305 mA cm−2 at 1.9 V. The theoretical calculation results also revealed the internal mechanism of the new catalyst on both OER and HER.

Sulfonate-functionalized polybenzimidazole as ion-solvating membrane toward high-performance alkaline water electrolysis

Polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based ion-solvating membranes (ISM) have gained increasing attention for alkaline water electrolysis (AWE). Herein, we designed a series of sulfonate-grafted poly (2,2’-(1,4-naphthalene)-5,5′-benzimidazole) (NPBI) as ISM materials for AWE application. Through the reaction of NPBI and 1,4-butane sultone, butyl sulfonate side chains with different contents were attached to NPBI backbone to afford NPBI-BS-X polymer. Compared to the pristine NPBI membrane, the introduction of hydrophilic sulfonate side chains showed more KOH liquid absorption (59% for NPBI-BS-47 membrane vs. 45% for NPBI), higher hydroxide conductivity (133 vs. 103 mS/cm), and reduced H2 permeability (0.51 vs. 2.05 barrer). Ex situ alkaline stability in 8 M KOH at 80 °C demonstrated that 89% of initial conductivity was retained after 1000 h of testing. As a result, the AWE performance of NPBI-BS-47 was evaluated with 6 M KOH at 80 °C, reaching a current density of 1900 mA cm−2 at 2.0 V, which is much higher than that of the cell with the unmodified NPBI membrane. In the durability test under dynamic operating conditions, the cell with NPBI-BS-47 membrane delivered stable operation for 100 h at a constant current density switching from 0.8 A cm−2 to 1.6 A cm−2 after 20 h of operation at each point. The presented design concept of PBI-based polymer offers new opportunities to develop high-performance ISM for alkaline water electrolysis.

Strong electronic coupling between single Ru atoms and cobalt-vanadium layered double hydroxide harness efficient water splitting

Atomic coordination modulation and electronic structure engineering are appealing routes to develop versatile electrocatalysts targeting high-performance water electrolysis. Herein, atomically dispersed Ru sites are successfully anchored on the surface of CoV layered double hydroxide (LDH), affording a vertically aligned and interconnected nanosheet array architecture. Benefitting from the strong electronic coupling, fast charge transfer capability and well-defined morphology of as-prepared catalyst, ultralow overpotentials for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER, η10 = 28 mV) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER, η25 = 263 mV) are required. The two-electrode configuration cell only requires a cell voltage of 1.52 V to reach 10 mA cm−2, which is lower than that of commercialized Pt/C||RuO2 couple. Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies in combination with density functional theory calculations reveal that the strong electronic coupling between monatomic Ru with CoV LDH induces spatial charge redistribution and a distorted coordination environment around V atoms, thereby accelerating the hydrogen release for HER and reducing the rate-determining step (O* → OOH*) free energy for OER.

Hollow CoP microspheres as superior bifunctional electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution in a broad pH range and oxygen evolution reactions

Morphology regulation and ion doping are two common ways to improve catalytic performance. Herein, hollow CoP microspheres were synthesized via a facile template-free solvothermal approach with a following low-temperature phosphating process. The as-synthesized CoP hollow microspheres show preeminent electrocatalytic HER performance in a wide pH range (1.0 ​M KOH, 1.0 ​M PBS and 0.5 ​M ​H2SO4), and also deliver superior OER catalytic activity and low Tafel slope. Meanwhile, its catalytic activity could be maintained almost unchanged for at least 6 ​h in acidic solution, neutral solution and alkaline solution. These superior electrochemical properties will render the hollow CoP microsphere material as an attractive material for promising application in high-performance electrochemical water decomposition systems.

Hybrid perovskites as oxygen evolution electrocatalysts for high-performance anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers

Highly active and platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts are essential for producing low-cost and clean hydrogen in anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWEs). Thanks to the unique characteristics of perovskite oxides, which include low cost, tunable electronic structure and cation deficiency, high electronic conductivity, high durability, high specific catalytic activity, and environmental friendliness, they have been widely designed and employed as the OER electrocatalysts. Here, a set of novel hybrid perovskites, LaxSr4-xNiyFe3-yO10-δ (LxS4-xNyF3-y), were demonstrated, which consist of a single-layer perovskite phase (P phase) and two Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite phases (RP phases). These hybrid perovskites synergize the advantages of the P phase and RP phases, which improves the oxygen-ion diffusion rate, leading to enhanced OER activity. Furthermore, the concentration of each phase can be tuned by alternating the compositional stoichiometry. A relatively uniform distribution of the P phase and RP phases can maximize the interfacial area and achieve the highest oxygen-ion diffusion rate. L3S1N2F1, L2S2N1F2, and L2S2N1.5F1.5 exhibit outstanding OER activity, which achieve 10 mA/cm2 at a low overpotential of less than 360 mV in 1.0 M KOH. Additionally, herein, the hybrid perovskites are implemented as the anodes of AEMWEs, which deliver an exceptional current density of > 1.0 A/cm2 at 1.8 V.

Nickel-based nanosheets array as a binder free and highly efficient catalyst for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction

Hydrogen technology through water electrolyzer systems has attracted a great attention to overcome the energy crisis. So, rationally designed non-noble metal based-electrocatalysts with high activity and durability can lead to high performance water electrolyzer systems and high purity hydrogen generation. Herein, a facile two-step method: hydrothermal and electrodeposition, respectively, are developed to decorate highly porous three-dimensional binder-free structure NiFeO/NiO nanosheets array on Ni foam (NiFeO/NiO/NF) with robust adhesion as a high-performance electrode for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER).The electrodeposition process applied after the initial hydrothermal process provides a stable structure and, in addition, enhances the sluggish hydrogen evolution efficiency. In alkaline media, the developed electrode needs an overpotential of 48 and 188 mV to drive current densities (j) of 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively. After continuous 110 h electrochemical stability test under j = 150 mA cm−2 conditions, demonstrates an excellent stability with ignorable activity decrease. Such superior HER catalytic performance can be derived from the synergistic effect between Ni and Fe atoms, also exposure to a high number of active sites on the nanosheets, and good dynamic with effective electron transport along the nanosheets. The present work provides a promising route for the design and fabrication of cost-effective and highly efficient HER electrocatalysts.

High-performance water vapor barriers via amorphous alumina-polycrystalline zinc oxide hybrids with a self-wrinkling morphology

This work presents a materially and structurally designed barrier thin film with a self-wrinkling morphology, which consists of composites of amorphous alumina (a-Al2O3) and polycrystalline zinc oxide (ZnO). The pure ZnO, Al2O3 films, and Al2O3-ZnO composited film are deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by magnetron co-sputtering at room temperature. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) for the composited film with about 30 % ratio of Al2O3 to ZnO is down to 0.026 g·m−2·day−1 from 1.184 g·m−2·day−1 of pure ZnO film at 38 °C/90 % RH, indicating that the nanocomposite structure of amorphous Al2O3 and crystalline ZnO can significantly improve the water-resistance performance. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the amorphous Al2O3 can dramatically suppress the defect fraction within ZnO from 4.65 % to 0.08 %. Furthermore, a self-wrinkling morphology with Al2O3-ZnO composited film deposited on PET/acrylic is designed to have the WVTR value as low as 1.30 × 10−3 g·m−2·day−1. Due to the stress release when forming micro-scale wrinkles, the more smooth and dense Al2O3-ZnO composited film can markedly sharpen up the barrier property. The low WVTR barriers via amorphous and crystalline hybrid composites with self-wrinkling morphology by magnetron sputtering potentially serve as a low-cost and large-scale production path for electronics encapsulation as compared to atomic layer deposition (ALD) and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).

Direct detection of self-reconstruction-accelerated oxygen evolution activity in MoCoNi hydroxides

The exploration of cost-effective oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is valuable for high-performance water electrolysis in alkaline electrolytes. Surface reconstruction can endow earth-abundant multimetal oxides/hydroxides with noble-metal-comparable OER activity, because their electronic structures can be spontaneously regulated towards favorable adsorption energies of oxygen-containing OER intermediates in electrolysis. However, the direct detection of subtly modified electronic structures is very challenging because of the rather rapid surface-reconstruction process. Herein, Mo-based CoNi hydroxide marked with the most universal surface-reconstructed OER catalyst is selected as a model material for investigating the surface-reconstruction-accelerated OER activity. The surface-reconstructed MoCoNi catalyst exhibits a superior OER activity with a low overpotential (282 mV) at 10 mA/cm2 and a small Tafel slope of 49.3 mV/dec. Moreover, the oxygen-vacancy-rich catalyst shows a commercial RuO2-comparable stability for OER process over 100 h. Thanks to the advantage of vacuum-connected glove box and near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) system, the subtle changes of potential-dependent oxygen vacancies and neighboring metal centers are directly detected by NAP-XPS characterization, which clearly reveals the surface-reconstruction-induced evolution of oxygen vacancies and electronic structure of neighboring metal centers in MoCoNi catalyst. Based on the morphological observation and spectroscopy characterization, the DFT model of self-reconstructed Co-NiOOH catalyst with oxygen vacancy is established, and comprehensive theoretic simulations confirm that the surface-constructed oxygen vacancies benefit the regulation of electronic structure of neighboring metal atoms with favorable binding affinity to OER intermediates.

Potato-based microporous carbon cake: Solar radiation induced water treatment

The use of solar-driven interfacial water evaporation for water desalination is a very interesting research topic for its high-performance water purification. The rapid evaporation of water at the air-water interface has been enhanced by solar absorbers. This work described the fabrication of a porous carbon cake with interconnected pores and super-hydrophilic surfaces from a potato slice. The fabricated carbon cake exhibits a high steam generation rate of 3.18 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 sun illumination. We also fabricated a large area evaporator and demonstrated the collection of more than 2.8 lit of condensed water from 0.8 m2 area in 5.5 h with natural (∼0.5 Sun) solar illumination. High evaporation rate was obtained due to the super-hydrophilic and less thermal conductivity of the as-fabricated carbon cake. Moreover, the device providing a high mechanical stability, which could be necessary for long-term potential usage. The high salt rejection ability of the device were investigated in detail. The total cost to generate freshwater from CEPC STE for nearly 8 months is $ 36.54/m2. Therefore, this system can be used for evaporation-based high concentrated dye and brine water purification in a cost-effective and highly efficient way.

A Composite Fabric with Dual Functions for High-Performance Water Purification.

The dilemma of diminishing freshwater resources caused by water pollution has always impacted human life. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology has the potential for freshwater production via solar-driven distillation. However, in solar-driven interfacial evaporation technology, it is difficult to overcome the problem of wastewater containing various contaminants. In this work, we propose a bifunctional fabric created by depositing titanium dioxide@carbon black nanoparticles onto cotton fabric (TiO2@CB/CF). The TiO2@CB/CF has a coupling effect that includes the photothermal effect of CB and photocatalysis of TiO2, and it can not only generate clean water but can also purify contaminated water. The resulting bifunctional fabric can achieve an outstanding water evaporation rate of 1.42 kg m−2 h−1 and a conversion efficiency of 90.4% in methylene blue (MB) solution under one-sun irradiation. Simultaneously, the TiO2@CB/CF demonstrates a high photocatalytic degradation of 57% for MB solution after 2 h with light irradiation. It still shows a good photocatalysis effect, even when reused in an MB solution for eight cycles. Furthermore, the TiO2@CB/CF delivers excellent performance for actual industrial textile dyeing wastewater. This bifunctional fabric has a good application prospect and will provide a novel way to resolve the issue of freshwater scarcity.

High-performance anion exchange membrane water electrolyzer enabled by highly active oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts: Synergistic effect of doping and heterostructure

Anion exchange membrane water electrolyzers (AEM electrolyzers) have been demonstrated for efficient green hydrogen production. The primary advantage of AEM electrolyzers is replacing the noble metal catalysts with low-cost platinum group metal (PGM)-free catalysts. Despite some astonishing demonstrations of high-performance AEM electrolyzers [1–4], most of them suffer from lower energy efficiency due to the poor catalytic activity of PGM-free catalysts. Herein, to improve the performance of AEM electrolyzers, we developed a CeO2/CoFeCe-layered double hydroxide (LDH) heterostructure as the OER catalyst. The Ce doping modulates the electronic structures of CoFe-LDH while creating a CeO2/CoFeCe LDH interface, which dramatically improves the OER activity. The Ce doping synergizes with the CeO2/CoFeCe LDH interface to enable a high-performance AEM electrolyzer, achieving an exceptional current density of 2.7 A/cm2 at 1.8 Vcell. This work validates that AEM electrolyzers equipped with PGM-free OER catalysts can achieve comparable energy efficiency with proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEM electrolyzers).

High performance and sustainable CNF membrane via facile in-situ envelopment of hydrochar for water treatment

In this study, cellulose nanofiber (CNF) membranes for water treatment are prepared via in-situ hydrothermal carbonization of glucose in a CNF suspension. The in-situ carbonized CNFs were fabricated into the membranes via dead-end filtration under hydraulic pressure (1 bar). The in-situ carbonized CNF membranes showed high pure water flux (56.25 L·h−1·m−2) without critical flux drop for 12 h of membrane fabrication. The hydrochar chemically bonded with CNF enhanced the durability of CNF during membrane fabrication. Owing to the strong and stable electrostatic interaction between the target dye and hydrochar, the in-situ carbonized membrane also displayed excellent dye rejection for dilute and concentrated solutions, with high selectivity and good reusability. This study provides a successful strategy for fabricating an all-carbohydrate-based high-performance water treatment membrane.