Highest Oil Percentage Research Articles

Growth and Yield Performance of Mustard and Rapeseed Varieties as Influenced by Different Sowing Techniques

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy field, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, from November 2013 to February 2014 to investigate mustard and rapeseed varieties' growth and yield performances influenced by different sowing techniques. The experiment was laid out in a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The four varieties were BARI Sarisha-11, BARI Sarisha-13, BARI Sarisha-15, SAU Sarisha 2 (V1, V2, V3, and V4 respectively) and sowing techniques included broadcasting, line Sowing, raised bed, system of mustard intensification (SMI) (S1, S2, S3, and S4 respectively). Results showed that the highest plant height (143.58 cm) was achieved at the combination of BARI Sarisha-11 and the raised bed technique (V1S3) at harvest. Though the highest leaf number varied in different varieties, it was produced by the SMI technique. BARI Sarisha-15 and the SMI techniques produced the highest number of primary branches, though BARI Sarisha-11 produced the maximum secondary branches with the same technique. BARI Sarisha-11 performed best at all the DAS regarding dry matter accumulation (g) and the values resulting in 1.07, 11.44, 21.3, and 25.87g. SMI also proved to be the best, except for 30 DAS. The highest seed yield (3.74 t ha−1 and 3.80 t ha−1) was obtained using BARI Sarisha-11 and SMI techniques, respectively. The highest biological yields (12.80 t ha−1 and 12.86 t ha−1) were obtained by BARI Sarisha-11 and SMI technique, respectively. However, the maximum harvest index (34.84% and 32.45%) and highest oil percentages (40.65% and 41.38%) were obtained by BARI Sarisha-15 and line sowing, respectively. As such the var. BARI Sarisha-11 could be expected good yield following the SMI technique Bangladesh Agron. J. 2024, 26(2): 86-99

Assessing the rheological properties of bio modified asphalt cement

The production of asphalt cement binder in Iraq is conducted through the distillation of crude oil. The byproduct of such distillation is the asphalt cement which does not practice any further processing further processing of the binder is considered vital to control its physical properties and chemical composition. The implementation of bio-modifiers before using such asphalt cement binder for paving work is a sound practice to enhance its sustainability and reserve the required rheological properties. In the present study, the asphalt cement binder was modified by implementation of extender oil (used diesel engine oil) and scrap tire rubber. The aim of this work is to improve and provide a sustainable and proper rheological quality of the binder for paving work. Various percentages of scrap tire rubber and extender oil have been tried to optimize the modifiers which can exhibit a suitable control on the required rheological properties of the asphalt binder such as the stiffness modulus, its temperature susceptibility in terms of penetration index and penetration viscosity number, and temperature of equivalent stiffness of the binder. The stiffness of asphalt cement binder was digested at hot, moderate, and cold environments. It was observed that the implementation of extender oil was able to reduce the penetration index (PI) by 36.3%, 54.5%, and 27.2% when 15%, 10%, and 5% of extender oil by weight of the mixture were added respectively to the control binder. The addition of scrap tire rubber to the binder-oil mixture was able to reduce the PI up to 10% of rubber content and exhibited further control of the temperature susceptibility of the binder. It can be revealed that the extender oil increases the negative values of penetration viscosity number (PVN) while the scrap tire rubber can improve the PVN of the binder. When high percentage of extender oil 15% is implemented, the stiffness of the binder declines by 50%, 90%, and 75% when the testing temperature change from 4 to 25, and 60 ℃ respectively. It was concluded that implication of 15% of scrap tire rubber and 15% of extender oil into the asphalt cement binder produced by Qayarah oil refinery is recommended to provide a sustainable binder for pavement, control its temperature susceptibility, and provide a binder with lower prone to pavement distresses.

Efeito de nitrogênio e enxofre no perfil de ácidos graxos de cártamo

ABSTRACT Nutritional management is one of the most important factors determining plant growth and improving the quality characteristics of a crop. This study aimed to investigate the application of doses of sulphur from different fertilizer sources (S0: control - no sulphur application); S1: 25 kg ha−1 - sulphur phosphate composites; S2: 50 kg ha−1 - sulphur phosphate composites; S3: 25 kg ha−1 - elemental sulphur; S4: 50 kg ha−1 - elemental sulphur; S5: 25 kg ha−1 - zinc sulphate; S6: 50 kg ha−1 - zinc sulphate) and nitrogen fertilizers (0, 40 and 80 kg ha−1 - urea fertilizer) on the profile of fatty acids, in Carthamus tinctorius L. seeds. The application of high levels of sulphur significantly reduced the amount of ash. The highest percentage of oil was achieved from plants grown with S4N80 and S3N40. The highest amounts of stearic and oleic acid were recorded with the use of S6N80. The linolenic acid content was affected by both sulphur and nitrogen doses, and the highest amount was recorded using S4N80 and S6N40, respectively. The application of S4N80, S6N80 and S3N80 in the studied area could significantly improve the oil quality.

Formation of yield and seed quality of linseed varieties (Linum humile Mill.) in the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To determine the peculiarities of yield and seed quality formation of varieties of linseed (Linum humile Mill.) in the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was conducted in 2020–2021 at the experimental field of the Khmelnytskyi branch of the Ukrainian Institute for Plant Varieties Examination (Trebukhivtsi village, Letychivskyi district, Khmelnytskyi region). Sowing was carried out in the second decade of April, the sowing rate was 8.0 million seeds per hectare. Subjects of the research were oil flax varieties ‘Orfei’, ‘Svitlozir’ and ‘Vodohrai’. The experimental design, evaluation of material, phenological observations and biometric measurements of plants, harvesting were carried out in accordance with the “Methodology for the qualification examination of plant varieties of the technical and fodder group for suitability for distribution in Ukraine”. The quality indicators of linseed were determined according to the “Methodology of qualification examination of plant varieties for suitability for distribution in Ukraine”. Results. The optimal conditions of the Western Forest Steppe of Ukraine contributed to the timely onset of the phenological phases of growth and development, as well as to the insignificant variation in the duration of the vegetation period (from 96 to 99 days) of the flax plants. Productivity was assessed using indicators such as the number of pods and the weight of seeds per plant. Under the condition of sowing on 25 April and the sowing rate of 8.0 million seeds per hectare, the highest yield was characterised by the variety “Svitlozir” (1.45 t/ha), the lo­west – ‘Orfei’ (0.8 t/ha). The varieties ‘Orfei’, ‘Svitlozir’ and ‘Vodohrai’ were evaluated by biochemical indicators and the content of crude protein, oil and fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, gondoic, eicosapentaenoic and erucic) was determined. Thus, ‘Orfei’ was characterised by the highest amount of protein in the seeds – 24.15%; ‘Svitlozir’ had an indicator of 22.74%; ‘Vodohrai’ – 22.26%. A high percentage of oil in the total dry matter was found in ‘Vodohrai’ – 45.6%, which is 2.19% more than in ‘Orfei’. The content of linolenic acid varied from 45.703 (‘Orfei’) to 48.261% (‘Svitlozir’) and erucic acid was not detected in any of the varieties during the study. Conclusions. The varieties ‘Orfei’, ‘Svitlozir’ and ‘Vodohrai’ were characterised by more than 35% oil content in seeds, which meets the requirements of State Standard 7577:2014 and ensures the quality of marketable oil flax products.

Insights on dielectric barrier discharge plasma treatment of oil drilling cuttings

Oil drilling cuttings produced during oil exploration and extraction contain a high percentage of crude oil, ranging from 5% to 20% weight ratio (w/w) on a dry basis, and must be managed and treated properly before their release to the environment. In this study, non-thermal plasma (NTP) was investigated as an advanced oxidation process for the efficient, sustainable and cost-effective treatment of oil drilling cuttings. To this end, a plane-to-grid dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor operating at atmospheric pressure was tested under different plasma conditions. The effect of treatment time, DBD power and air flow rate on the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency was assessed and the energy efficiency of the process was determined. Within 10 min of plasma treatment, a very high TOC and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) removal (∼90% and ∼99%, respectively) was achieved, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were degraded by ∼50% within 2 min of treatment. Depending on the experimental conditions, the energy efficiency of the process varied from 5 to 35 mg/kJ. From GC-MS analysis, several byproducts of the oxidation of oil drilling cuttings were identified, while the analysis of exhaust gases revealed that ∼85.1% of the removed organics from oil drilling cuttings was transformed to CO2 and CO. This study provides critical information on the effectiveness of the NTP process for the treatment of heavily contaminated solid wastes and can be considered as the critical step for its application for the treatment of solid wastes from the oil industry.

تأثير التوزيع الحقلي للكتان ومستخلص السفرندا ومبيد Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl في الادغال المرافقة له وبعض مؤشرات النمو

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season for the year 2021-2022 at the Agricultural Research Station A of the Field Crops Department - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences- University of Baghdad/ Al-Jadriya. To determine which of the plant densities has the most influence on the weeds associated with the flax crop (Syrian local variety). And to determine the best effect of the Johnson grass (sorghum halepance L.) weed extract, whether alone or in combination with the used Quizalofop- p- Tefuryl herbicide, and to use it in integratTed weed control programs to reduce dependence on herbicides in weed control, Reduce environmental pollution by these herbicides, According to the design of the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). In the order of split plot and with three replications, Such as the first factor, the distance between the row (20, 25, and 30) cm that represents the main plots. Then, the second factor is Control treatments which represent the subplots, (weed free (T1), application Quizalofop-p-Tefuryl at a rate of 2 mL commercial substance (T2), Recommended application rate, Johnson grass extract (stem and leaves) at a rate of 18 L (T3), half the amount of herbicide + half the amount of extract (T4), weedy (T5)). The results showed the following: The distance of 20 cm achieved the lowest dry weight of the weed and the highest average inhibition of 134.57 g/m2 and 49.91%, respectively. While the distance of 30 cm achieved the highest plant height of 78.63 cm, the highest number of main branches in the plant amounted to 5.162 branch/ plant. The highest weight Dry flax plants amounted to 355.21 g/m2. Moreover, the highest percentage of oil was 38.524%. The treatment (T2) achieved the lowest dry weight of the weed and the highest percentage of inhibition amounting to 138.87 g/m2 and 49.91%, respectively. The highest plant height reached 76.92 cm, the highest number of main branches in the plant amounted to 5.158 branch/ plant, and the highest dry weight of flax plants reached 5.158 branch/ plant. 398.61 g/m2 and the highest percentage of oil was 37.35%. The effect of the interaction between the two study factors was significant in most of the traits under study. As the distance of 20 cm with the T2 treatment achieved the lowest dry weight of the weed amounted to 124.53 g/m2 and the highest inhibition rate of 52.35%. While the interaction between the distance of 30 cm and T2 achieved the highest plant height of 80.04 cm, the highest average number of main branches reached 5.833 branch/ plant, and the highest dry weight of flax plants reached 398.61 g/m2 and achieved the highest percentage of oil amounted to 39.847%.

Effect of adding Nano-NPK fertilizer and humic acid on some vegetative growth characteristics and active components of Myrtle Myrtus communis L.

The current study was conducted during the 2019–2020 growing season in Dhi-Qar University's Alsaran Canopy. Nano fertilizer was used to test the effects of adding Nano- 1 macro elements NPK at three concentrations (0, 30,60) mg l-1 on some growth characteristics of Myrtle plant, Myrtus communis, Three replicates of the experiment were used in the RCBD design. Important Difference Test at 0.05 probability. Results appear that The Nano fertilizer is 60mg l-1 significantly increased the average plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll and carbohydrates leaf content, and percentage of oil, fresh weight. The concentration of humic acid Significantly increasing plant height, branch count, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, carbohydrates, and the highest percentage of oil. It recorded an average of (87.44 cm, 12.13 mm, 10.56 branches). 2, 105.44 mg.100 g fresh weight, 82.00 g. dry matter and 0.51%, respectively, while H1 treatment excelled with the largest leaf surface area of8.79 cm2.The interaction treatment H2N1 was superior to the control treatment H0N0 and the rest of the treatments in the study regarding plant height, stem diameter and leaf area, while H2N2 was superior in fruit content of chlorophyll and carbohydrates.

Evaluation of biochemical, physiological traits and percentage of essential oil of sickleweed (Falcaria vulgaris) population in different geographical and climatic regions.

Sickleweed (Falcaria vulgaris) is the name of a species of annual, and perennial herbaceous plants of the genus Falcaria. Climate change could negatively influnces the performance of various plant species in plant kingdom. In this study, 15 different sickleweed populations from seven provinces of the country were collected based on an unbalanced nest design with 10 replications and the percentage of essential oil, types of chlorophyll, phenol, proline, protein, and carotenoids were measured on them. The results showed that there was a significant difference between populations at the level of one percent for the studied traits. The results of the mean comparison showed that populations Ard-Shaban and Qaz-Ilan in terms of the evaluated traits and especially the percentage of essential oil were at the upper of the studied samples and selected as suitable populations. In addition, populations Gilan-Deylaman and Kur-Gerger-e Sofla were also identified as superior populations in terms of studied traits by cluster analysis and principle component analysis (PCA). Since the high level of proline and biochemical and physiological traits in plants can play a role in plants' tolerance to stresses, therefore, populations with high values of these traits can be used in stress tolerance breeding programs. Therefore, in this study, populations Gilan-Deylaman and Kur-Gerger-e Sofla can be suitable populations for this purpose. In addition, the essential oil of this plant is used in the treatment of diseases, and therefore populations Ard-Shaban and Qaz-Ilan, which showed a high percentage of essential oil, can be used in breeding programs to increase the performance of this trait.

Synthesis And Characterization Of Epoxidized Thevetia Peruviana Seed Oil

The seed oil of Thevetia peruviana was extracted using soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane. The physicochemical parameters of the extracted oil were determined using standard analytical methods. The extracted oil was epoxidized using peracid generated in situ from aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glacial acetic acid. The epoxidized oil was analysed for the functional groups present using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrometer. The physiochemical parameters of Thevetia peruviana seed oil showed the following results; acid value (3.86 mg KOH/g), iodine value (92.5 Wij’s), peroxide value (30.0 meq/kg), kinetic viscosity (1.7cp) and saponification value (121.76 mgKOH/g) while the epoxidized oil has acid value (0.49 mg KOH/g), iodine value (68.10 Wij’s), peroxide value (7.99 meq/kg), kinetic viscosity (5.57cp) and saponification value (156.1 mgKOH/g). The FTIR results showed that both unepoxidised and epoxidized oils showed the following functional groups OH at wavelengths 3469.50 cm-1, 3468.72 cm-1 and 3467.75 cm-1; CH at 2917.75 cm-1, 2922.47 cm-1 and 2924.61 cm-1; CH2 at 2852.39 cm-1, 2852.81 cm-1 and 2853.68 cm-1; C=O at 2679.32 cm-1, 2679.41 cm-1 and 2673.30 cm-1; C=C at 1656.14 cm-1, 1654.55 cm-1 and 1655.5 cm-1 while the C≡C at wavelength 2030.69 cm-1 that was identified in the unepoxidised oil was found to be absent in the epoxidised oil and a peak indicating epoxyl group was identified in the epoxidized oil. The percentage conversion of oxirane was determined to be 83.5%. This shows that epoxides were effectively formed. The high oil yield and percentage conversion of oxirane makes Thevetia peruviana a good feedstock for production of industrial intermediates

Seed and Straw Characterization of Nine New Varieties of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is a promising oilseed crop that has increased worldwide attention because of its agronomic characteristics and potential uses. From an agricultural point of view, this plant can grow in different environments, providing a good yield with low input requirements. In addition, camelina seeds contain a high percentage of oil (36–47%) and protein (24–31%), making them interesting for food or energy industries. Nevertheless, its cultivation is not widespread in Europe, particularly in Spain. In the present context of global change and the search for new sustainable crops, we are conducting two pilot projects aiming to confirm that camelina is a good option for oilseed crops in semi-arid climates (especially in central Spain, Madrid) and to find new profitable varieties for farmers. To reach our objective we have used nine new varieties, recently developed, to characterize and compare their seed oil content, and their seed and straw chemical composition. Finally, with our preliminary results, we determine which varieties present better properties to be used in future agricultural research or breeding programs. These results are part of a larger study that we are carrying out.

Growth phases of autumn rapeseed effect of seedling thickness

Rapeseed is a highly valuable livestock feed as its seeds contain a higher percentage of oil and protein compared to other agricultural crops such as pea, wheat, and barley flour. Rapeseed seeds are rich in protein and oil, with percentages ranging from 21% to 33% and 42% to 48%, respectively. Rapeseed flour now has a protein content that is 1.9 to 4.0 times higher than that of wheat, barley, and pea flour. Rapeseed also produces 1 ton of seeds per hectare along with 0.41 to 0.44 tons of oil and roughly 0.2 tons of protein. With the introduction of contemporary cultivars that contain low amounts of erucic acid and glucosinolates in both the oil and seed tissues, the importance of rapeseed as a livestock feed has been further increased. Its seed yield is also high, with one hectare producing one ton of seeds, 0.41-0.44 tons of oil, and 0.2 tons of protein. In this research, scientific research experiments were carried out in the fields of experimental scientific research and educational experimental farm of Tashkent State Agrarian University during 2020-2021. The results showed that during the flowering phase, the development of the Yasna control variety slowed down and was delayed by 1-3 days compared to the Sarmat and Loris varieties. In the flowering phase, differences in varieties of rape began to be noticed.

Oil Quantity, Chemical and Organoleptic Properties of Three Olive Cultivars Grown under Irrigation at a Typical Arid Region in Jordan as Influenced by Harvesting Method and Date

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of harvesting method and harvesting date on the quality and quantity of three olive genotypes. Olive fruits of cultivars "Ayvalik", "Grossa de Spain" and "Nabali" were harvested on October 20 and November 13, 2017, using hand and mechanical (by combs) harvesting methods. Olive fruits were pressed then, olive oil samples were analyzed for acidity, peroxide value, refractive index, olive oil percentage, and sensory properties. The results showed that the harvesting method did not significantly affect oil quantity and chemical analysis, but affected sensory properties of olive oil, where the harvesting method by hand gave the highest (fruity, bitter, and pungent) and the lowest negative attributes (fusty, musty and rancid). Furthermore, as ripening progressed, there was an increase in olive oil percentage, oil acidity and peroxide value. The positive attributes (fruity, bitter and pungent) were significantly decreased while negative attributes (fusty, musty and rancid) were increased as ripening progressed. On the contrary, the refractive index (at 25°C) remains almost constant. The response of olive cultivars to harvesting was inconstant and did not respond similarly, "Ayvalik" had the highest acidity and peroxide value, while "Grossa de Spain" had the highest oil percentage. In addition, "Nabali" had the highest positive attributes. The lowest acidity, peroxide value and negative attributes were obtained for "Nabali". The result proved that olive cultivars and harvesting date and method combine together to influence acidity, peroxide value and sensory properties (fusty, musty, rancid, fruity, and bitter) of olive oil.

Influence of Seeding Rates on Seed yield, Oil Content, Oil Yield and other Yield Attributes of four Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L), Varieties in Horo Guduru District, Western Ethiopia

Seed rate is one of the agronomic factors that decreases seed yield by subjecting plants to lodging and competition. The field experiment was conducted in 2019/20, and 2020/2GC main cropping seasons on Harato and Gitilo sites to determine the effect of seeding rates on seed yield and oil percentages and to evaluate the interaction effect of varieties and seed rates on seed yields, oil percentages, and yield attributes. The experiment consisted of four linseed varieties (Belay, Berene, Kuma, and local) and five seed rates (20, 25, 30, 20 35, and 40 kg ha−1). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times. The results revealed that seed yield, oil percentage, oil yield, capsules per plant, thousand seed weight, dry biomass, and straw yield of linseed were significantly (p < 0.01) influenced by the main effect of seed rates and varieties. While seed yield, oil percentage, and oil yield had significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the interaction of varieties by seed rate. Maximum seed yield was obtained from improved varieties of Kuma (1819 kg ha−1) at 35 kg ha− 1, but the lowest seed yield recorded from improved varieties and local cultivar at 20 kg ha−1. The highest oil percentage (41.38%) was recorded on Kuma variety at the seed rate of 20 kg ha−1, but the lowest oil percentage (35.15% and 35.96%) had obtained from local cultivar at 35 and 40 kg ha−1. Therefore, the findings suggested that Kuma variety of linseed was the highest yielder at 35 kg ha-! seed rates, while the oil percentage of the varieties decline as seed rate increased. Thus sowing Kuma variety at 35 kg ha_! seed rates can be recommended at the study area and similar agro ecology.

Genotype and age of industrial plant Jatropha curcas L. affect physico-chemical properties of seed oil

Jatropha curcas, has been established as a plant whose seeds contain a relatively high percentage of oil that is suitable for biodiesel production, among other industrial applications. Seed oil properties of J. curcas may vary depending on soils, age of plant, genotype of the plant, and agro-climatic conditions of a specific geographical region. Studies under such conditions have not yet been conducted. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of genotype and age of the plant on the physicochemical properties of its seed oil. The seed oil was extracted using n-hexane as a solvent in the Soxhlet extraction apparatus from seed kernel collected from different genotypes and plants of different ages. Oil content in the kernel ranged from 49.78–53.75% (w/w) among the seed samples depending on genetic materials and plant age. The oil content showed very little but significant differences in density and specific gravity among the samples. The highest free fatty acid (FAA) was produced by the kernel oil of 3-year-old plants (7.78%), and 7- and 10-year-old plants gave the lowest FAA (1.26 and 1.31%, respectively). The kernel oil of 7-year-old plants produced the highest iodine value (93.60 mg/g oil) and the kernel oil of 3-year-old plants produced the lowest iodine value (61.10 mg/g oil). Kernel oil of 10-year-old plants gave the lowest (172.98 mg KOH/g) saponification value and 4-year-old Hybrid-3 gave the maximum value (209.97 mg KOH/g oil). The seed oil of Jatropha accessions showed very little difference (39.88–40.85 MJ/kg) for high heating values irrespective of their age. On the other hand, the cetane number varied from 55.32 to 59.58 in the oil samples. The age of plant and seed sources had a significant effect on seed oil content and the physio-chemical properties of Jatropha.

Effect of Growth Media and pH on Microalgal Biomass of Chlorella vulgaris for Biodiesel Production

The increased industrialization and overuse of natural resources for energy, such as fossil fuels, have led to the energy crises and environmental issues that plague the world in the twenty-first century. The production of biodiesel from algae has recently gained attention as a potentially useful alternative fuel that is both environmentally friendly and easy to obtain. In this work, the effects of various pH levels on algae biomass and oil production from Chlorella Vulgaris were studied. The growth of the biomass concentration was monitored using a spectrophotometer. The biomass of C. vulgaris obtained from the test was subjected to oil extraction using the chemical solvent method. Out of the five media compositions tested (MBG-11, BG-11, BBM, M8 and N8), MBG-11 recorded the highest biomass concentration at pH 8 (0.6 mg/L/D) and N8 recorded the least biomass concentration at pH 6 (0.49 mg/L/D). The highest percentage of oil was extracted from the C. vulgaris in BBM at pH 6 (31.22%) while the lowest oil was recorded in M8 at pH 8 (14.75%). In conclusion, the best medium for C. vulgaris biomass production was MBG-11 medium while the best medium for oil Production from this microalga was Bold Basal Medium (BBM).

The changes of carvacrol content and essential oil yield of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad in response to different fertilizer sources

AbstractThis research aimed to evaluate the combined effects of chemical, biological and organic fertilizers on several features of Satureja khuzistanica. As an aromatic plant with medicinal properties, endemic to Iran, S. khuzistanica was studied for essential oil (EO%) and composition. Spanning for two growing seasons (2017–2019), the experiments involved 13 nutritional treatments, ie, (a) control (C), (b) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK; 50‐25‐25 Kg ha−1), (c) cattle manure (CM30; 30 ton ha−1), (d) CM60 (60 ton ha−1), (e) CM30 + NPK, (f) CM60 + NPK, (g) vermicompost (V5, 5 ton ha−1), (h) V5 + NPK, (i) Glomus mosseae (GM), (j) Glomus Intra (GI), (k) sulphur (S0; 0 Kg ha−1) + thiobacillus (T), (l) S250 + T (sulphur: 250 Kg ha−1, ) and (m) V5 + T. At full flowering stage, samples were taken from aerial segments of plants in all treatment groups. After shade‐drying, the samples were hydro‐distillated to obtain essential oil (EO) and were then evaluated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The interaction between year and fertilizer, as two treatments, had a significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) on the oil percentage, oil constituents and essential oil yield (EO.Y) of S. khuzistanica. GM and S0 + T caused the highest oil percentage in the first (3.7%) and second year (3.9%), respectively. V5 + NPK and V5 + T resulted in a substantial rise in EO.Y in the first (30.4 kg ha−1) and second year (64.3 kg ha−1), respectively. Carvacrol was highest in the first (92.1%) and second year (95.2%), as a result of using V5 + T and NPK treatments, respectively. Biological and vermicompost fertilizers not only improved the amount of EO but also enhanced its quality and aroma, as reflected in the constituents of the EO. The GI treatment and the V5 + NPK treatment led to high amounts of K in the branches. Meanwhile, high S contents were measured in the branches in response to the V5 and the S250 + T treatments. These findings suggested that biofertilizers and organic fertilizers can benefit the cultivation of S. khuzistanica because, when combined together, they can enhance the percentage and phenolic compounds in the EO.

Response of olive (Olea europaea L.) trees to foliar spray of nano chelated and chemical potassium fertilizers

Global challenges resulting from increased population and increased use of water and soil resources encourage researchers to focus on new compounds, such as nano-fertilizers. Hence, the present study aims to find out and compare the impact of foliar spray of two potassium (K) sources with the different formula, i.e. nano-chelated potassium and potassium nitrate, on olive oil yield and content over two successive years (2017–2018). During the bud-swelling stage, before blooming, the pit hardening stage, and shortly after the harvest of table olive, the fertilizers are used at the concentration of 1.84 (K1) and 2.45 (K2) g potassium nitrate, 3 (nano-K1) and 4 (nano-K2) g potassium nano-chelated, corresponding to 0.81 g (K1 and nano-K1) and 1.08 g (K2 and nano-K2) pure potassium per liter. The results show that fruit yield and characteristics are affected by k2 foliar application. High oil percentage is achieved by k1, which results in a low crop load and the highest leaf carbohydrate content in August. Traits, such as total phenol compound and antioxidant capacity of oil, are strongly enhanced under nano-K1 fertilizer, but quality characteristics of olive oil are relatively affected. Furthermore, nano-K1 treatment can positively affect fatty acid composition through the improvement of leaf mineral content rather than controlling tree. According to the results, fruit yield and traits are better under potassium nitrate (K2) treatment, and the quality of olive oil is more stable after nano-chelate potassium (nano-K1) foliar application.

Extraction and Analysis of Washington tree seed oil and Kulgan (Silybum marianum) seed oil

In this study, the process of separating and analyzing oils from some plant seeds such as Washingtonia tree and Silybum marianum(kulgan) Soxhlat apparatus was used in the extraction process, where extraction was performed using organic solvents (Hexane and Petroleum ether). Then appreciation the percentage of oil in these plants. It was found that the seeds of the Silybum marianum plant contain a higher percentage of oil than the seeds of Washingtonia tree. Then, the active functional groups found in these oils were identified using the (FT-IR) spectrum. The composition of the fatty acids found in the seeds of these plants was also studied using the technique of gas chromatography (GC). This analysis showed five saturated fatty acids and three unsaturated fatty acids, the percentage of these acids in the Washingtonia tree seeds ranged between 1.2-42.7%, while the percentage of the acids in the kulgan seeds ranged between 3.4-54.5%. Also, some physical and chemical properties of extracted fatty acids such (density, acid value, refractive index, flash point) were measured.

Optimization of clove flower oil extraction (Syzgium aromaticum L.) With Factorial Design Method

Solid-liquid extraction or commonly called leaching is the removal of the solute fraction (solute) from a solid to a liquid solvent. This extraction has become a widespread oil extraction process due to the high percentage of oil produced. Soxhletation method is an extraction method that contacts a solid and a liquid by dissolving it in the liquid phase at reflux. Clove oil is an essential oil that can be produced from distillation method on parts of the clove plant, especially the leaves and flowers of cloves. All parts of the clove plant contain oil, but the flowers contain the most oil. Because the leaves and twigs of cloves also produce oil, they also become a side income for clove farmers who harvest clove flowers for cigarettes. One of the most important ingredients in clove oil is eugenol, eugenol has many benefits from antiseptic to stimulant. Isopropyl alcohol is a unwell-known solvent specially to essential oil solvent, isopropyl alcohol is a solvent that can be recovered back into a solvent form usually using distillation method. The selection of isopropyl alcohol as a solvent is based on its high boiling point compared to other solvents and has elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that can dissolve polar molecules and their alkyl groups.

تأثیر سطوح مختلف ورمی‌کمپوست و اوره بر عملکرد کمی و کیفی کنجد (Sesamum indicum L.) در شرایط مزرعه در گرگان

Abstract Objectives: One of the main factors of sustainable agriculture is organic fertilizers. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of vermicompost and urea fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative yield of sesame in field conditions. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out in factorial arrangement base on randomized complete block design with three replications in the Agricultural Research, Training Center and Natural Resources of Golestan Province. Experimental factors included vermicompost at four levels (zero, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 t.ha-1) and second factor was urea fertilizer at four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg.ha-1). Results: The results showed that vermicompost and urea fertilizer had a significant effect on all measured traits. The highest plant height, biological yield, number of capsules per plant and grain yield (1601 kg.ha-1) were recorded from the application of 150 kg/ha of urea and 7.5 t.ha-1 of vermicompost. The oil yield was increased by concomitant use of vermicompost and urea fertilizer. The percentage of oil decreased by increasing urea level and increased with increasing vermicompost amount. The highest oil percentage was recorded by application 7.5 t.ha-1 of vermicompost. With increasing levels of urea and vermicompost, harvest index was increased. There was a positive and significant correlation between yield and biomass (r = 8,850 **) and number of capsules per plant (r = 0.745 **). Conclusion: Considering the role of organic fertilizers in the stability and preservation of soil specificity to achieve maximum productivity, the combined use of urea and vermicompost is recommended to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of sesame.