High Osmotic Pressure Research Articles

Hydrothermal synthesis of an expanded perlite based lightweight composite for indoor humidity regulating

• A lightweight tough composite could be synthesized from EP for humidity regulating. • Tobermorite formation could enhance strength and improve porosity of the material. • CaCl 2 addition could promote porosity and improve moisture adsorption/desorption. • CMC formation could form crosslinked networks thus improving humidity regulation. • Both CaCl 2 and CMC addition had large effect on regulating humidity synergetically. A lightweight and tough indoor construction material has been synthesized hydrothermally from expanded perlite (EP) with indoor humidity regulation for high-rise buildings. Due to the low-temperature (≤473.15 K) hydrothermal treatment, the original porosity of EP was remained in the matrix to serve a low density (<0.900 g/cm 3 ). The formation of C S H and tobermorite could not only enhance the flexural strength of the composite (greater than 16.0 MPa), but also improve its porosity. The CaCl 2 addition had a capability of promoting the porosity and improving the moisture adsorption/desorption capacity. The CaCl 2 solution could make more moisture adsorbed in pores and more pores possess the humidity self-regulation ability. The CMC addition could generate crosslinked networks and high osmotic pressure to promote humidity self-regulating performance greatly. Furthermore, the addition of both CaCl 2 and CMC exerted a synergetic effect to further reinforce moisture adsorption capacity (∼380 g/m 2 ).

P054 Two effects of curcumin to Candida albicans

Poster session 1, September 21, 2022, 12:30 PM - 1:30 PMObjectives Candida albicans is a pathogenic yeast that causes candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. The overuse of antifungal drugs has led to the development of resistance to such drugs by this fungus, which is a major challenge in antifungal chemotherapy. The utilization of natural products is a significant trial for the development of new antifungals. Curcumin, one such natural product, has been widely studied as a drug candidate and is reported to exhibit antifungal activity against C. albicans. Although studies of the mechanism of curcumin against human cancer cells have shown that it inhibits heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), little is known about its molecular function against C. albicans. In this work, we investigated the relationship between curcumin and Hsp90 of C. albicans.MethodsFor the molecular genetical analyses of C. albicans Hsp90, a doxycycline-mediated HSP90 strain and a HSP90-overexpressing strain of this fungus were constructed. The effect of curcumin on the gene expression of HSF1, AHR1, HOG1, and CDR1 as well as HSP90 was analyzed. Moreover, the stress responses to high temperature and osmotic pressure and the drug efflux of these strains were investigated.ResultsCurcumin reduced the transcription of HSP90 at the post-transcriptional level and it was suggested to lead to the decrease in Hsp90. This phenomenon resulted in the downregulation of HOG1 and CDR1. In addition, we confirmed curcumin also inhibited Cdr1 efflux activity in C. albicans.ConclusionCurcumin was suggested to influence not only HSP90 expression but also Cdr1 activity in C. albicans.

Coupled effect of organic fouling and scaling in the treatment of hyper-saline produced water using forward osmosis

Hyper-saline water streams, such as the produced water from the oil industry, cannot be treated via the conventional desalination method, such as reverse osmosis (RO), due to the extreme required pressure to overcome the osmotic pressure. This research investigates the effect of oil fouling and cleaning behaviors when the forward osmosis (FO) process is applied to treat hyper-saline-produced water. Synthetic produced water with total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of 240 g/l (contained Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl, SO4, and CO3 ions) and oil content of 100 ppm was used as a feed solution. Also, two draw solutions, namely: ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) of concentrations 6 M and 4.8 M, respectively, were utilized for the FO operation. Results showed that the MgCl2 draw solution provided significantly higher water flux than NH4HCO3 due to MgCl2’s high osmotic pressure and low scaling influence. Furthermore, the individual impact of oil was found to be low on the FO’s water flux. However, a synergistic effect between the oil and inorganic scaling was noticed. SEM technique was used to comprehend the observation and analyze the fouling content. Although the feed was a highly polluted stream, it was found that osmotic backwashing can recover more than 90% of the initial flux.

Mycoremediation of sewage sludge and manure with marine fungi for the removal of organic pollutants

The application of manure and sewage sludge on farmland is one key element in building up soil organic matter and is contributing to soil carbon sequestration. These organic fertilizers are often contaminated with anthropogenic pollutants that can cause serious harm to ecosystems and persist over a long period. Bioremediation approaches have gained attention as clean-up treatment in recent decades due to their cost-effectiveness and environmental friendliness. Besides phytoremediation with plants and bacterial bioremediation, fungi have also been successfully applied for pollution control. While land-based species, especially white-rot fungi, are extensively studied for mycoremediation, fungi from marine environments are underrepresented but show adaptive traits (e.g., halophilic, anaerobic) that are beneficial under certain conditions and may improve the degradation portfolio. This review highlights application examples of marine-derived fungi for organopollutant removal and evaluates the overall future potential of this underexplored group, which might become an interesting extension for remediation of manure and sewage sludges with high osmotic pressure.

RETRACTED: The adaptive mechanism of halophilic Brachybacterium muris in response to salt stress and its mitigation of copper toxicity in hydroponic plants

Serious environmental pollution of heavy metals has attracted people's attention in recent years and halophiles seem to be potential bioremediation in the controlling of heavy metals contamination. In this study, the adaptive mechanism of halophilic Brachybacterium muris (B. muris) in response to salt stress and its mitigation of copper (Cu) toxicity in hydroponic plants were investigated. The cell morphology was observed using transmission electron microscopy. The cell membrane composition and fluidity were examined by the combination of gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and fluorescence spectrophotometry. Moreover, the metabolic pathways of B. muris in response to salt stress were analyzed using the prokaryotic transcriptomics approach. A hydroponic co-culture model was further conducted to explore the effects of B. muris on wheat seedlings subjected to Cu toxicity. It was found that B. muris can respond to high osmotic pressure by improving the cell membrane fluidity, altering the cell morphology and cell membrane compositions. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol in B. muris cell membranes increased significantly, while zymosterol, fecosterol, and ergosterol contents decreased under a high salinity situation. Further transcriptomic analysis showed that genes encoding L-glutamate synthase, glutamate ABC transporter ATP-binding protein, and sodium cotransporter were up-regulated, indicating that both the synthesis and transport of glutamate were significantly enhanced under high osmotic pressure. Additionally, B. muris alleviated the inhibitory effect of Cu2+ on wheat seedlings' growth, causing a 30.14% decrease in H2O2 content and a significant increase of 83.86% and 45.96% in POD activity and GSH content in wheat roots, respectively. The findings of this study suggested that the salt-tolerant B. muris may serve as a promising strategy for improving the bioremediation of metal-contaminated saline water and soils.

Estimation of drought resistance of rice samples on an osmotic sucrose solution

Drought is a significant abiotic stress factor for agricultural crops, including rice, as freshwater shortage is increasing in the world. The current paper has presented the results of laboratory trials to study the effect of solutions with high osmotic pressure on the ability of seeds to germinate and on the growth of rice sprouts. The purpose of the study was to estimate rice varieties and samples for drought resistance at the initial stages of ontogenesis using osmotic agents. The objects of the study were 67 rice varieties and samples from the VIR, the FRC of Rice and the ARC “Donskoy”. Seeds were germinated in a thermostat on filter paper in Petri dishes in 8, 12, and 16 atm sucrose solutions. As a result of the study, there was found that the best option was rice seeds’ germination in a sucrose solution of 8 atmospheres, in which the samples varied significantly in germination, length of sprouts and roots, both in the trial and in the control. Seed germination on the control was 96.6 %, and in the trial, it significantly decreased to 60.9 %, varying from 20 to 100 %. There were 50.8 % of samples with germination from 60–80 %. At the same time, 4.5 % of the samples were isolated with a germination rate of more than 80 % in the trial. In the trial, a sprout length among the samples varied from 0.2 to 1.4 cm. There were identified 13.5 % of the samples, which had a sprout length more than 1 cm. According to the ratio of a sprout length in the trial to the control, the samples were distributed asymmetri­cally, there were more samples with a low ratio, however, there were identified 4.5% of samples with a maximum O/K ratio (35–40 %). In the trial, aroot length ranged from 0.1 to 4 cm. The frequency distribution was asymmetric, there were 61.2 % samples with a very short root, up to 1 cm. The O/K ratio according to a root was right-sided asymmetric, 74.6 % of the samples had a low ratio from 0 to 15%. There were identified 3 % of samples with the ratio of more than 50 %. They were No. 39 (ZULK 1) and No. 50 (ZULK 12). These samples are used in the breeding process to develop drought-tolerant rice varieties.

The peroxins BcPex8, BcPex10, and BcPex12 are required for the development and pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea.

Peroxisomes have been proved playing roles in infection of several plant pathogens. Although the contribution of a portion of peroxins in pathogenicity was demonstrated, most of them are undocumented in fungi, especially, Botrytis cinerea. The homologs of Pex8, Pex10, and Pex12 in B. cinerea were functionally characterized in this work using gene disruption strategies. Compared with the wild-type strain (WT), the Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 mutants exhibited significant reduction in melanin production, fatty acid utilization, and decreased tolerance to high osmotic pressure and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mycelial growth and conidiation of were significantly inhibited in Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 strains. The mycelial growth rates of Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 were reduced by 32, 35, and 34%, respectively, compared with WT and ectopic transformant (ET), and the conidiation was reduced by approximately 89, 27, and 88%, respectively. The conidial germination, germ tube elongation, and the formation of initiate infection structures (IFSs) were also reduced by the deletion of the genes. The pathogenicity was tested on the leaves of tobacco and strawberry, and fruits of tomato. On the leaves of tobacco and strawberry, the Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 mutants could not induce necrotic lesions, and the lesions on tomato fruits infected with the mutants were significantly reduced than those of the wide type. The results indicated that BcPEX8, BcPEX10, and BcPEX12 are indispensable for the development and pathogenicity of B. cinerea.

Exploration of Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans and Furfurilactobacillus rossiae as potential cocoa fermentation starters.

AimsTo investigate the characteristics of two minority autochthonous LAB species, with particular regard to those properties that could be exploited in an improved cocoa fermentation process from a quality and safety point of view.Methods and ResultsBacterial, yeast and mould strains characteristic of spontaneously fermented Dominican cocoa beans were isolated and identified by 16S or 26S rRNA gene sequencing. The potential of two autochthonous strains of LAB belonging to the species Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans and Furfurilactibacillus rossiae were investigated. The two selected LAB strains were able to utilize glucose and fructose, produced mainly D‐L lactic acid and had a good ability to resist to cocoa‐related stress conditions such as low pH, high temperature and high osmotic pressure, as well as to grow in sterile cocoa pulp. The strains did not inhibit the growth of yeasts and acetic acid bacteria, that are essential to the cocoa fermentation process, and possessed a complex pool of peptidases especially active on hydrophobic amino acids. The strains also showed antifungal activity against mould species that can be found at the final stages of cocoa fermentation, as Aspergillus tamarii, A. nidulans, Lichtheimia ornata and Rhizomucor pusillus.ConclusionsThe tested strains are good candidates for the design of starter cultures for a controlled cocoa fermentation process.Significance and Impact of the StudyThis research showcases the potential of two alternative LAB species to the dominating Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Limosilactibacillus fermentum as cocoa fermentation starters, with an interesting activity in improving the safety and quality of the process.

Factors that cause replacement of shochu yeast by wild yeast upon Sashi-moto repetition

In shochu-making, a small amount of fermenting moromi is added to a koji/water mixture instead of yeast culture to initiate fermentation. This is a characteristic process called Sashi-moto. It is known that shochu yeast is replaced by wild yeast upon repetition of Sashi-moto. The shochu yeast strains Kagoshima No. 2 (K2), Kagoshima No. 4 (C4), and Kagoshima No. 5 (H5), but not Kagoshima No. 6 (A6), were replaced by wild yeast (strain No. S5-g). K2 and C4 were easily replaced compared to H5, and the specific growth rates of K2 and C4 were lower than that of S5-g under higher osmotic pressure. Although the specific growth rate of H5 was higher than that of S5-g, its yeast population at the stationary phase was smaller than S5-g. On the other hand, both the specific growth rate and yeast population of A6 were higher than those of S5-g. The specific growth rate of yeast would be affected by osmotic tolerance and specific characters of the yeast strain.

Pickering emulsion hydrogel based on alginate-gellan gum with carboxymethyl chitosan as a pH-responsive controlled release delivery system

Pickering emulsion hydrogels (PEHs) were developed as a pH-responsive, controlled-release delivery system to address the limitations of Pickering emulsions in some harsh processing or gastrointestinal conditions. Specifically, the PEHs were fabricated based on alginate and various concentrations of gellan gum (GG) with carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) matrix. The encapsulation efficiency (EE), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results proved the successful encapsulation. Furthermore, the hydrogels remained stable in the presence of destabilizing ions (Na+ or phosphate ions) and high osmotic pressure mediums. The texture profile analysis (TPA) characteristics and Young's modulus of the 0.8 % GG (w/v) PEHs were superior to the others. The PEHs prevented the emulsions from being released at pH 2.0, while the emulsions were entirely released at pH 7.4 in vitro, with the rate of release controlled by CMCS and the degree by GG concentration. This work facilitates the delivery of Pickering emulsions with excellent stability and pH-responsive controlled release for hydrophobic actives in food applications.

CO2 and temperature dual-responsive dendrimer-based draw solutes for forward osmosis process

Forward osmosis (FO) is promising as an alternative to conventional pressure-driven membrane processes for water separation. Ideally, the draw solution (DS) for the FO process should have high osmotic pressure, easy reusability, and low reverse solute flux. In this study, novel CO2/temperature dual-responsive dendrimers were prepared, and their performance as DSs were evaluated. Aqueous solutions of the synthesized dendrimers showed the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) type phase separation at moderate temperature. Therefore, the dendrimers could be easily recovered from the aqueous solution and reused as DS. Moreover, the dendrimer solutions showed high osmotic pressure after CO2 absorption owing to the tertiary amine groups of the dendrimer, which could generate bicarbonate ions via neutralization reaction. Additionally, the dendrimer solution showed a low reverse solute flux through the FO membrane because of the branched structure of the dendrimers. Owing to the preferable properties of the CO2/temperature dual-responsive dendrimers as the DS, the aqueous solution of the dendrimer showed high DS performance. This study demonstrated that CO2/temperature dual-responsive dendrimers are potential candidates for constituting high-performance DSs.

Mechanism of HOG-MAPK pathway in regulating mycotoxins formation under environmental stresses

In order to adapt to different environmental stresses including heat stress, oxidative stress, osmotic pressure stress and ultraviolet stress in the process of growing and infecting agricultural products, fungi have developed a set of high osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase (HOG-MAPK) pathway to alleviate the environmental stresses. This pathway plays an important role in the growth, development, mycotoxin production and pathogenicity of fungi. There are two branches in the HOG-MAPK pathway, among which the SLN1 branch is more sensitive to osmotic stress than another branch (SHO1 branch), and is able to respond to high osmotic pressure and high salt concentration. The SHO1 branch is involved in a variety of signal transduction in response to oxidative stress and thermal stress. This paper reviews the functions of key genes sln1, sho1, ste11, ssk2, pbs2 and hog1 in the HOG-MAPK pathway of phytopathogenic fungi in responses to different environmental stresses such as osmotic stress and oxidative stress. We show that the HOG-MAPK pathway can respond to a variety of environmental signals and is involved in regulating the growth of phytopathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceus, and the production of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins and ochratoxins. Understanding the mechanism of how HOG-MAPK pathway regulates mycotoxins' formation under different environmental stresses that provides a theoretical basis and guidance for the prevention and control of mycotoxins in agricultural products such as food and feed.

MCP‑1/CCR2 axis inhibits the chondrogenic differentiation of human nucleus pulposus mesenchymal stem cells.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) creates a hostile environment with high osmotic pressure, high mechanical stress, hypoxia and a low pH, where cytokines such as TNF‑α and IL‑1β are highly expressed. The degenerating intervertebral disc has high local expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1(MCP‑1), which is associated with the degree of degeneration. However, there are a few reports on the influence of MCP‑1 on nucleus pulposus‑derived stem cells(NPSCs). In the present study, a significant upregulation of MCP‑1 was observed in NPSCs cultured invitro with pro‑inflammatory cytokines. MCP‑1 significantly inhibited the migration and proliferation of NPSCs in a dose‑dependent manner as detected via Cell Counting Kit‑8, wound healing and Transwell assays. Western blotting and histological analysis demonstrated that MCP‑1 significantly reduced chondrogenic NPSC differentiation. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting revealed that C‑Cchemokine receptor type2(CCR2) mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly enhanced by MCP‑1. Furthermore, MCP‑1 significantly inhibited the migration, differentiation and proliferation of NPSCs, which was effectively reversed by blocking CCR2 with the inhibitor RS504393. Overall, these results demonstrated that MCP‑1 may contribute to the inhibition of chondrogenic NPSC differentiation via MCP‑1/CCR2 chemotaxis signals, providing a potential therapeutic target for IDD.

Irrigation Water Quality in Selected Water Bodies of East Mediterranean Basin of Turkey

Turkey is a country that has available climate conditions and water sources utilizable for agriculture. Most surface waters in the country can be applicable for irrigation purposes. Electrical conductivity (EC) is a measure of the salinity of the irrigation water, while salinity can also be directly measured in ppm. High salinity water prevents the water supply of the plant roots due to the high osmotic pressure, in other words reduces the availability of irrigation water. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is an indicator of the quality of the irrigation water that is a measure of the sodium amount relative to calcium and magnesium amounts. High SAR values in the irrigation water result in impermeability in the soil meanly infiltration problems following a decrease in the water supply by the crop. In this study, four selected surface waters from the East Mediterranean Basin were chosen to evaluate their availability for the purpose of irrigation. Since the East Mediterranean Basin is a productive land due to its climatic conditions, monitoring the quality of the irrigation water of the basin becomes crucial. The selected surface water bodies were analyzed at three-month intervals between 2015 and 2019. The salinity and alkalinity classes were found to be C2-S1 which corresponds to good irrigation water quality and can be used to irrigate all types of plants.

Ameliorative Potential of Resveratrol in Dry Eye Disease by Restoring Mitochondrial Function.

Methods The mitochondrial dysfunction of HCE-2 human corneal epithelial cells was induced by high osmotic pressure exposure and treated with resveratrol (50 μM). Western blotting was used to detect the expression of the antioxidant proteins SOD2, GPx, and SIRT1, and flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis and ROS production. The DED mouse model was induced by 0.2% benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and treated with resveratrol. The tear yield was measured by the phenol cotton thread test, the density of cup cells in the conjunctiva was measured by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, and the expression levels of SIRT1, GPx, and SOD2 in lacrimal glands were detected by Western blotting. Results In hypertonic conditions, the apoptosis of HCE-2 cells increased, the expression of the antioxidant proteins SOD2 and GPx decreased, ROS production increased, and the expression of SIRT1 protein, an essential regulator of mitochondrial function, was downregulated. Treatment with resveratrol reversed the mitochondrial dysfunction mediated by high osmotic pressure. In the DED mouse model, resveratrol treatment promoted tear production and goblet cell number in DED mice, decreased corneal fluorescein staining, upregulated SIRT1 expression, and induced SOD2 and GPx expression in DED mice. Conclusion Resveratrol alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction by promoting SIRT1 expression, thus reducing ocular surface injury in mice with dry eye. This study suggests a new path against DED.

Functional Analysis of the C-5 Sterol Desaturase PcErg3 in the Sterol Auxotrophic Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora capsici

Although sterols play an important role in most eukaryotes, some oomycetes, including Phytophthora spp., have lost the sterol synthesis pathway. Nevertheless, the ERG3 gene encoding C-5 sterol desaturase in the sterol synthesis pathway is still present in the genomes of Phytophthora spp. Phytophthora capsici, a destructive pathogen with a broad range of plant hosts, poses a significant threat to the production of agriculture. This study focused on the ERG3 gene in P. capsici (PcERG3) and explored its function in this pathogen. It showed that the PcERG3 gene could be expressed in all tested developmental stages of P. capsici, with sporangium and mycelium displaying higher expression levels. A potential substrate of Erg3 (stellasterol) was used to treat the P. capsici wild-type strain and a PcERG3Δ transformant, and their sterol profiles were determined by GC-MS. The wild-type strain could convert stellasterol into the down-stream product while the transformant could not, indicating that PcErg3 retains the C-5 sterol desaturase activity. By comparing the biological characteristics of different strains, it was found that PcERG3 is not important for the development of P. capsici. The pathogenicity of the PcERG3Δ transformants and the wild-type strain was comparable, suggesting that PcERG3 is not necessary for the interaction between P. capsici and its hosts. Further investigations revealed that the PcERG3Δ transformants and the wild-type strain displayed a similar level of tolerance to external adversities such as unsuitable temperatures, high osmotic pressures, and intemperate pH, signifying that PcERG3 is not essential for P. capsici to cope with these environmental stresses.

Hydrogel-based strong and fast actuators by electroosmotic turgor pressure.

Hydrogels are promising as materials for soft actuators because of qualities such as softness, transparency, and responsiveness to stimuli. However, weak and slow actuations remain challenging as a result of low modulus and osmosis-driven slow water diffusion, respectively. We used turgor pressure and electroosmosis to realize a strong and fast hydrogel-based actuator. A turgor actuator fabricated with a gel confined by a selectively permeable membrane can retain a high osmotic pressure that drives gel swelling; thus, our actuator exerts large stress [0.73 megapascals (MPa) in 96 minutes (min)] with a 1.16 cubic centimeters of hydrogel. With the accelerated water transport caused by electroosmosis, the gel swells rapidly, enhancing the actuation speed (0.79 MPa in 9 min). Our strategies enable a soft hydrogel to break a brick and construct underwater structures within a few minutes.

Stress responses on the growth and mycotoxin biosynthesis of Fusarium proliferatum associated with stored poultry feeds

Animal and poultry feeds majorly constitutes of cereal grains and their by-products representing an excellent substrate for fungal colonization and mycotoxin contamination. Additionally, ecological factors play a crucial role in the process of fungal colonization in stored food/feed material. Here, we propose the physiological behavior of Fusarium proliferatum MYS9 in response to the combinational effects of different abiotic factors such as light, temperature, solutes and relative humidity. Red and blue spectral lights had stimulating effect on the growth and biomass and also Fumonisin B1 production recording 141.60 µg and 69.77 µg/g feed, respectively. The radial growth and biomass formation of F. proliferatum declined with the increasing ionic solute potential while the non-ionic solute potential showed an irregular pattern of growth and biomass. The room temperature (28 °C) showed maximum colony diameter (7.78 cm), biomass (1.32 g per 50 mL medium) and FB1 biosynthesis (913.25 µg/g feed). A significant radial growth was observed at 96% relative humidity and a high biomass of 0.82 g per 50 mL medium was observed at 98% humidity. A maximum growth of the fungus was observed at 28 °C in combination of -51.02 bars of osmotic pressure while the lower and higher temperature ranges with high osmotic pressures restricted the growth. The present study provides useful data facilitating a better understanding of the influence of ecological factors on fungal growth and toxin production in feeds and help to optimize storage measures and prevention strategies.

An Extremely Streamlined Macronuclear Genome in the Free-Living Protozoan Fabrea salina.

Ciliated protists are among the oldest unicellular organisms with a heterotrophic lifestyle and share a common ancestor with Plantae. Unlike any other eukaryotes, there are two distinct nuclei in ciliates with separate germline and somatic cell functions. Here, we assembled a near-complete macronuclear genome of Fabrea salina, which belongs to one of the oldest clades of ciliates. Its extremely minimized genome (18.35 Mb) is the smallest among all free-living heterotrophic eukaryotes and exhibits typical streamlined genomic features, including high gene density, tiny introns, and shrinkage of gene paralogs. Gene families involved in hypersaline stress resistance, DNA replication proteins, and mitochondrial biogenesis are expanded, and the accumulation of phosphatidic acid may play an important role in resistance to high osmotic pressure. We further investigated the morphological and transcriptomic changes in the macronucleus during sexual reproduction and highlighted the potential contribution of macronuclear residuals to this process. We believe that the minimized genome generated in this study provides novel insights into the genome streamlining theory and will be an ideal model to study the evolution of eukaryotic heterotrophs.

Impact of growing beans (vicia faba) in saline soil on aldosterone, angiotensin-1 hormones, urea and creatinine in local rabbits males (oryctolagus coniculus)

Planting Vicia faba in saline soil could be lethal because of high salt concentration and osmotic pressure. We use two conditions one is normal soil, and the other is saline soil to be compared. The first time the bean didn’t grow the second experiments it grows in weak shape and different properties from the normal. The growing plants (bean) in the saline soil were taken and mixed with the rabbit food to find the impact of salty bean on hormones and other parameters. The soil and plant results are differed from control which saline soil affect the properties and plant growth. Electrical conductivity increases, CHO (organic matter in soil) decreased in soil, Humidity% in salinity soil increased, pH increases. All these results of soil decreasing length, chlorophyll concentration, organic materials, and many studied parameters in plant. The rabbits’ feeds with saline bean have different parameters from the normal.