High Oleic Canola Research Articles

Genetic variants of rs324420 in fatty acid amide hydrolase gene influence N‐acylethanolamine concentrations in plasma during canola oil multicenter intervention trial (383.7)

N‐acylethanolamines (NAE) involve in the regulation of energy balance. The genetic polymorphisms of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) gene, which encodes the NAE degrading enzyme, are associated with obesity. The objective of the current clinical study was to investigate if genetic variants of rs324420 in FAAH gene play a role in regulating circulating NAE levels after five dietary interventions. A double‐blinded randomized crossover clinical trial consisting of five 30‐d periods was conducted. Treatments included 60 g of canola oil (Canola, 59% OA, 20% LA, 10% ALA), high oleic canola oil (CanolaOleic, 72% OA, 15% LA), high oleic canola/DHA oil (CanolaDHA, 63% OA, 13% LA, 6% DHA), corn/safflower oil (CornSaff, 18% OA, 69% LA) and flax/safflower oil (FlaxSaff, 18% OA, 38% LA, 32% ALA). OEA, AEA, PEA, LEA, ALEA, and DHEA plasma levels were measured and genotypes of rs324420 were studied. A total of 130 volunteers completed the study and 129 were successfully genotyped. 85 participants (66%) had CC, and 44 (34%) had CA or AA. Both fatty acid profiles and NAE levels in plasma reflected the dietary fatty acid composition. No differences were observed between two genotypes on OA or DHA levels. However, trends towards higher OEA (p=0.0565) and higher DHEA levels (p=0.0010) were observed in minor allele A carriers across all diets. In the comparison of two OA rich diets, CanolaDHA showed lower OEA level than CanolaOleic feeding (p=0.0006) with no difference in genotypes. CanolaDHA also showed higher DHEA level than CanolaOleic (p<0.0001) and A carriers had higher DHEA level in CanolaDHA (p<0.0001). Our data suggest that rs324420 A carriers favor higher NAE levels because of lowered FAAH activities. But dietary DHA may influence OEA levels due to a preference of such polymorphism for the hydrolysis of DHEA over OEA. The impact of genetic variants of rs324420 may be selective for specific NAEs.Grant Funding Source: Supported by Canola Council of Canada

Evidence for the use of glomerulomegaly as a surrogate marker of glomerular damage and for alpha-linolenic acid-rich oils in the treatment of early obesity-related glomerulopathy in a diet-induced rodent model of obesity.

Obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) is a unique and emerging condition that can lead to renal failure. Early detection, aided by an earlier diagnostic marker, would improve patient outcomes; this could be facilitated by an accurate model. Such a model would be useful to examine interventions like dietary fatty acids, which are known to influence renal diseases in later stages. In this study, obese-prone rats were provided high-fat (55% of energy) diets for 12 weeks to generate a model of diet-induced obesity. The rats were subsequently provided dietary oils with various levels of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA) for 8 weeks, as follows: (g ALA:LA per 100 g oil): canola/flax (20:18), canola (8:18), soy (9:53), high-oleic canola/canola (5:16), high-oleic canola (2:15), lard/soy (1:8), and safflower (0.2:73). The model developed obesity, glomerulomegaly, proteinuria, and scarce glomerular damage with an indolent course. Morphometry and histology revealed glomerulomegaly as the first renal structural alteration. The utility of this marker as a predictor for the presence of ORG and renal injury was evidenced by its correlation to visceral adiposity (p < 0.0001, r = 0.44), proteinuria (p < 0.0001, ρ = 0.55), change in proteinuria (p = 0.0092, ρ = 0.42), and glomerular damage (p < 0.0001, ρ = 0.48). Renal triglyceride ALA:LA was strongly correlated with dietary ALA:LA (p < 0.0005, ρ = 0.96), and inversely associated with mean glomerular volume (p = 0.02, ρ = -0.82). The diet-induced obese model accurately represents early ORG, and implicates glomerulomegaly as an early surrogate diagnostic marker. Early intervention with ALA-rich dietary oils slowed glomerular enlargement; these findings warrant further clinical investigation to promote optimal patient outcomes.

Diets high in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease fatty acid synthase protein levels in adipose tissue but do not alter other markers of adipose function and inflammation in diet-induced obese rats

This study investigates the effects of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids from different fat sources (High Oleic Canola, Canola, Canola–Flaxseed (3:1 blend), Safflower, or Soybean Oil, or a Lard-based diet) on adipose tissue function and markers of inflammation in Obese Prone rats fed high-fat (55% energy) diets for 12 weeks. Adipose tissue fatty acid composition reflected the dietary fatty acid profiles. Protein levels of fatty acid synthase, but not mRNA levels, were lower in adipose tissue of all groups compared to the Lard group. Adiponectin and fatty acid receptors GPR41 and GPR43 protein levels were also altered, but other metabolic and inflammatory mediators in adipose tissue and serum were unchanged among groups. Overall, rats fed vegetable oil- or lard-based high-fat diets appear to be largely resistant to major phenotypic changes when the dietary fat composition is altered, providing little support for the importance of specific fatty acid profiles in the context of a high-fat diet.

A diet high in α-linolenic acid and monounsaturated fatty acids attenuates hepatic steatosis and alters hepatic phospholipid fatty acid profile in diet-induced obese rats

This study investigated the efficacy of the plant-based n−3 fatty acid, α-linolenic acid (ALA), a dietary precursor of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), for modulating hepatic steatosis. Rats were fed high fat (55% energy) diets containing high oleic canola oil, canola oil, a canola/flax oil blend (C/F, 3:1), safflower oil, soybean oil, or lard. After 12 weeks, C/F and weight-matched (WM) groups had 20% less liver lipid. Body mass, liver weight, glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation and molecular markers of fatty acid oxidation, synthesis, desaturation and elongation did not account for this effect. The C/F group had the highest total n−3 and EPA in hepatic phospholipids (PL), as well as one of the highest DHA and lowest arachidonic acid (n−6) concentrations. In conclusion, the C/F diet with the highest content of the plant-based n−3 ALA attenuated hepatic steatosis and altered the hepatic PL fatty acid profile.

Dietary Linoleic Acid and α-Linolenic Acid Differentially Affect Renal Oxylipins and Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Diet-Induced Obese Rats

Analysis of oxylipins derived from fatty acids may provide insight into the biological effects of dietary lipids beyond their effects on tissue fatty acid profiles. We have previously observed that diets with higher amounts of α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n3) are associated with reduced obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG). Therefore, to examine the renal oxylipin profile, the effects of dietary linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n6) and ALA on oxylipins and renal phospholipid fatty acid composition, and the relationship between oxylipins and ORG, diet-induced obese rats displaying ORG were fed 8 different diets for 8 wk as follows (oil/oil = combination of two oils) [shown as ALA/LA (in g) per 100 g oil]: canola/flax (20/18), canola (8/18), soy (9/53), high-oleic canola/canola (5/16), high-oleic canola (2/15), lard/soy (1/8), and safflower (0.2/73). Targeted lipidomic analysis by HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry revealed that LA and ALA oxylipins comprised 60% of the total renal oxylipin profile examined. Of the >60 oxylipins screened, only those derived either directly or indirectly from ALA were associated with less glomerulomegaly, indicative of reduced ORG progression. Both the amount and ratio of dietary LA and ALA influenced renal polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs); in contrast, only fatty acid amount altered oxylipins derived from these fatty acids, but there was no apparent competition by LA or ALA on their formation. Dietary LA incorporation into renal phospholipids was higher than for ALA, but ALA oxylipin:ALA ratios were higher than the analogous LA ratios for select lipoxygenase reactions. This indicates that the effect of dietary ALA on renal oxylipins exceeded what was reflected in renal PUFA composition. In conclusion, dietary LA and ALA have differential effects on renal oxylipins and PUFAs, and ALA-derived oxylipins are associated with renoprotection in this model of ORG.

Abstract 492: Docosahexaenoic Acid-Enriched and Oleic Acid-Enriched Canola Oils Reduce Whole Blood Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Gene Expression in Men and Women with Abdominal Obesity

Introduction As part of the large Canola Oil Multicenter Intervention Trial (COMIT) study, we have recently shown that consumption of a canola oil enriched with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) under strictly controlled feeding conditions exerts anti-inflammatory effects compared with a control diet rich in linoleic acid (LA) and a diet rich in flax oil and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Objective In this study, we have investigated the impact of different oils containing various amounts of ALA, LA, oleic acid (OA) and DHA on the expression of key pro- and anti-inflammatory genes in a subset of adults having participated in COMIT. Methods COMIT is a randomized, crossover controlled full feeding trial involving 118 men and women with abdominal obesity and at least one other component of the metabolic syndrome who consumed 5 experimental isoenergetic diets (15.5% protein; 35.7% fat; 50.6% carbohydrate) for 4 weeks each. Here we report the impact of 4 of those 5 diets, which provided 60 g/3000 kcal of different oils: 1- High LA corn/safflower oil (CONTROL, 10.6 g OA; 0.2 g ALA; 41.6 g LA), 2- High ALA flax/safflower oil (FLAX, 10.7 g OA; 19.2 g ALA; 22.5 g LA), 3- High oleic canola (HO-CAN, 42.8 g OA; 1.4 g ALA; 8.8 g LA), 4- High DHA canola (DHA-CAN, 37.9 g OA; 1.2 g ALA; 7.6 g LA; 3.5 g DHA). Inflammatory genes expression in whole blood cells was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction from samples collected at the end of each diet in a random subset of 10 individuals (6 men, 4 women). Results DHA-CAN lowered the mRNA expression of the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-[[Unable to Display Character: &amp;#1082;]]B) compared with CONTROL (-15.2%, P =0.07) and FLAX (-22.4%, P =0.007). NF-[[Unable to Display Character: &amp;#1082;]]B gene expression was also lower after HO-CAN compared with FLAX (-16.5%, P =0.02). There was no apparent between-diet difference in mRNA expression of other inflammatory genes (interleukin (IL)-18, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α) and transcription factors (natriuretic peptide receptor C). Conclusions Data from this controlled feeding study suggest that anti-inflammatory effects of a DHA-enriched canola oil and oleic acid-enriched canola oil compared with polyunsaturated fatty acids from plant sources are mediated, at least partly, through an alteration in the NF-[[Unable to Display Character: &amp;#1082;]]B pathway.

Sensory Evaluation of Unsalted French Fries Using Peanut Oil Versus Unsalted French Fries Using Canola Oil

Growth in fast food consumption has contributed to weight gain among Americans. This has led to an increase in cardiovascular disease and other diseases associated with being overweight. Some evidence suggests that substituting canola oil for other oils when preparing foods may be nutritionally beneficial. This study compared the sensory characteristics/oil degradation of high oleic canola oil and peanut oil. The study showed high oleic canola oil to be a particularly strong alternative for those seeking to switch to an oil that offers greater nutritional benefits without compromising the appearance, flavor, taste or texture of the foods being prepared.

Fatty acid ethanolamides modulate CD36-mRNA through dietary fatty acid manipulation in Syrian Golden hamsters

Fatty acids convert to fatty acid ethanolamides which associate with lipid signalling, fat oxidation, and energy balance; however, the extent to which dietary fatty acids manipulation can impact such control processes through fatty acid ethanolamides-related mechanisms remains understudied. The objective was to examine the impact of diets containing 6% corn oil, high oleic canola oil, docosahexaenoic acid + high oleic canola oil, and fish oil on plasma and organ levels of fatty acid ethanolamides, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α regulatory targets, and lipid metabolism in Syrian Golden hamsters. After 29 days, in plasma, animals that were fed fish oil showed greater (p < 0.05) oleoylethanolamide and lower (p < 0.05) arachidonoylethanolamide and palmitoylethanolamide levels compared with other groups, while animals fed canola oil showed higher (p < 0.05) oleoylethanolamide levels in proximal intestine and liver than groups that were fed coin oil and fish oil. The canola oil group showed elevated (p < 0.01) fat oxidation (%) and over 3.0-fold higher (p < 0.05) hepatic-CD36 expression compared with the corn oil group. Hepatic-lipogenesis was lower (p < 0.05) in hamsters that were fed DHA-canola oil compared with the corn oil group. To conclude, dietary fatty acids produced shifts in plasma and organ levels of arachidonoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide, and palmitoylethanolamid, which were accompanied by changes in gene expression, lipogenesis, and energy expenditure, suggesting mechanisms through which dietary fatty acids influence disease risk.

Commercialization of high oleic canola oils

AbstractHigh oleic canola oils were developed through plant breeding in the 1980's as a trans fat solution. More than 25 years after its initial launch, high oleic canola oils include a series of products with fatty acid profiles tailored for both foodservice and food processing. High oleic canola oil has taken most of the market for trait enhanced oils while other specialty oils have either seen significant market share reduction or failure. High oleic canola oils with 23%–27% linoleic acid are ideal for fried foods, while those with less than 20% are most suitable in the manufacture of shelf stable foods. In addition to improved nutrition, the next generation of high oleic canola oils will significantly reduce packaging costs.

Effect of high-oleic canola and flaxseed oils on energy expenditure and body composition in hypercholesterolemic subjects

ObjectiveThe fatty acid profile of dietary fats may contribute to its channelling toward oxidation versus storage, influencing energy and weight balance. Our objective was to compare the effects of diets enriched with high-oleic canola oil (HOCO), alone or blended with flaxseed oil (FXCO), on energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and body composition versus a typical Western diet (WD). Materials/MethodsUsing a randomized crossover design, 34 hypercholesterolemic subjects (n=22 females) consumed 3 controlled diets for 28days containing ~49% energy from carbohydrate, 14% energy from protein, and 37% energy from fat, of which 70% of fat was provided by HOCO rich in oleic acid, FXCO rich in alpha-linolenic acid, or WD rich in saturated fat. Indirect calorimetry measured energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Body composition was analyzed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. ResultAfter 28days, resting and postprandial energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were not different after consumption of the HOCO or FXCO diets compared with a typical Western diet. No significant changes in body composition measures were observed between diets. However, the android-to-gynoid ratio tended to increase (P=.055) after the FXCO diet compared with the HOCO diet. ConclusionsThe data suggest that substituting a typical Western dietary fatty acid profile with HOCO or FXCO does not significantly modulate energy expenditure, substrate oxidation or body composition in hypercholesterolemic males and females.

Characteristics of PAG Based Bio-Hydraulic Fluid

Abstract Regulatory drivers both in the U.S. and in the European Union are attempting to promote the use of biodegradable lubricants in the marketplace. A base fluid that uses the first ever combination of biodegradable polyalkylene glycol (PAG) with a high oleic canola oil was developed to meet environmental accreditation standards. This combination utilizes the PAG to “upgrade” the vegetable oil in hydraulic fluid formulation and provide a base fluid that can solubilize the oxidation by-products and provide better deposit control compared to straight general purpose fluids that are based on vegetable oils. A general purpose bio-hydraulic fluid that use a blend of PAG and high oleic canola oil has shown enhanced performance characteristics in two critical tests namely an oxidation test (ASTM D 2893 B) and a hydraulic vane pump test (ASTM D 7043). These two tests clearly differentiate the superior attributes of the PAG-based bio-hydraulic fluid compared to a widely use general purpose biodegradable hydraulic fluid in the market place.

Dietary flaxseed oil and high‐oleic canola oil modulate plasma fatty acid composition and conversion of 13C‐α‐linolenic acid to long‐chain fatty acids

The objective was to analyze the effects of diets enriched in flaxseed oil (FXCO) or high-oleic canola oil (HOCO) versus a Western fat (WF) blend on plasma fatty acid composition and conversion of 13C-α-linolenic acid (ALA) to long-chain n-3 fatty acids. Using a randomized, controlled, crossover trial, 18 hyperlipidemic subjects consumed 3 isoenergetic diets for 28 d enriched in FXCO (20.6 g/d ALA), HOCO (2.4 g/d ALA), or WF (1.3 g/d ALA). On day 27, blood was sampled at t = 0, 24, and 48 h after subjects consumed 45 mg uniformly labelled 13C-ALA. FXCO diet increased plasma ALA ~5-fold (4.69 ± 0.26% total fatty acids; P<0.001), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ~2-fold (1.76 ± 0.17%; P<0.001), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) by ~50% (0.76 ± 0.04%; P<0.001), with no change in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to HOCO and WF diets. At 24 h the amount of administered 13C-ALA recovered as plasma 13C-EPA and 13C-DPA was 0.86 ± 0.10 mg and 0.13 ± 0.02 mg after FXCO diet, which was lower (P=0.004 and P=0.011) than that of 1.33 ± 0.22 mg and 0.23 ± 0.04 mg after HOCO diet and 1.15 ± 0.16 mg and 0.24 ± 0.05 mg after WF diet, respectively. No change in 13C-DHA was observed between diets. In conclusion, although a high intake of ALA in FXCO diet increased plasma levels of n-3 fatty acids, such increased levels are not a result of higher conversion efficiency, particularly for DHA. Supported by Flax Canada 2015, Canola Council of Canada, and ARDI. Grant Funding Source: Flax Canada 2015, Canola Council of Canada, and ARDI

Oxidative Stability of Conventional and High‐Oleic Vegetable Oils with Added Antioxidants

AbstractThe oxidative stability of conventional and high‐oleic varieties of commercial vegetable oils, with and without added antioxidants, was evaluated using the oil stability index (OSI). Oil varieties studied were soybean (SOY), partially‐hydrogenated soybean (PHSOY), corn (CORN), sunflower (SUN), canola (CAN), high‐oleic canola (HOCAN), very high‐oleic canola (VHOCAN), oleic safflower (SAF) and high‐oleic sunflower (HOSUN). One or more commercial antioxidants were added to the four most stable oils at supplier‐recommended levels: rosemary extract (RM; 1,000 ppm), ascorbyl palmitate (AP; 1,000 ppm), tert‐butylhydroquinone (TBHQ; 200 ppm), and mixed tocopherols (TOC; 200 ppm). OSI in hours (h) at 110 °C of the conventional oils were 5.2, 7.6, 8.4, 9.8, 10.9 and 14.3 h for SUN, SOY, CAN, CORN, PHSOY and SAF, respectively. OSI of high‐oleic variants were 12.9, 16.5 and 18.5 h for HOCAN, HOSUN and VHOCAN, respectively. Maximum OSI values for the four most stable oils when treated with antioxidants, were 40.9, 48.5, 48.8 and 55.7 h for HOCAN, VHOCAN, SAF and HOSUN, respectively. Addition of TBHQ, alone and in combination with other antioxidants, resulted in the greatest increase in oxidative stability of SAF and other high‐oleic oils evaluated. AP had a positive synergistic effect when used with TBHQ, while RM decreased TBHQ effectiveness.

Phytosterols mixed with medium-chain triglycerides and high-oleic canola oil decrease plasma lipids in overweight men

Phytosterols (PSs) have been recently added to various mediums. Nevertheless, matrices with functional properties, such as medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), should be precisely examined for supplementary advantages. The objective of this study was to identify the existence of combined biological actions of a functional oil enriched in PSs within MCTs and high-oleic canola (HOC), relative to a control (olive oil), in overweight, hyperlipidemic men using a rigorously controlled dietary intervention. Twenty-three overweight, hyperlipidemic men consumed both types of oil in a randomized, crossover trial for 6 weeks each. Fasted plasma samples were collected on the first and last 2 days of each study period. Body weight decreased −1.22 ± 0.35 kg ( P = .0019) and −1.68 ± 0.47 kg ( P = .0016) after the 6-week study period in the olive oil and functional oil groups, respectively. The end points for total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the functional oil group ( P = .0006) were lower than in the olive oil group ( P = .0002). Total cholesterol values decreased from comparable baseline to end point of 4.71 ± 0.16 mmol/L ( P < .0001) in the functional oil phase and 5.14 ± 0.19 mmol/L ( P = .0001) in the olive oil phase ( P = .0592). In addition, LDL-C demonstrated a similar drop, to an end point of 3.12 ± 0.16 mmol/L ( P < .0001) and 3.54 ± 0.18 mmol/L ( P = .0002), for the functional oil and olive oil groups, respectively, with significant changes ( P = .0221). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels did not change in either treatment. Triacylglycerol end points decreased in functional oil and olive oil groups ( P = .0195 and .0105, respectively) to the same extent from baseline. Results indicate that PSs mixed within an MCT- and HOC-rich matrix lower plasma LDL-C, without significantly changing the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, in hyperlipidemic, overweight men, and may therefore decrease the risk of cardiovascular events.

Correction

HomeCirculationVol. 107, No. 3Correction Free AccessCorrectionPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessCorrectionPDF/EPUBCorrection Originally published28 Jan 2003https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000054601.17182.B0Circulation. 2003;107:512This article corrects the followingFish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular DiseaseAfter the publication of the AHA Scientific Statement “Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease” by Kris-Etherton et al, which appeared in a previous issue of the journal (Circulation. 2002;106:2747–2757), the following errors were noted in Table 3. First, two other sources for the fatty acid composition of fish should have been included.1,2 Secondly, the footnote to “cod liver oil” should have read, “This intake of cod liver oil would provide approximately the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of vitamin A and twice the RDA for vitamin D.” Finally, the EPA+DHA content for four fish was given incorrectly, and should have been as follows:TABLE 3. Amounts of EPA+DHA in Fish and Fish Oils and the Amount of Fish Consumption Required to Provide ≈1 g of EPA+DHA per DayFishEPA+DHA Content, g/3-oz Serving Fish (Edible Portion) or g/g OilAmount Required to Provide ≈1 g of EPA+DHA per Day, oz (Fish) or g (Oil)Sockeye salmon1.052.5 ozEastern oysters0.953 ozAtlantic cod0.1323 ozPacific cod0.2412.5 ozReferences1 Hepburn FN, Exler J, Weihrauch JL. Provisional tables on the content of omega-3 fatty acids and other fat components of selected foods. J Am Diet Assoc. 1986; 86: 788–793.Google Scholar2 Ackman RG. Nutritional composition of fats in seafoods. Prog Food Nutr Sci. 1989; 13: 161–289.Google ScholarIn the “ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina—Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina)” by Gibbons et al that appeared in the January 7/14, 2003, issue of Circulation (Circulation. 2003;107:149–158), page numbers were not included in the Guideline’s internal Table of Contents. The complete corrected Guideline follows this page. The page numbers shown are consistent with the pagination of the January 7/14 issue. Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Ramprasath V, Thandapilly S, Yang S, Abraham A, Jones P and Ames N (2015) Effect of consuming novel foods consisting high oleic canola oil, barley β-glucan, and DHA on cardiovascular disease risk in humans: the CONFIDENCE (Canola Oil and Fibre with DHA Enhanced) study – protocol for a randomized controlled trial, Trials, 10.1186/s13063-015-1014-5, 16:1, Online publication date: 1-Dec-2015. Related articlesFish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular DiseasePenny M. Kris-Etherton, et al. Circulation. 2002;106:2747-2757 January 28, 2003Vol 107, Issue 3 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000054601.17182.B0 Originally publishedJanuary 28, 2003 PDF download Advertisement

Feeding Oleamide to Lactating Jersey Cows 1. Effects on Lactation Performance and Milk Fatty Acid Composition

Oleamide was previously reported to resist ruminal biohydrogenation and elevate milk oleic acid concentration when fed to lactating Holstein cows. To determine if Jersey cows responded similarly to oleamide, four lactating Jersey cows (mean 417kg of body weight and 64 days in milk) were fed four diets in a 4×4 Latin square with 2-wk periods. Diets were total mixed ration containing 47% corn silage and 53% concentrate (dry matter basis) and were supplemented with no added fat (control), or with 3.5% added fat from either higholeic canola oil, a commercial source of oleamide, or oleamide synthesized from oleic acid and urea. The canola oil supplement had no effect on milk yield or composition. Compared to canola oil, the oleamide supplements reduced milk yield, dry matter intake, and milk fat and protein contents. Milk oleic acid concentration increased from 17.4% of total fatty acids for the control diet to 22.1% for the canola oil diet. Both oleamides further increased milk oleic acid to 30.0 and 27.1% of total fatty acids for the commercial and synthesized oleamides, respectively. Milk palmitic acid was reduced and stearic acid was increased by all fat supplements but more so by the oleamides than by the canola oil. Consistent with previous reports that fatty acyl amides resist ruminal biohydrogenation, feeding oleamide to Jersey cows in this study increased milk oleic acid concentration but had negative effects on feed intake and milk yield.

Site of administration and duration of feeding oleamide to cattle on feed intake and ruminal fatty acid concentrations.

Two experiments were conducted to determine effects of oleamide on feed intake and ruminal fatty acids when the oleamide was introduced in the feed vs through a ruminal fistula (Exp. 1) or the oleamide was fed for an extended (9-wk) length of time (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, four nonlactating Holstein cows, each fitted with a ruminal cannula, were fed four diets in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Each period lasted 2 wk. Diets consisted of 48% corn silage and 52% concentrate on a DM basis. One diet contained no added fat (control) and a second diet contained 4.2% oleic acid. The remaining two diets were designed to expose cows to 4.2% amide (as oleamide) either through the feed (AF) or by administering oleamide into the rumen (AR) each day through the ruminal cannula. The AF diet reduced DMI similarly to results reported previously for lactating dairy cows and sheep. Intake of the oleic acid diet was intermediate between the control and AF diets. Dry matter intake was reduced by AR similarly to the AF diet. The acetate:propionate ratio in samples of ruminal contents was reduced by oleic acid but not by AF or AR. In Exp. 2, 12 steers were divided into three equal groups of two Angus and two Simmental x Angus crosses, and each group was assigned a diet containing either no added fat (control), 4% oleamide, or 4% high-oleic canola oil. All steers had ad libitum access to feed and water. Dry matter intake by steers fed the canola oil diet was not different from that by steers fed the control diet when averaged over the first 3 wk, the last 3 wk, or over the entire 9-wk study. Oleamide reduced DMI 4 kg/d over the first 3 wk of the study. However, DMI of the oleamide diet consistently increased over the 9-wk study, resulting in wk 7 to 9 DMI that was not different from that of steers fed the control diet. These results show that the reduction in feed intake when oleamide is added to cattle rations can be attributed more to physiological responses than to an undesirable unique taste or odor of the oleamide. In finishing beef steers, the decreased intake induced by oleamide was most severe during the first 1 or 2 wk of feeding but gradually lessened over time until it nearly returned to normal by wk 9.

Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Beta Carotene in Conventional and High Oleic Canola Oil

ABSTRACTConventional canola oil (CO) and high oleic canola oil (HOCO) were stored under autoxidative and photooxidative conditions, β‐carotene was added at 0 to 120 ppm. The oils were diluted in mobile phase and injected onto an HPLC column to track β‐carotene changes over time. Peroxide values were followed to assess the oxidative stability of the oils. β‐carotene was more stable in HOCO than in CO under autoxidative conditions, but no difference between oils was observed under photooxidative conditions. The HOCO was more stable against autoxidation, and CO was more stable against photo‐oxidation. Antioxidant activity was shown by β‐carotene in both oils, which contained natural tocopherols, during both autoxidative and photooxidative conditions.

Frying performance of genetically modified canola oils

AbstractThe frying performance of low linolenic and high oleic canola oils was compared to regular and hydrogenated canola oils. The antifoaming agent dimethylpolysiloxane (2 ppm) was added to all frying oils. Potato chips were fried in the four oils over a 5‐d period for a total of 40 h of frying. Oil samples were collected each day and analyzed for conjugated dienoic acids, free fatty acids, polymers, oxidation products, and polar components. Polar components were determined by the gravimetric method and by thin‐layer chromatography with flame‐ionization detection. The initial quality of the four oils was similar except in the amount of tocopherols present. All oils deteriorated after 5 d of frying but differences were not as anticipated, possibly as a result of observed differences in tocopherol levels.

Fatty Acid Composition of Milk from Holstein Cows Fed Oleamide or Canola Oil

Based on previous in vitro results that showed reduced biohydrogenation of oleamide by ruminal microbes, this study was conducted to determine whether the addition of oleamide to the diets of dairy cows would enhance the C18:1 concentration in milk. Nine first lactation Holstein cows were fed three diets in a 3 × 3 Latin square replicated three times. Each period lasted 3 wk. The total mixed diets consisted of 42% corn silage and 58% concentrate (dry matter basis) with either no added fat (control), 3.5% high oleic canola oil, or 3.5% oleamide. Dry matter intake was reduced when oleamide was added to the diet but not when canola oil was added. Milk yields were the same for cows fed all three diets. Canola oil reduced fat-corrected milk yield and milk fat concentration, but these were not affected by oleamide. Milk protein concentration was lower for cows fed oleamide than for cows fed canola oil. Milk C18:1 averaged 23.16% of total fatty acids for cows fed the control diet and increased to 35.13% when canola oil was fed. Oleamide further increased C18:1 to 48.16% of total fatty acids in milk. All fatty acids with ≥16 carbon chain length were reduced by oleamide. Oleamide was more effective than was canola oil in this study at increasing the oleic acid content of bovine milk. Oleamide reduced dietary intake when added at 3.5% of the dietary dry matter but still had no effect on milk yield or milk composition.