Higher Material Removal Rate Research Articles

Surface Roughness of Workpiece and Temperature Effects of Cutting Fluids on High-Speed Steel Tool

The major needs in machining are high material removal rate, good work surface finish and low tool wear. However, machining process often encounter tools wear problem which leads to increased product cost and poor quality. The aim of the study is to determine the effects of surface roughness and temperature of the cutting fluids on high-speed steel tool. High-speed steel (HSS) cutting tool was used on Colchester triumph space bed Centre lathe to work on a mild steel using cutting fluid such as soluble oil, liquid soap, and engine oil. The feed rate, spindle speed and depth of cut of the mild steel work piece were kept constant. The surface coarseness and temperature of the machine was examined with the three types of cutting fluid used. This result indicated that among the three cutting fluids used in the study, the liquid soap has the best temperature reduction on the chips (38.02℃), tool tip (40.73 oC), and the workpiece (40.03 oC); while soluble oil cutting fluid had a good surface finished of 0.8 mm, thus makes it more desirable cutting fluid in machining operation.

Investigation study of electrical discharge machining parameters on material removal rate for AISI M2 material

EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining) is a common non-traditional machining technique for manufacture geometry parts made of intricate or extremely rigid metals that are challenging to manufacture using conventional manufacturing techniques. Electrical discharge machining by utilizing electrical discharge erosion, classify the meaning of material removal (MR). This paper's main objective is to discuss the ideal EDM parameters in order to use high-speed steel as workpiece AISI M2 and with using brass & copper as electrodes. Pulse on-time are (100, 150, and 200 µs), Current (10, 24 and 42 A) and Pulse off-time (4, 12 and 25 µs) are the input parameters effect on the material removal rate (MRR) used in the experimental work. The present study's findings shown that the highest MRR with using copper & brass as electrodes with pulse on-time 200 µs, pulse off-time 12 µs and current 42 A, at (0.31284 g/min and 0.18769) respectively, and the lowest average value of the removed material was when evaluating current 10 A, Ton is 100 µs, Toff is 4 µs, at (0.05451g/min and 0.01898 g/min) respectively.

A new polishing method for complex structural parts: Moist particle electrolyte electrochemical mechanical polishing (MPE-ECMP)

The improvement of the surface quality of complex structural parts is a major challenge. Electrochemical mechanical polishing (ECMP) plays an important role in the polishing of wafers due to its high material removal rate. However, electrochemical mechanical polishing of the surface of complex structures, such as the bevels of turbine blades, has been little investigated. This paper proposes a new method, moist particle electrolyte electrochemical mechanical polishing (MPE-ECMP), for polishing the surfaces of complex structural parts. Using a sulfonated cation exchange resin as a moist particle electrolyte (MPE), polarization curves are measured using linear scanning voltammetry (LSV) and a selected potential of 1.0 V vs. Hg|Hg2SO4 over a 1 h polishing period. The elemental changes on the copper surface are examined by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and those on the MPE surface are studied using X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) to explain the material removal mechanism. The results show that the surface roughness of copper is reduced from the initial Sa = 433.48 nm to Sa = 21.83 nm, a reduction of 95.0%, that no copper oxides are generated during the MPE-ECMP process and that the MPE adsorbs released Cu2+. It is demonstrated that MPE-ECMP has good surface finishing properties for beveled surfaces, and provides an effective approach for surface polishing of complex structural parts.

High efficiency chemical mechanical polishing for silicon wafers using a developed slurry

Improving the material removal rate (MRR) of silicon wafers is a challenge in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), to meet the demands of the development of integrated circuits. In this study, four environmentally friendly additives, including sorbitol, gluconic acid, citric acid, and ammonium citrate, were incorporated into polishing slurries to promote the MRR of silicon wafers. The polishing results reveal that the highest MRR was obtained by ammonium citrate as an additive. When the concentration of ammonium citrate was 0.05 mol/L, the MRR increased by 71.6% to 1979.88 Å/min, and the surface roughness Sa was decreased from 1.131 nm to 0.563 nm. Meanwhile, the polishing slurry containing colloidal silica as abrasives maintained good dispersibility. Polishing mechanism was interpreted using electrochemical analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and coefficient of friction tests. It is indicated that NH4+ions, generated by hydrolysis of ammonium citrate, could modify the electrical characteristics of the silicate layer and catalyze the chemical reactions between Si atoms and H2O on the surface of silicon wafers. This work emphasizes the interfacial action between the polishing slurry and silicon wafers and provides a new idea for high efficiency CMP of silicon wafers in the manufacture of integrated circuits and photovoltaic industry.

Performance Evaluation of Input Power of Diode Laser on Machined Leather Specimen in Laser Beam Cutting Process

Numerous industries, including footwear, handicrafts, and the automobile industry, utilize leather materials. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effect of input power of the diode laser in laser cutting on vegetable chrome tanned buffalo leather to enhance the cutting process. In the present investigation, carbonization, kerf width, and material removal rate (MRR) were taken as performance measures. The diode-based laser beam machining was designed and fabricated with 2.5 W, 5.5 W, and 20 W diode laser to cut vegetable chrome tanned leather. The high-intensity 20 W diode laser produced lower carbonization, lower kerf width, and higher material removal rate compared with the 2.5 W and 5.5 W diodes. This improved performance was due to the adjustable features associated with this diode laser actuation in the form of circular shape with adjustable diameter. A high power with a lower spot size under pulsed mode can produce higher power density. Since a higher power density can establish less interaction time, it produces lower carbonization. Due to the ability of the 20 W diode laser driver to control the beam shape and size, it could produce a lower kerf width and higher MRR. The optimal parameters for cutting chrome vegetable tanned cow leather were a standoff distance of 18 mm, feed rate of 200 mm/min, and duty cycle of 70%.

Complex-shaped metal parts high efficiency sawing with diamond wire

Aiming at the problems of low machining efficiency and serious tool wear caused by the large removal of the complex-shaped metal parts, a method of high efficiency roughing for the complex-shaped metal parts using the diamond abrasive wire saw cutting technology was proposed. According to the machining characteristics of the wire saw, a ruled surface model was constructed based on the minimum area polygon envelope. To avoid the wire saw breakage caused by the sudden change of the control shaft motion during the cutting process, the least squares method was used to fit the polygon side slope between layers to obtain the smoothed ruled surface model. The effects of the smoothed ruled surface model constructed with different polygon envelopes on the material removal rate were analyzed with the Al6061 aluminum alloy blisk sample. The experimental results verify the wire saw cutting has a high material removal rate, and the integrity of the scrap can realize the reprocessing of other parts. The material removal rate decreases with the envelope polygon side number increase for the Al6061 aluminum alloy blisk sample. There is no metallographic change and crack inside of the surface after wire saw cutting for the Al6061 aluminum alloy. The average surface roughness of the workpiece after equivalent plane wire saw cutting is 529.24 nm.

Smoothing tool design and performance during subaperture glass polishing.

During subaperture tool grinding and polishing, overlaps of the tool influence function can result in undesirable mid-spatial frequency (MSF) errors in the form of surface ripples, which are often corrected using a smoothing polishing step. In this study, flat multi-layer smoothing polishing tools are designed and tested to simultaneously (1)reduce or remove MSF errors, (2)minimize surface figure degradation, and (3)maximize the material removal rate. A time-dependent convergence model in which spatial material removal varies with a workpiece-tool height mismatch, combined with a finite element mechanical analysis to determine the interface contact pressure distribution, was developed to evaluate various smoothing tool designs as a function of tool material properties, thicknesses, pad textures, and displacements. An improvement in smoothing tool performance is achieved when the gap pressure constant, h¯ (which describes the inverse rate at which the pressure drops with a workpiece-tool height mismatch), is minimized for smaller spatial scale length surface features (namely, MSF errors) and maximized for large spatial scale length features (i.e.,surface figure). Five specific smoothing tool designs were experimentally evaluated. A two-layer smoothing tool using a thin, grooved IC1000 polyurethane pad (with a high elastic modulus, E p a d =360M P a), thicker blue foam (with an intermediate modulus, E f o a m =5.3M P a) underlayer, and an optimized displacement (d t=1m m) provided the best overall performance (namely, high MSF error convergence, minimal surface figure degradation, and high material removal rate).

Experimental Study on Electro-Spark Additive/Subtractive Repair for Worn Cemented Carbide

Worn cemented carbide tool bits are often discarded because of the difficulty of their repair, resulting in a great deal of waste. Surface strengthening technology often extends the service life of worn tools. Electro-spark deposition (ESD) coating and matrix materials are metallurgically and closely bonded, and the approach has the characteristics of small heat input, a small heat-affected zone, and low repair cost, so it is suitable for strengthening the surface of cemented carbide tools. As the surface of cemented carbide tools is often not flat, which affects the uniformity of the deposited layer, the surface needs to be polished before ESD. Therefore, this paper proposed a method involving the electro-spark additive and subtractive repair of worn cemented carbide. Experiments involving the ultrasonic-assisted EDM grinding (UEDG) of cemented carbide were carried out. The effect of brass, 45 steel, and tungsten electrode materials on the removal rate, tool wear, and surface roughness were investigated. The results showed that the material removal rate of the tungsten electrode could reach 3.27 mm3/min, while the electrode loss was only 8.16%, and the average surface roughness was only 2.465 μm, which was better than the other two electrodes. Thus, the tungsten electrode exhibited a high material removal rate, low electrode loss, and good surface quality. The effects of the TiC, TiN, and TC4 electrodes on cemented carbide ESD were studied using optical 3D surface topography and other instruments, and the surface roughness, thickness, and hardness of the deposited layer were compared. The results showed that the surface roughness of the TC4 material reached 52.726 μm, which was better than that of the TiN and TiC materials. The thickness of the TiC deposition layer was 172.409 μm and the hardness value was 2231.9 HV; thus, the thickness and hardness of the TiC material’s sedimentary layer were better than those of the TiN and TC4 materials.

Synthesis of Hierarchical Layered Quasi-Triangular Ce(OH)CO3 and Its Thermal Conversion to Ceria with High Polishing Performance.

Layered quasi-triangular Ce(OH)CO3 assembled from primary nanoparticles was synthesized via a solvothermal method and converted into CeO2 abrasive particles by calcination at 800-1000 °C. With the increase of calcination temperature, the primary particle size increased and the microstructure, mechanical hardness, and chemical activity of the CeO2 particles changed, thus affecting the polishing performance. The calcined products obtained at 800, 850, and 900 °C maintained the layered edge structure of the Ce(OH)CO3 precursor and had a relatively high specific surface area and surface Ce3+ concentration. The samples calcined at 950 and 1000 °C lost the layered structure due to the large-scale melting of the primary particles, and their surface chemical activity decreased. The polishing experiments on K9 glass showed that, with the calcination temperature rising from 800 to 1000 °C, the material removal rate (MRR) first increased and then decreased sharply. The initial increase of MRR was attributed to the increase of mechanical hardness of the layered quasi-triangular CeO2, and the subsequent decrease of MRR was related to the decrease in surface chemical activity and disappearance of the layered edge structure. The product calcined at 900 °C had the highest MRR and best surface quality after polishing due to the layered edge structure and optimal match of chemical activity and mechanical hardness.

Development and characterization of agglomerated abrasives based on agro-industrial by-products

ABSTRACT The present work deals with the valorization of agro-industrial by-products to realize bonded abrasives. Four by-products were studied because of their wide availability and mechanical properties: palm nuts shells (Elaeis guineensis), Coco Nucifera shells, fruit kernels of Canarium schweinfurthii and fruit kernels of Raffia Vinifera. The Oliver and Pharr hardness and Young’s modulus of the raffia cores are obtained by instrumented macro indentation, giving the values 101 MPa and 1.82 GPa, respectively. The development of the abrasive wheels was based on the experimental method of full factorial design at 2 levels. Porosity, hardness, resilience, material removal rate and wear were determined. Leeb 280 HL hardness shoe sole material was used for tribological testing. The optimal formulations have 20% binder content and 1 mm grain size of the four agro-industrial by-products used with a higher material removal rate and a longer life than commercial grinding wheels. These results presage their use in the shoe industry and abrasive disc huskers.

Influence of Control Parameters during Drilling of Aluminum Reinforced with HNT Hybrid Matrix Composites

The current paper aims to find the optimum control parameters such as weight percentage of HNT, weight percentage of boron nitride, drilling speed, and feed rate in drilling of aluminum hybrid metal matrix composites. The aluminum matrix material are reinforced with different weight percentage of HNT (3%, 5%, and 7%) and BN (2%, 3%, and 4%). The hybrid matrix are fabricated through the sir casting technique. The prediction of process parameter are optimized using Taguchi assisted grey relation analysis. Also the ANN model is developed to predict the output parameter. Through Taguchi S/N ratio method the effect of each control parameters are optimized. The results show that the weight percentage of HNT and feed rate are the most influencing parameters which affect the drilling of developed aluminum composites. The GRA results show that the optimum parameters are 3% of HNT, 4% of BN, 500 rpm drilling speed, and 20 mm/min in combination, which has minimum surface roughness, lower temperature, highest cutting force, and highest material removal rate.

On the effects of cutting-edge angle on high-feed turning of Inconel 718© superalloy

Machining processes on heat-resistant superalloys—i.e., turbine cases, rings, or shafts—are challenging tasks. The high-added value of such parts makes cycle times be longer than expected. Recently, high-feed turning technique has attracted the attention of practitioners due to its high material removal rate capability. PrimeTurning™ tool unifies the concepts of high-feed and multidirectional turning using multiple active cutting edges. It should be capable of reducing machine downtimes in that kind of parts. However, to avoid early tool replacement and rejects on high added value parts, a deeper knowledge on the high-feed turning process is necessary. Here, inserts specifically designed for high-feed turning in heat resistant Inconel 718© alloy were tested using three cutting-edge angles. The results showed that when chip thickness is more relevant, a cutting-edge angle of 30° reduces the likelihood of notches. Even if force components are high, surface roughness is improved and the risk of fractures is minimized, together with a high evacuation volume. On the other hand, increasing the cutting-edge angle (45° and 60°) without compensating the feed rate, tends to produce tool fractures due to chip overload. Besides, experimental tests showed that long tool-to-workpiece contact times, tend to shorten tool life, due to excessive heat accumulation and poor chip control.

Optimization of parameters for turning of OHNS steel

Present scenario of industries is to lower the production cost, time and increase the profit. For high quality production of components, hard turning is suitable process as it is having numerous advantages. It requires low cost and time, flexibility in production, improved surface finish and material removal rate (MRR). Due to its advantages, it becomes essential as grinding process. This process can be applied when the hardness of the material is above 45 HRC. The characteristics required with the machine for hard turning are hard cutting tools availability, required tool geometry, capacity of tool holding and required power supply. Surface roughness and MRR are the most important factors which are essentially considered during machining process evaluation point of view. In this proposed experimental work, the detailed study of the analysis of surface roughness and MRR during turning of oil hardened non shrinkable (OHNS) steel is to be done. For the good quality of surface finish and higher material removal rate in the industry to earn more profit, it is essential to do the optimization of the process. In this research work, the input parameters of the CNC machining of OHNS steel are optimized. The selected input parameters are spindle speed, feed rate. The output parameters are surface finish and MRR. The experiments were performed as per the Taguchi DOE and the results were analyzed. The significance of each parameter is analyzed in ANOVA and the parameters were optimized with validating the experimentation as per the regression model.

Experimental Investigation of Material Removal Rate Parameters in ECM for Aluminum Hybrid Matrix Composites Using the RSM Technique

In the present work, the preparation of AA-6082/ZrSiO4/TiC hybrid composite is studied along with an analysis of the effects of electrochemical machining parameters such as feed rate of electrode (FE), voltage (VO), electrolyte concentration (EL), and electrolyte discharge (ED) rate on the output responses of the material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) for Al hybrid composites. The experiments are carried out based on the Taguchi L16 orthogonal array and the important process parameters are found for MRR and SR. Each parameter contains four different levels that are FE (0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 mm/min), VO (10, 15, 20, and 25 V), EL (15, 20, 25, and 30 g/lit), and ED (1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 lit/min).The optimization software, namely, Minitab-17 version helps to find the contribution of each parameter on MRR and SR. The ANOVA result reveals that the feed rate of electrode is the highest contributing parameter, trailed by the electrolyte discharge rate and other process parameters for MRR and SR. A linear model of regression and interaction plots is also included to show the relationship between the parameters. From the observational results, the highest MRR (0.00953 mg/min) is attained by the parameter combination level of the feed rate of electrode of 0.20 mm/min, voltage of 25 V, electrolyte concentration of 20 g/lit, and electrolyte discharge rate of 1.5 g/, whereas the lowest MRR is found at FE of 0.10 mm/min, VO of 10 V EL-15 g/lit and ED of 2.5 g/litre. For SR, the maximum and minimum are recognized at FE2-VO4-EL3-ED2 (0.15 mm/min, 25 V, 25 g/lit, and 2 lit/min) and FE1-VO1-EL1-ED1 (0.10 mm/min, 10 V, 15 g/lit, and 1.5 lit/min), respectively. Finally, the increment of MRR and SR values is mostly dependent on the feed rate of the electrode.

Enhancement Mechanism of Chemical Mechanical Polishing for GaN Based on Electro-Fenton Reaction

In order to obtain a high material removal rate (MRR) with good surface quality, the electro-Fenton reaction was used to assist the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) for the gallium nitride (GaN) substrate. The fluorospectrophotometry, potentiodynamic polarization method and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were applied to analyze the enhancement mechanism of the CMP of GaN assisted by electro-Fenton reaction. The results revealed that the hydroxyl radical (·OH) concentration in the electro-Fenton solution increased by 41.75%, and the corrosion potential decreased by 24.67% compared with the Fenton solution, which proved that the electro-Fenton solution had strong corrosion characteristics and the gallium oxide (Ga2O3) formation rate on the wafer surface was accelerated. A high MRR of 274.45 nm h−1 with surface roughness (Ra) of 0.88 nm was obtained by electro-Fenton solution. The reduction reaction of the electric field increased the conversion rate of ferrous ions (Fe2+) and ferric ions (Fe3+) effectively and promoted the decomposition of the H2O2 solution. Meanwhile, the oxidation reaction on the GaN wafer surface was enhanced, and high processing efficiency was achieved. Furthermore, the electric field generated a small amount of H2O2, which increased the ·OH concentration and improved the oxidation characteristics of the solution.

Experimental design based optimization of process parameters for EDM of AA6068

Optimization is the Process of achieving the exquisite and efficacious outcome of a predefined input parameter. Optimization has been become essential requirement for industries towards carve and fudge together, of various types of quality outcomes at minimum cost. Among machining process EDM is popular for better surface finish with high MRR machining characteristics. It is based on the thermionic energy in between work piece and tool. In this present paper EDM input parameters like effect of peak current, pulse on time, pulse off time and gap voltage has been optimized using Taguchi approach. Three response characteristics material removal rate (MRR), tool wear rate (TWR) and surface roughness are measured and discussed suitable parameters selection for the same while machining of AA6068. It is observed that peak current has highest contribution/influence on response characteristics. Optimum values of MRR is obtained as 0.0444 gm/min. Optimum electrode wear or Tool Wear rate is obatined as 0.00044 gm/min with input process parameters I = 8 amps current, Vg = 40 V gap voltage, Ton = 100 micro second and Duty cycle Toff = 80%. Whereas, Best surface finish was obtained as is 3.617 µm.

Material removal mechanism in magnetorheological foam plane finishing

The material removal process of magnetorheological foam plane finishing (MRFPF) method which considers various processing conditions was studied in this paper. A material removal rate (MRR) model based on the updating type of workpiece moving trajectory, magnetic field distribution, and polishing speed in the polishing area was established for MRFPF. In this model, MRR is generated by integrating the polishing pressure and speed over the time that polishing pressure on workpiece updating for 1 cycle with the relative error between theoretical and experimental results less than 11.63 %. Moreover, MRFPF can achieve much higher MRR and surface flatness improvement rate than that of magnetorheological finishing (MRF) under different processing conditions, which further indicates the effectiveness of MRFPF in planar finishing.

Developing a novel radial ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding device and evaluating its performance in machining PTMCs

Particle-reinforcing titanium matrix composites (PTMCs) exhibit the sharp raising applications in modern industries owing to its extraordinary physical and mechanical properties. However, the poor grindability and unstable grinding processes due to the existence of TiC particles and TiB short fibres inside PTMCs, leading to the sudden grinding burn and low material removal rate. In this work, a novel radial ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding (RUVAG) device with a special cross structure was developed to improve machining efficiency and avoid grinding burns. Meanwhile, the resonant modal and transient dynamic characteristics of radial ultrasonic vibration system were discussed. Comparative grinding performance experiments were then conducted under the conventional grinding (CG) and RUVAG using mono-layer cubic boron nitride abrasive wheels, in views of the grinding forces and force ratio, grinding temperature, and ground surface morphology. Results show that the ultrasonic vibration direction can be transformed effectively using the special cross structure of vibration converter, and better vibration homogeneity can be obtained. RUVAG has a smaller tangential grinding force by 5.0%–17.2% than that of CG, but a higher normal grinding force of 6.5%–14.9%, owing to the periodic impact of grinding wheels. In addition, RUVAG possesses a remarkable lower grinding temperature in range of 24.2%–51.8% and a higher material removal rate by 2.8 times compared with CG, resulting from the intermittent cutting behavior between the grinding wheel and workpiece. In this case, the sudden burn can be avoided during high-speed grinding processes. Moreover, the proportion of micro-fracture defects on machined surface is slightly increased once the ultrasonic vibration mode is employed because of the periodic impact on reinforced particles, whereas the pull-out defects of reinforced particles are reduced significantly.

Improving productivity through maximizing MRR in machining silicon nitride ceramic reinforced aluminium alloy 5052

The research is to improve the material removal rate (MRR) during machining the novel silicon nitride (Si3N4) reinforced AA5052 aluminium matrix composite (AMMC) and comparing the MRR obtained with as cast AA5052. The present research work focuses on the fabrication of novel AA5052 matrix composite reinforced with Si3N4 by conventional stir casting method. For machining investigation two groups are considered; experimental group (AA5052 + 9 %Si3N4) and control group (as cast AA5052). For each group 27 samples were considered based on the sample size calculator. Addition of Si3N4 improves mechanical strength and thereby reduces the MRR. Higher MRR is obtained during machining as cast AA5052 than the novel AA5052 + 9 %Si3N4 due to non-inclusion of ceramic particulates. The mean value of MRR obtained for as cast AA5052 is 1.1074 g/min and for AA5052 + 9 % Si3N4 is 0.7367 g/min. The significance value obtained from independent sample T-test is 0.002 which is lower than the desired p < 0.05. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, achieving a higher material removal rate is desired as it increases the production rate along with optimal conditions. But with inclusion of hard reinforcements in the soft matrix, machinability tends to be lower and hence less MRR is observed for the experimental group when compared with the control group.

Parameters optimization in plasma arc cutting of AISI 1020 mild steel plate using hybrid genetic algorithm and artificial neural network

The aim of this study was to optimize the cutting parameters such as cutting speed, standoff distance, cutting current and gas pressure of the CNC plasma arc cutting process that affected the material removal rate, surface roughness and nozzle diameter change after cutting performed on AISI 1020 mild steel plate. Three levels of variation were taken to the four cutting parameters that were chosen. Twenty-seven trial experiments were carried out using L27 orthogonal array of Taguchi design. In this experimental investigation, the highest material removal rate (MRR) of 8.96 g/s, Ra surface roughness (SR) of 15.734 µm and nozzle orifice diameter (ND) of 1.4637 mm were achieved, whereas the lowest obtained values of MRR, SR and ND were 2.324 g/s, 5.98 µm and 1.2114 mm, respectively. For modeling the plasma arc cutting process experimental input parameters and responses' results, a hybrid ANN-GA model was constructed. This model was used to forecast and optimize MRR, SR and ND, as well as the control factors that go with it. The results indicated that the ANN-GA model could predict the output responses with a mean square error of 1.06885e–1. During optimization, a 4-9-3 network trained with neural network of back propagation by Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm was used to have the greatest prediction capability, with optimum values of MRR, SR and ND of 7.0032 g/s, 4.2062 µm and 1.3142 mm, respectively. From the confirmation tests, the average results of 6.9247 g/s of MRR, 4.3429 µm of SR and 1.3703 mm of ND were obtained. The percentage of errors between the ANN-GA predicted optimal responses' results and the confirmatory experimental results were found 1.121%, 3.250% and 4.269% for MRR, SR and ND, respectively.