Highest Lycopene Content Research Articles

Effect of organic and inorganic salts against sour rot (Geotrichum candidum) of Tomato

Carbendazim and nine selected organic and inorganic salt compounds, considered as common food additives, were evaluated for their activity against Geotrichum candidum, causal agent of tomato sour rot. The maximum inhibition of mycelial growth were recorded in carbendazim (82.9%) followed by sodium carbonate (43.9%), while minimum inhibition was recorded in magnesium sulphate (6.0%) as compared to control. Carbendazim was found most effective and five salts in vitro were tested in vivo. All tested salt compounds significantly reduced the disease severity. The lowest disease severity was recorded in treatment of carbendazim (63.6%) followed by sodium carbonate (73.8%) and highest disease severity was recorded in sodium thiosulphate (83.5%) as compared to control (100%). Physiological loss in weight was minimum in carbendazim (2.3%) and calcium carbonate (3.0%), as compared to control (8.0%). Highest lycopene content of tomato was obtained in sodium carbonate (5.04 mg/100g) followed by boric acid (4.49 mg/100g), as compared to control (5.05 mg/100g).

Stability and release of an encapsulated solvent-free lycopene extract in alginate-based beads

A free-solvent lycopene extract was obtained from a natural and non-conventional source such as pink grapefruit. Five matrices were evaluated to select the matrix for lycopene extraction, choosing freeze-dried pulp based on the high content and conservation of all-trans lycopene. The extraction was dependent on both partial preservation of the fruit cellular/tissular structure and water content. The extract was then encapsulated in alginate beads with the addition of sugars and galactomannans. The influence of beads composition was studied on stability towards isomerization, transport properties and release of lycopene. Alginate beads and those supplemented with trehalose and vinal gum were the ones that best preserved lycopene content and minimized isomerization changes. Transport properties measured by LF-NMR showed that lower diffusion coefficients could be related to higher lycopene content in alginate-trehalose beads. Lycopene release was strongly influenced by composition. Then, it is possible to design formulations with different release rates for particular applications.

Effect of osmotic dehydration on physico-chemical properties and pigment content of carrot (Daucus carotaL) during preserve manufacture

Osmotic dehydration affected physico-chemical properties and carotenoids content during preserve making in red and orange carrots. The initial soluble solid contents of 5.29°B and 9.53°B increased to 67°B and 69°B in the final product of red and orange carrots, respectively. Total carotenoids content reduced from 15.28 to 9.34 mg/100 g for red carrot and 24.5 to 22.12 mg/100 g for orange carrots due to thermal degradation. The lycopene content also got decreased in both carrots when cooked in sugar syrup. Red carrot has higher lycopene content as compared with orange carrot. The L value decreased during preserve making due to darkening. The “a” value and “b” value also decreased which means reduction in redness and yellowness. Reducing sugars increased during processing because of inversion of sucrose in the presence of citric acid. Practical applications The current focus of the food processing is to study the functional constituents. Pigments are important phyto-chemicals having health promoting properties. Carrot is a very economic source of carotenoids that gets converted into vitamin A. Preserve is an important product that can be used as a mean to supplement vitamin A. This study has been carried out to know the fate of pigments during processing. The preserve manufacturers, nutritionists and consumer may get the precise amount of pigment in the final product.

Changes in carotenoid and chlorophyll content of black tomatoes (Lycopersicone sculentum L.) during storage at various temperatures.

Black tomatoes have a unique color and higher lycopene content than typical red tomatoes. Here, black tomatoes were investigated how maturation stage and storage temperature affected carotenoid and chlorophyll accumulation. Immature fruits were firmer than mature fruits, but failed to develop their distinctive color and contained less lycopene when stored at 8 °C. Hunter a* values of black tomatoes increased with storage temperature and duration; storage of immature fruits at high temperature favored lycopene accumulation. Chlorophyll levels of black tomatoes declined during storage, but differences between mature and immature tomatoes stored at 12 °C were minimal. β-Carotene levels of black tomatoes increased during early storage, but rapidly declined beginning 13 d post-harvest. The highest lycopene and chlorophyll levels were observed in mature black tomatoes stored at 12 °C for 13 d; these conditions also yielded the best quality fruit. Thus, the unique pigmentation properties of black tomatoes can be precisely controlled by standardizing storage conditions.

Physicochemical Properties of Three Different Tomato Cultivars of Telangana, India and Their Suitability in Food Processing

<div><p><em>Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits of three commercial tomato cultivars </em><em>Pusa Ruby, Lakshmi and US440, were harvested at red riped stage and physicochemical parameters like colour, TSS, p<sup>H</sup>, weight of fruit and lycopene content were assessed. Among the three Pusa Ruby cultivar was selected for further processing due to its desirable traits like high lycopene content (5.49 mg/100 g) high TSS (6.93° Brix), pH less than 4.5 and uniform red colour. Tomato powder was processed and physicochemical analysis showed that lycopene content of tomato powder was 4.19 mg/100 g, rehydration ratio was 1.09% and dehydration ratio was 22.49%.</em></p></div>

Genotypic variation in carotenoid, ascorbic acid, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity in selected tomato breeding lines

Genotypic diversity of antioxidants is important for the development of tomato cultivars with high antioxidant contents. The contents and antioxidant activities of major antioxidant phytochemicals (carotenoids, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and flavonoids) of 119 cherry and non-cherry tomato genotypes (16 commercial cultivars and 103 germplasm lines) were analyzed. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH assays. Significant genotypic differences were observed in the content and antioxidant activity of all of the studied antioxidant phytochemicals. Relatively higher genotypic variation was found in carotenoid, ascorbic acid, and flavonoid content than in total phenolic content and antioxidant activities. Most variation in total carotenoid content of tomato fruits was caused by lycopene, followed by s-carotene and lutein. One cherry tomato line, TG-110, and 3 non-cherry tomato germplasm lines, IT237605, IT237703, and IT237706, had much higher lycopene contents (> 1930 mg·kg -1), and thus higher total carotenoid contents, than did the other lines. The highest ascorbic acid and total flavonoid contents were found in TG-106 (388 mg·kg -1) and TC-053 (2353.0 mg·kg -1), respectively. Two cherry tomato lines, TC-019 and TC-053, and 3 non-cherry tomato lines, TG-107, TG-112, and TG-113, had significantly higher total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities than did the commercial cultivars. The genotypes selected on the basis of their phytochemical content could be used to develop new tomato cultivars with high antioxidant contents and activities.

Integrated membrane separation processes aiming to concentrate and purify lycopene from watermelon juice

Abstract The increasingly consumer demand for ingredients obtained from natural sources and sustainable processes represents for the industry the challenge to place on the market innovative products with high added value. Watermelon is known for its high lycopene content, the red pigment with recognized antioxidant properties. This work investigated the integration of microfiltration, diafiltration and reverse osmosis processes to obtain a low sugar lycopene-rich extract from watermelon juice. Permeate flux, lycopene and sugars content, the antioxidant capacity and color parameters were used to evaluate the performance of the integrated membrane processes. Average permeate fluxes of microfiltration/diafiltration and reverse osmosis processes were 69.6 and 19.1 kg h − 1 m − 2 , respectively. An increase up to 17 and 11 times in lycopene content and antioxidant capacity as well as a decrease in sugars concentration were achieved. The final product showed a dark red color, as highlighted by the brightness value (L *) of 37.06. Industrial relevance Watermelon juice concentration can be an alternative to produce lycopene-rich products, especially colorants and antioxidants. Membrane processes are a good alternative to the conventional thermal concentration once they operate at milder temperature conditions avoiding the undesirable losses of heat-sensitive compounds as well as sensorial characteristics as color and flavor. The integration of microfiltration, diafiltration and reverse osmosis can be useful to obtain a lycopene-rich extract from watermelon juice, with low sugar content.

Facile synthesis of water-soluble carbon nano-onions under alkaline conditions.

Carbonization of tomatoes at 240 °C using 30% (w/v) NaOH as catalyst produced carbon onions (C-onions), while solely carbon dots (C-dots) were obtained at the same temperature in the absence of the catalyst. Other natural materials, such as carrots and tree leaves (acer saccharum), under the same temperature and alkaline conditions did not produce carbon onions. XRD, FTIR, HRTEM, UV–vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence analyses were performed to characterize the as-synthesized carbon nanomaterials. Preliminary tests demonstrate a capability of the versatile materials for chemical sensing of metal ions. The high content of lycopene in tomatoes may explain the formation of C-onions in alkaline media and a possible formation mechanism for such structures was outlined.

Effects of rootstocks on storage and shelf life of grafted watermelons

Watermelon fruits from non-grafted or grafted ‘Crimson Tide’ (CT) and ‘Crisby’ (CR) onto Ferro, RS841, Argentario and Macis rootstocks were compared for their postharvest quality during storage at 7 °C for 21 days and additional 7 days at 21 °C. Non-grafted and grafted CT and CR fruits did not exhibit chilling injury (CI) symptoms, but the 1-2% of fungal decay occurred after shelf life period following storage. Watermelons grafted on Ferro and RS841 rootstocks had higher flesh firmness thicker rind, lower ripening rating, more intense (higher C*) brighter red (lower h° value) color and higher lycopene content after shelf life period following storage, compared to non-grafted fruits. All of the fruit tested by the panelists received high taste scores of >7.9 out of 8.5 at the beginning, but the scores decreased to >6.8 out of 7.7 at the end of shelf life period. Watermelons could successfully be kept for 21 days at 7 °C and additional 7 days at 21 °C. Watermelons grafted on Ferro and RS841 rootstocks had higher postharvest quality, compared to the non-grafted fruits for both cultivars.

Influence of high lycopene varieties and organic farming on the production and quality of processing tomato

The effect of conventional integrated pest management and organic farming production systems on the agronomic performance and quality of standard and high lycopene tomato cvs. has been evaluated for two years in two of the main processing tomato producing areas of Spain (Extremadura and Navarra). As an average, the production under organic farming was on average 36% lower than in conventional integrated pest management. Organic farming tended show reduced contents of citric and glutamic acid. Although the contents in sugars were not significantly affected, the ratios sucrose equivalents to citric and glutamic acid increased. Nevertheless, a strong influence of the environment and interactions were detected and under certain conditions (e.g. Extremadura), organic farming may increase the contents in glucose and fructose. The levels of lycopene were not affected by the cultivation system, while beta-carotene contents were higher under organic farming. High lycopene cvs. ‘Kalvert’ and ‘ISI-24424′ registered the highest lycopene levels, but with 27.6 and 28.1% lower production levels compared to ‘H-9036′, the cv. with the best agronomic performance. ‘Kalvert’, with high accumulation of sugars and high ratios sucrose equivalents to citric and glutamic acid and high lycopene contents would be an ideal material for supplying quality markets. ‘H-9997′ with intermediated levels of lycopene accumulation proved to be a good material combining production levels and functional quality. ‘CXD-277′ offered the higher values in variables related with organoleptic quality with intermediate lycopene accumulation but with lower production.

LICOPENE AND Β-CAROTENE IN TOMATO

The high antioxidant activity in tomato fruits is caused not only by sufficient content of vitamin C and polyphenols but also the carotenoids and the fat soluble antioxidants. Lycopene and beta-carotene are the main fat-soluble antioxidants, the consumption of which influences positively on human’s health. It is known that tomato fruits are the source of lycopene for human diet, providing up to 85% of the total lycopene in food. The breeding program for tomato cultivars with high content of carotenoids is a very important task for breeders. In our study the content of betacarotene and lycopene was assessed in 18 tomato accessions with red, pink, yellow and orange fruits obtained in Solanaceae Breeding Laboratory at VNIISSOK. All plants were grown in experimental open field in Odintsovo region, Moscow oblast, VNIISSOK. It was revealed that the typical concentration ratio of lycopene to beta-carotene for pink and red fruits was 1.5 to 10.25, but for yellow and orange fruits was 0 to 0.63. Highest ratio was observed in red fruits in line 230-16. The highest lycopene content was found in red fruits of tree type tomato lines 198-16 and 86F1 (11.5 and 8.7 g/100g. respectively). The highest content of betacarotene was in yellow fruits of line 53-16 F1 (4.1 mg/100g) and orange fruits of line 184-16 (6.2 mg/100g). All studied accessions with orange fruits had the higher content of beta-carotene than in standard and highest content of lycopene in this group of accessions. Thus, these fruits had the high nutritional value. The balanced content of lycopene and beta-carotene and low acidity in pink and yellow-orange tomato fruits makes these cultivars the most valuable for children’s diet and people with problems of digestive system.

Molecular Profiling - Fruit Carotenoids Components of Six American Heirloom Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum)

Fruit pigments of six vine-ripening American heirloom tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) were analyzed: the green-ripe ‘Aunt Ruby’s German Green’, the red-ripe ‘Black from Tula’, ‘Cherokee Purple’ and ‘German Johnson Regular Leaf’ and the yellow-ripe ‘Kellogg’s Breakfast’ and ‘Yellow Brandywine Platfoot Strain’ which were grown in Hungary (Godollo). In total, twenty-one type of pigments were determined by Reverse Phase (RP) High- Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): the orange colorations of lutein, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, mutatoxanthin and neoxanthin, the red-orange colorations of lycopene, lycopene-epoxide 1, lycopene-epoxide 2, lycoxanthin, 9-cis-lycopene, 13-cis-lycopene, lycopene-diepoxide 1 and lycopene-diepoxide 2 and the third group of colorations of violaxanthin, neochrome, prolycopene, neurosporene-epoxide, neurosporene, ζ(Zeta)-carotene, ζ- carotene-like, and α(alfa)-cryptoxanthin. Tomato ‘Black from Tula’ showed the highest content of β-carotene (23.56 g kg-1). The highest lycopene content (19.25 g kg-1) was found in the ‘Cherokee Purple’ and an extremely high prolycopene (syn.: tetra-cis-lycopene or all-trans-lycopene) content was found in the two yellow fruited tomatoes of ‘Kellogg’s Breakfast’ and ‘Yellow Brandywine Platfoot Strain’ (100.87 and 70. 99 g kg-1, respectively). Brix indexes did not show significant differences. Based on the results suggestions for growing purposes and further use in metabolomics and molecular and DNA profiling are given.

Mitigating Climate Change Impact on Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) under Protected Cultivation

Under the climate change scenario, protected cultivation may possibly provide ample scope for ‘off'season production of high-value vegetable crops. Among the highvalue crops, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) is most important and rich sources of lycopene, β-carotene, phenols, flavonoids and many vitamins. The performances of eight tomato varieties, namely Himsona, Naveen, NS-524, Red Beauty (cherry tomato), Arka Samrat, Abhilash, Shahenshah and Arka Rakshak in terms of their yield and quality parameters under polyhouse condition were evaluated. Conducive temperature and relative humidity inside polyhouse were maintained in the range of 26–28°C and 65–90%, respectively. The total fruit weight/plant ranged from 3.50 to 10.45 kg/plant and was maximum in Himsona with minimum in Red Beauty. The fruit number per plant varied from 69 to 700, and individual fruit weight ranged from 5.0 to 88.0 g. Himsona registered higher yield along with maximum marketable shelf life (12 days) as compared with other cultivars. Red Beauty recorded higher lycopene content besides total soluble solid (TSS) and TSS/acidity ratio at red-ripe stage. Thus, Himsona and Red Beauty can be used for cultivation under protected condition in subtropical areas for higher yield and quality.

The Impact of Different Production Systems on the Content of Lycopene in Tomato Fruits

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is one of the most widespread vegetable crops for multiple uses in the diet of the human population. Tomato products and tomatoes are an important source of vitamin C, copper and iron, and contain significant amounts of B vitamins, and minerals such as potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium. However, tomato lycopene seems particularly precious, active substances from the carotenoid family that plays an important role in the defense of the health of human organism.In the fruits of tomatoes lycopene is dominant carotenoid, and besides him there are also smaller facilities α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, phytoene, fitofluena, neurosporena and lutein. The content of lycopene in tomatoes is largely dependent on the different agro-ecological conditions, primarily temperature, solar radiation and humidity.It is clear that the variety, stage of maturity, different environmental conditions and production methods affect the chemical and physical characteristics of agricultural products. Bearing in mind the nutritional and halth importance of representation of tomatoes in the diet and the area in which this kind of vegetable products, the objective of this research is to examine the impact of different production systems (organic, integrated and conventional) on the synthesis and content of lycopene in tomatoes.All production systems include the established methodology that is used for the production of tomatoes in open field (block system). Within each type of production were included tomato hybrids Matias F1 and Sakura F1. The highest content of lycopene was recorded in the integrated production(6.05mg/100 g),and the lowestin conventional(5.88 mg/100g). The highest contentof lycopenehad ahybridSakuraF1from6.34to6.56 (mg/100g) depending on the mode of production

저온 및 재래식 공정에 따른 쌀·야채류 압출성형물의 항산화 활성 비교

ABSTRACT The study was designed to investigate the effects of cold and conventional extrusion on antioxidant properties of extruded rice with vegetables. Moisture content and screw speed were fixed at 25% and 150 rpm. Cold extrusion and conventional extrusion were adjusted at die temperature of 80°C with a CO 2 injection rate of 300 mL/min and 140°C without a CO 2 injection, respectively. Pumpkin, tomato, strawberry, and green tea powder of 10% were individually blended with rice flour. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity of extruded pumpkin and tomato mix by conventional extrusion was higher than that by cold extrusion. Total phenolic content in extruded pumpkin, tomato, and strawberry mix by cold extrusion was higher than that by conventional extrusion. Total flavonoid content was highest (18.82 mg/g) in extruded green tea by conventional extrusion. Total carotenoid content decreased in extruded pumpkin but increased in extruded tomato. Tomato extrudates with cold extrusion had higher lycopene content than conventional extrusion. Anthocyanin content of conventional extruded strawberry was higher than that of cold extrudates. Total chlorophyll contents decreased through the extrusion process.

Carotenoid composition in oils obtained from palm fruits from the Brazilian Amazon

The oils obtained from native palm fruits are considered new sources of high added value phytochemicals, making it necessary to know the composition of the less studied species in order to evaluate their economic potential. The objective of this study is to identify and quantify the arotenoids in palm fruit oils from the Brazilian Amazon: bacaba ( Oenocarpus bacaba ), buriti ( Mauritia flexuosa ), inaja ( Maximiliana maripa ), pupunha ( Bactris gasipaes ) and tucuma ( Astrocaryum vulgare ), by means of liquid phase extraction and HPLC-UV-vis. analysis. The results showed an extremely variable carotenoid content, from 13 mg·kg −1 in bacaba oil to more than 1000 mg·kg −1 in the tucuma one. The oils obtained from buriti, pupunha and tucuma displayed high concentrations of s-carotene, corresponding to fruits with the series s, s dominant metabolism. Upon analyzing the carotenoid profile in bacaba oil for the first time, an extraordinary dominance of the s, e pathway was observed, proving them to be oils with high lutein and α-carotene contents. Although the s, s pathway dominates in inaja oil, the exclusive and high lycopene content implies that LCY-E is barely active in these fruits, in contrast to what has been evidenced so far. It is therefore of the utmost importance to characterize these new potential sources of carotenoids.

SUGAR AND ACID PROFILE OF PROCESSING TOMATO CULTIVARS GROWN UNDER CONVENTIONAL OR ORGANIC CONDITIONS

The optimization of tomato taste has gained importance during the last years following consumer demands of higher quality. At the same time consumers also demand a minimum impact on the environment during cultivation. The effect of conventional and organic cultivation on the sugar and acid profile of processing cultivars has been studied in the two main growing regions in Spain. Standard and high lycopene cultivars have been used in order to study the possibility of combining organoleptic and functional quality. High differences in the acid profile (malic vs. citric) and in the sugar accumulation of the cultivars were found. In some cases, the higher values in the content of taste-related compounds coincide with previously described high lycopene contents. The cultivation system had no significant effect on malic and citric acid accumulation, but it affected sugar accumulation and the sucrose equivalents (SEq) to citric and glutamic acid ratios. On average, 7.7 and 10.4% higher contents of glucose and fructose respectively were obtained with the organic cultivation system. The SEq to citric acid and SEq to glutamic acid ratios were consequently higher with this system (8.3 and 46.3% respectively). Organic cultivation of high lycopene cultivars might be an excellent selection to combine high organoleptic and functional quality targeted to quality markets.

Diallel Analysis for Lycopene Content in the Hybrids Derived from Different Colored Parents in Tomato

Lycopene is a red pigment in tomato with purported antioxidant properties. As the amount of lycopene has been reported to differ in different colored tomatoes or even absent in non-red tomatoes, the objective of this study was to investigate the inheritance of lycopene content and the color parameters of hybrids using a 10 parent diallel excluding reciprocals. Parents differed in general combining ability (GCA) for lycopene and color parameters. “Chocolate Stripe” (purple and brown striped) had the highest lycopene content followed by NC 1CS (red colored with the crimson gene) with the best general combining ability among parental lines. Hybrids differed in lycopene content and color parameters across two summer and greenhouse experiments, with no interaction between experiments indicating that the lycopene content was consistent. Narrow-sense heritability for lycopene was only 9% whereas broad-sense heritability was estimated to be 25%. The order of dominance for lycopene content was found as purple-brown > red > blue > yellow > green. Heritability estimates for color parameters were close to those for lycopene. This information may be useful in developing specialty type tomatoes or increasing lycopene content in tomatoes.

Comparative Evaluation of Lycopene Content and Some Chemical Properties of Commonly Consumed Brands of Tomato Paste in Port –Harcourt, South-South, Nigeria

A comparative evaluation of lycopene content and some chemical properties of commonly consumed brands of tomato paste were investigated. Six double concentrate tomato paste and a locally processed sample (freshly milled and boiled tomato used as control were reviewed. Chemical composition of the samples revealed that locally processed tomato was the least in total solids, pH, viscosity and lycopene, with Gino tomato brand having the highest lycopene content. All brands of tomato paste showed a significant difference (p>0.05) in the chemical parameters. Proximate analysis showed that moisture content ranged from 69.00 – 84.85%, while ash, protein and carbohydrate ranged from 1.11 – 2.80%, 2.95 – 4.87% and 7.91 -18.58% respectively, with the locally processed sample been the least in all cases. The findings in this study showed that there exist significant difference between tomato products in terms of lycopene and other chemical parameters as a result of processing and varietal differences.

Effect of coloured shade-nets on plant leaf parameters and tomato fruit quality.

The concept of photo-selective netting using commercial cultivation practices was studied in a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum 'Vedetta') summer cultivation in south Serbia (under high solar radiation 910 W m(-2) , with a photosynthetic photon flux density of 1661 µmol m(-2) s(-1) ), under four different coloured shade-nets (pearl, red, blue and black) with 40% relative shading. The aim of the study was to determine how different environmental control technologies (coloured shade-nets as screen house or plastic-house integrated with coloured shade-nets) could influence plant parameters, production and quality traits in tomato fruits cultivated in south Serbia (Balkan region). The leaf area index (LAI) ranged from 4.6 to 5.8 in open field and plastic tunnels plants (control) with maximum LAI values of 7.9-8.2 in net houses with red colour nets. Shade-grown leaves generally have higher total chlorophyll and carotenoids content than do control leaves. Pericarp thickness was significantly higher tomatoes grown under pearl (7.215.82 µm), red (7099.00 µm) and blue nets (6802.29 µm) compared to other treatments and to control (6202.48 µm). The highest concentration of lycopene was detected in tomatoes grown in plastic houses integrated with red colour nets (64.9 µg g(-1) fresh weight). The plastic house and open field (control) tomato production had a taste index mean value of 1.09-1.10. This is significantly higher than the values determined for the treatments with different coloured shade-nets. These results show that red and pearl photo-selective nets create optimal growing conditions for the growth of the plant and produce fruits with thicker pericarp, the highest lycopene content, a satisfactory level of taste index and can be further implemented within protected cultivation practices.