Higher Levels Of Total Sugars Research Articles

Unveiling the sweetness: evaluating yield and quality attributes of early generation sweet corn (Zea mays subsp. sachharata) inbred lines through morphological, biochemical and marker-based approaches.

Sweet corn is gaining tremendous demand worldwide due to urbanization and changing consumer preferences. However, genetic improvement in this crop is being limited by narrow genetic base and other undesirable agronomic traits that hinder the development of superior cultivars. The main requirement in this direction is the development of potentially promising parental lines. One of the most important strategies in this direction is to develop such lines from hybrid-oriented source germplasm which may provide diverse base material with desirable biochemical and agro-morphological attributes. The study was undertaken to carry out morphological and biochemical evaluation of 80 early generation inbred lines (S2) of sweet corn that were developed from a cross between two single cross sweet corn hybrids (Mithas and Sugar-75). Moreover, validation of favourable recessive alleles for sugar content was carried out using SSR markers. The 80 sweet corn inbreds evaluated for phenotypic characterization showed wide range of variability with respect to different traits studied. The highest content of total carotenoids was found in the inbred S27 (34μgg-1) followed by the inbred S65 (31.1μgg-1). The highest content for total sugars was found in S60 (8.54%) followed by S14 (8.34%). Molecular characterization of 80 inbred lines led to the identification of seven inbreds viz., S21, S28, S47, S48, S49, S53, and S54, carrying the alleles specific to the sugary gene (su1) with respect to the markers umc2061 and bnlg1937. Comparing the results of scatter plot for biochemical and morphological traits, it was revealed that inbreds S9, S23, S27 and S36 contain high levels of total sugars and total carotenoids along with moderate values for amylose and yield attributing traits. The inbred lines identified with desirable biochemical and agro-morphological attributes in the study could be utilized as source of favourable alleles in sweet corn breeding programmes after further validation for disease resistance and other agronomic traits. Consequently, the study will not only enhance the genetic base of sweet corn germplasm but also has the potential to develop high-yielding hybrids with improved quality. The inbreds possessing su1 gene on the basis of umc2061 and bnlg1937 markers were also found to possess high sugar content. This indicates the potential of these lines as desirable candidates for breeding programs aimed at improving sweet corn yield and quality. These findings also demonstrate the effectiveness of the molecular markers in facilitating marker-assisted selection for important traits in sweet corn breeding.

Dynamic changes in physicochemical and transcriptional expression profiles of mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit during ripening

Mulberry fruit is in increasingly demand as a healthy natural product. Research into the compositional characteristics of mulberries at different stages of ripening could help maximise their use and minimise wastage, but knowledge in this area is limited. This study investigated the physicochemical and transcriptional expression profiles of mulberries at different maturity stages. The results showed that the nutrients of mulberries generally accumulate during ripening. Ripe mulberries contained high levels of total sugars (129.88 ± 1.09 mg/g), total phenolics (3.08 ± 0.16 mg/g), and anthocyanin compounds, making them a good source of dietary supplements and medicines for the population. Interestingly, unripe mulberries had a high content of minerals and organic acids, showing their potential value as a derivative product. Especially, the highest content of potassium (2237.00 ± 86.56 μg/g), magnesium (707.04 ± 24.29 μg/g), calcium (2371.20 ± 364.09 μg/g), phosphorus (545.90 ± 3.13 μg/g), citric acid (45.96 ± 0.65 mg/g) were detected in the unripe mulberry. Transcriptome sequencing revealed high transcript levels of UDP-glucosyltransferase 29 and bHLH 151 in ripe mulberries. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway is a key pathway throughout the ripening process, and the high expression levels of CHS, CHI, F3H, F3′H, DFR, and ANS may contribute to flavonoid accumulation. By understanding and exploiting the characteristics of mulberries at different stages of ripening, it will help to efficiently develop nutrient-enriched mulberry derived products.

Valorisation of date fruits by-products for the production of biopolymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using the bacterial strain Bacillus paramycoides

The aim of this research was to study the valorization of the date fruit by-product by conversion of date syrup into biopolymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), based on the metabolic capacity of the bacterial strain Bacillus paramycoides to accumulate PHB from date syrup. Total reducing sugars in date syrup was essayed using 3',5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) and HPLC methods. Bacillus paramycoides was isolated from soil of the botanic garden of Skikda university, Algeria. The accumulated PHB was extracted using chloroform. It was quantified as crotonic acid in concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) by spectrophotometry at 300nm. Date syrup is characterized by high levels of total sugars (79.66 g/L) with 31.86 g/L of total reducing sugars. PHB accumulation reached its maximum (104.3 ug/mL) after 96 h of incubation at pH 7 and temperature 37°C using Tryptophane as the nitrogen source and acid pretreated syrup at a concentration of 8%. HPLC analysis on Aminex HPX-87H showed that the produced PHB from date syrup is characterized by a chromatogram peak with a retention time at 22.5 min.

Changes of Physiochemical and Enzymatic Activities of doenjang Prepared with Different Amount of Rice koji during 30 Days of Fermentation

Koji is an intermediate fermentation agent, made by inoculating known microorganisms in grains, such as rice, beans, and barley, to hydrolyze starch or protein. The quality of koji can influence the final quality of doenjang. This study aimed to investigate changes in the physiochemical and enzymatic activities of doenjang prepared with different amounts of rice koji during a 30-day fermentation period. Three doenjang samples were prepared with varying levels of rice koji: K1 (11% reduced), K2 (control), K3 (11% increased). Physiochemical characteristics including pH, TA, acid value, moisture content, color, sugar and reducing sugar content, and enzymatic activities including α- and β-Amylase, acidic and neutral protease activities. Samples were taken every 5 days for 30 days of fermentation period. The doenjang with a high content of rice koji had higher levels of total sugars, reducing sugars, alcohol, and protein enzyme activity than the doenjang samples with a lower content of rice koji (p < 0.05). However, no differences in the physiochemical and enzymatic activities were found between the doenjang made with a lower amount of koji and the control doenjang during fermentation (p > 0.05).

Morphological, Biochemical, and Climatological Analysis of Three Moroccan Henna Verities.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate planted Henna in three sites in Morocco, namely, Alnif, Tafraoute Sidi Ali, and Tazzarine. Morphometric study shows that Tafraoute Sidi Ali Henna variety has highest geometric and weight parameters (length of 27.48 mm, width of 10.92 mm, specific mass of 25.1 mg/leaf, leaf area of 51, 53 mm2, and rib's number of 9.41) when compared to Alnif and Tazzarine varieties. On the other hand, biochemical analysis shows that Tazzarine Henna variety, in the first rank, is characterized by high levels of total sugars (11.27 g/100 g), reducing sugars (5.59 g/100 g), proteins (4.4 g/100g), lipids (3.05 g/100g), phenolic compounds (31.9 g/100 g), flavonoids (5.68 g/100 g), and tannins (5.5 g/100 g). Chromatographic study shows that Tazzarine Henna variety is rich in monocyclic and polycyclic phenolic compounds. Climatic conditions analysis shows that the morphometric and biochemical diversity is related to hydrous and thermal profiles of studied sites. As a conclusion of this work, we can recommend the use of morphometric analysis and phytochemical and chromatographic analysis to determine the quality of Henna in Morocco and elsewhere.

Do optimally ripe blackberries contain the highest levels of metabolites?

Five blackberry cultivars were selected for the study (‘Chester Thornless’, ‘Cacanska Bestrna’, ‘Loch Ness’, ‘Smoothstem’ and ‘Thornfree’) and harvested at three different maturity stages (under-, optimal- and over-ripe). Optimally ripe and over-ripe blackberries contained significantly higher levels of total sugars compared to under-ripe fruit. ‘Loch Ness’ cultivar was characterized by 2.2–2.6-fold higher levels of total sugars than other cultivars and consequently, the highest sugar/acids ratio. ‘Chester Thornless’ stands out as the cultivar with the highest level of vitamin C in under-ripe (125.87mgkg−1) and optimally mature fruit (127.66mgkg−1). Maturity stage significantly affected the accumulation of phenolic compounds. The content of total anthocyanins increased for 43% at optimal maturity stage and cinnamic acid derivatives for 57% compared to under-ripe fruit. Over-ripe blackberries were distinguished by the highest content of total phenolics (1251–2115mg GAE kg−1 FW) and greatest FRAP values (25.9–43.2mM TE kg−1 FW).

Effect of Gamma Radiations on the Quality and Shelf Life of Strawberry Fruit of the Uttrakhand Region

&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Present study was conducted to investigate the effect of gamma radiations on the quality and shelf life of strawberries. The aim of this study was to evaluate gamma radiation doses in range of 0.3- 1.5 kGy. The irradiated strawberries were stored in ambient (temperature 25 +- 2&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C, RH 70 %) and refrigerated (3 +-1&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C, RH 80%) conditions. In samples treated with dose 1.2-1.5 kGy no decay was recorded up to 9 days of ambient conditions. Under refrigerated conditions, strawberry samples of unirradiated and irradiated in the range of 0.3-0.9 kGy started decaying after 14 days of storage. No decay was observed in the samples treated with 1.2-1.5 kGy up to 28 days of refrigerated storage. Dose of 1.2 kGy was significantly effective in reducing the weight loss and in maintaining the higher overall acceptability under both the storage conditions compared to the other treatments. This dose also proved effective in retention of significantly higher levels of total sugars compared to the other treatments. Thus, it was established that irradiating strawberries with dose of 1.2 kGy can prove beneficial in facilitating the marketing of the fruit to distant places other than the local markets, thereby benefiting the growers.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Composición química y distribución de materia seca del fruto en genotipos de plátano y banano

Se evaluó la distribución de materia seca en el racimo y atributos de composición química del fruto en 12 cultivares de plátano y banano de la Colección Colombiana de Musáceas (CCM) y se determinaron acercamientos entre los cultivares por medio de un análisis estadístico de componentes principales y de conglomerados. Las variables porcentajes de pulpa fresca y seca, porcentaje de cáscara seca, contenido de almidón, K, Ca, Cu, Mn, azúcares totales, cenizas, Fe, Zn y B representaron la mayor diferenciación de los cultivares. Los cultivares Orishelle (grupo 1) y FHIA-1 (grupo 2) presentaron los niveles más elevados de los minerales Fe y Zn. Orishelle representa una importante fuente de minerales para la nutrición humana pues se resalta su alto contenido de Fe (51,7 ppm) que se encuentra por encima del promedio general de los demás cultivares evaluados (29,1 ppm), mientras que los mayores niveles de azúcares totales se encontraron en el híbrido FHIA-21 (grupo 2) y el cultivar Gross Michel coco (subgrupo 3B). Los porcentajes más altos de materia en pulpa con respecto a la materia total del racimo los mostraron el material Pisang Mas (subgrupo 3B) (83 %) y los cultivares África 1 (subgrupo 3A) (82,6 %) y Gross Michel coco (82,1 %). Los cultivares Cachaco (grupo 2) y Dominico (subgrupo 3A) mostraron los mayoresporcentajes de cáscara fresca por racimo.

VARIÁVEIS FÍSICAS, QUÍMICAS E REOLÓGICAS DA POLPA INTEGRAL DA MANGA CV.HADEN - DOI: 10.13083/1414-3984/reveng.v23n5p397-405

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar parâmetros físicos, químicos e reológicos da polpa da manga cv. Haden integral. Foram despolpadas mangas da variedade Haden, produzidas em Petrolina (PE) e, em seguida, procedeu-se análises físicas e químicas de sólidos totais; açúcares totais, redutores e não redutores; cinzas; sólidos insolúveis em água; pectina e fibra bruta, além de análises reológicas de viscosidade aparente, em diferentes velocidades de rotação, para os cálculos das tensões de cisalhamento e taxas de deformação. De uma maneira geral, os parâmetros físicos e químicos analisados apresentavam-se nos padrões desejados para a produção de produtos agroindustriais e de acordo com a legislação brasileira para polpa de fruta. A polpa da manga Haden apresentou alto teor de açúcares totais e apresentou comportamento reológico típico de fluidos não newtonianos e pseudoplásticos, ou seja, diminuição da viscosidade aparente com o aumento na velocidade de rotação do viscosímetro. . Observou-se, em termos percentuais, que a diminuição na viscosidade aparente, proporcionadas pelo aumento na velocidade de rotação do viscosímetro de 0,5 para 5,0 rpm foi da ordem de 82,70%; na velocidade de 0,5 para 120 rpm houve diminuição na ordem de 98,15%. Modelos reológicos Lei da potência, Herschel-Bulkley e Mizrahi-Berk foram ajustados aos dados experimentais da curva de tensão de cisalhamento, em função da taxa de deformação, obtendo-se coeficientes de determinação (R2) superiores a 0,99 e desvios percentuais médios (P) inferiores a 3,6% em qualquer um dos modelos. Embora, exista a possibilidade da utilização de qualquer um desses para representar o comportamento reológico da polpa da manga Haden, recomenda-se a utilização do modelo de Mizrahi-Berk por ser o que apresentou o menor P e o maior R2.

Variation in the Biochemical Constituents during Different Moulting Stages in Green Tiger Shrimp, Peneaus semisulcatus

A hallmark of crustacean physiology is the periodic shedding of their old exoskeleton achieved by moulting as an external manifestation of a discontinuous growth process. Crustacean metabolism, reproduction and behavior are all affected by the periodic shedding of the exoskeleton and the characteristics of moulting cycles. There are major gaps in our understanding of moulting patterns of commercially raised shrimp; hence, further investigations on the duration of each moult stage, in-moult cycle and the relationship between biochemical constituents and moult cycling are essentially needed. The present research work was aimed at describing characteristic features and biochemical changes that occur at various stages (A-D) during moulting cycle of the Indian green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus. Experimental animals (wet weight, 20 ± 2 g) were reared individually in aerated plastic aquaria under normal laboratory conditions (12L: 12D; 28.2oC) and 50% of the water was replaced daily for one month. Animals were provided twice daily with commercial Magnum Scampi feed ad libitum and were observed regularly for moulting by setal development and biochemical analysis in conjunction with established parameters for morphological changes during the moulting cycle. Results Original Research Article Annual Research &Review in Biology, 4(6): 985-997, 2014 986 showed that muscle protein content peaked during the post-moult stage A (51.23  2.51 mg/g) and gradually declined through the inter-moult and pre-moult stages. Similarly in the hepatopancreas, distinct increase in the total protein content was observed during the post-moult stage B (15.78  0.26 mg/g) and a steady decline was noticed thereafter (p < 0.05). Significantly higher levels of total sugars from muscle tissues were observed in late post-moult stage B (51.23  2.65 mg/g) and minimum level of total sugars were observed in late pre-moult stage D2-3 both in muscle tissue (28.43  2.98 mg/g) and in hepatopancreas (18.79 1.62 mg/g). A sharp fall in lipid content of muscle tissues was observed in inter-moult stage C (19.54  1.45 mg/g) and a corresponding decline (48.21  3.25 mg/g) was observed in the hepatopancreas. The present study documents and further expands our understanding of the physiological and biochemical changes occurring in P. semisulcatusduring four different moulting stages and will provide useful criteria for identifying different stages in the life cycle of this commercially farmed shrimp.

Effect of seven species of the family Asteraceae on longevity and nutrient levels of Episyrphus balteatus

Adult hoverflies feed on pollen, nectar and honeydews. Thus, the implementation of floristically diverse resources in agroecosystems can enhance biological control of pests by increasing populations of these natural enemies. The objective of this work was to study the effect of seven species of Asteraceae (Andryala integrifolia L., Anthemis arvensis L., Calendula arvensis L., Carduus tenuiflorus Curtis, Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All., Coleostephus myconis (L.) Rchb.f. and Crepis vesicaria L.) on adult longevity and nutrient levels of Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer) (Diptera: Syrphidae). Crepis vesicaria and C. nobile gave the highest mean longevities while, for the other plant species, longevities were not significantly different from those in the water only treatment. In addition, all species tested resulted in significantly lower longevities than the positive control (glucose). In terms of nutrient levels, C. nobile generated high levels of total sugars and C. vesicaria high levels of lipids which suggests the consumption of flower resources. However, the majority of the plants tested would not allow hoverflies to complete their life cycle. Thus, further experimentation needs to be done before considering these plants for implementation in agroecosystems.

Physicochemical characterization and sensory profile of 7 principal Tunisian&lt;br&gt;date cultivars

The physicochemical characterization and the sensory evaluation of six Tunisian dates' cultivars, preselected on the base of the D-optimal design, have been made to compare them with the principal Tunisian dates cultivar, Deglet Nour. The morphological (fresh fruit weight and pulp content) and physicochemical (quality index) studies showed a great diversity among tested cultivars. In fact, the percentage of pulp indicated the existence of cultivars as interesting as Deglet Nour (89.3 ± 0.0), such as Horra (91.9 ± 0.1) and Alig (92.3 ± 0.1). Chemical analysis showed that Mnekher had high levels of total sugars (59.2 ± 0.0 of FM) and that Angou presented the highest ash content (3.6 ± 0.0%). Also, the sensory profiling revealed that each cultivar has its own distinctive characteristics (colour, texture and taste) and that Deglet Nour, Mnekher and Alig presented a tender and soft texture unlike the others, especially the cultivar Kintichi. In addition, the results relating to the hedonic study showed that Deglet Nour,, known as ?finger of light?, was the most appreciated (the best preference score) followed by Alig and Mnekher, whereas, the other studied cultivars were rather rejected by the consumers, especially Horra, Kintichi, Angou and Hamra. These two sensory evaluations revealed that the Tunisian consumer is more attracted by sweet and soft cultivars.

1-MCP APPLICATION BEFORE CONTINUOUS ETHYLENE STORAGE SUPPRESSES SUGAR ACCUMULATION IN THE UK-GROWN POTATO CULTIVAR 'MARFONA'

It has previously been shown that ethylene application at 10 μl L-1 can successfully inhibit sprouting and therefore promote the longer storage of potatoes, but in combination with low temperatures can cause the increase in sugar content. The blocking of ethylene perception by 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) may be expected to have a deleterious effect on potato storage in terms of sprouting; however sugar tuber accumulation might be reduced. In this study, the effect of both 1-MCP and ethylene on biochemical composition, respiration rate and sprouting in the UK-grown potato cultivar 'Marfona' was investigated. Potatoes were harvested and slowly cured from 15 to 6°C over two weeks. Tubers were then exposed to +/- 1μl L-1 1-MCP for 24 h. After the 1-MCP treatment the tubers were placed in trays and stored in the presence or absence of continuous ethylene (10 μl L-1) at 6°C at Sutton Bridge Crop Storage Research Unit (SBCSR) (Lincs., UK) for 30 weeks. Ethylene-treated tubers that did not receive the 1-MCP treatment contained higher levels of total sugars than air-treated potatoes. In contrast, there were no significant differences in sugars between ethylene and air-treated tubers that had received a prior 1-MCP treatment. Additionally, the ethylene-treated tubers that did not receive 1-MCP had significantly higher sucrose, glucose and fructose content than those that received 1-MCP. Respiration rate of tubers was significantly higher in both ethylene and air-treated tubers that received 1-MCP. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences between treatments regarding total number of sprouts measured after thirty weeks storage. The results suggest that a 24 h 1 μl L-1 1-MCP exposure before storage did not affect the total sprout number of tubers, but that the action of ethylene was significantly suppressed in terms of sugar accumulation of tubers.

Influence of a combined hot air and UV‐C treatment on quality parameters of fresh‐cut broccoli florets at 0 °C

SummaryBroccoli is a horticultural product with a high nutritional value that can be consumed fresh but also minimally processed. However, broccoli is highly perishable since it develops a senescence quickly that deteriorates commercial and nutritional quality of the product. In this work we analysed the effect of a combination of UV‐C and heat treatment on quality and senescence of fresh‐cut broccoli florets stored at 0 °C. Combined treatment delayed yellowing as evidenced by higher Hue values and lower chlorophyll degradation. The treatment diminished respiratory activity indicating higher tissue integrity. Treated samples showed higher phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. On day 21 of storage, treated samples had higher levels of total sugars, and total proteins. The results suggest that a combined treatment with heat and UV‐C may reduce senescence, tissue damage and helps to maintain a better quality of the product during storage at 0 °C.

Hot air treatment delays senescence and maintains quality of fresh-cut broccoli florets during refrigerated storage

A postharvest treatment with hot air (48 °C during 3 h) was applied to fresh-cut broccoli to investigate its effect on quality and senescence during storage at 0 °C. The treatment delayed yellowing as evidenced by lower decrease of Hue values during storage. After 21 days of storage, treated broccoli had chlorophyll content approximately 40% higher than controls. The treatment did not affect either weight loss or respiratory activity but induced lower electrolyte leakage, indicating that treated samples conserved higher tissue integrity. Heating reduced phenolic content and antioxidant capacity during the first two weeks, but the samples recovered after 3 weeks reaching values similar to controls. Finally, after 3 weeks of storage, treated samples had higher levels of total sugars, and total and soluble proteins. The results suggest that a short postharvest heat treatment may reduce senescence, tissue damage and contribute to maintain a better quality of the product during storage at 0 °C.

BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL HERBIVORES MAY INCREASE COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF THE NOXIOUS WEEDCENTAUREA MACULOSA

Biocontrol organisms are generally applied in an attempt to reduce the vigor of target species and provide native species with an competitive advantage. We tested the effectiveness of a widely used biocontrol moth, Agapeta zoegana (knapweed root moth) for two years in the field and found that it had no significant direct effect on the biomass of Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed), one of the most destructive invasive plants in North America. Instead of releasing a native grass from competition, the reproductive output of Festuca idahoensis planted with Centaurea was significantly lower when neighboring Centaurea had been attacked by Agapeta. In a greenhouse experiment, we found that Festuca planted in pots with Centaurea that had been attacked by Trichoplusia ni (another nonnative herbivore) had significantly smaller root systems than when they were planted with Centaurea that were protected from herbivory. Root systems of Centaurea that had been attacked by Trichoplusia exuded higher levels of total sugars, but not total phenols. We hypothesize that moderate herbivory stimulated compensatory growth, induced the production of defense chemicals that also had allelopathic effects, or stimulated root exudates that altered the relationship between Centaurea and Festuca via soil microbes. Our data suggest that herbivory may increase the negative effects of C. maculosa on neighboring plants, and that some biocontrols may have indirect negative effects on native species that are not currently recognized.