High Level Of Integration Research Articles

The governance of the coastal region: evolutionary changes in the conceptualisation and integration of landscape in Portuguese coastal planning institutions

ContextCoastal landscapes are unique and fragile socio-ecological systems, yet despite political and scientific efforts toward integrated coastal governance, challenges such as fragmented approaches, multiple boundaries, and inadequate policy integration persist. While landscape governance offers significant potential for rethinking coastal governance by emphasising the integrative power of landscapes, many scientific discussions still employ a binary perspective, limiting its full potential. Additionally, research on how the conceptualisation and integration of landscape has evolved in European coastal planning institutions remains scarce.ObjectivesThis article aims to advance coastal landscape governance research by examining the evolution of the conceptualisation and integration of landscape in Portuguese coastal planning institutions, assessing whether the narrow view found in national laws is reflected at the policy instrument level.MethodsWe used multiple explanatory case study research to explore the evolution of the conceptualisation and integration of landscape within Portuguese coastal planning institutions from 1978 to 2021, employing qualitative content analysis.ResultsFindings indicate that coastal plans have increasingly failed to use the integrative potential of landscapes fully. This decline is accompanied by a growing tendency to associate landscape valuation with Nature Protected Areas.Furthermore, the analysed instruments revealed an increase in references to the landscape over time. However, differing conceptualisations of the landscape emerged, with the unexpected finding that a holistic conceptualisation did not always correspond to high levels of integration. Instead, landscape integration primarily focused on aspects such as multifunctionality, connectivity, and fragmentation.ConclusionsOur research underscores the urgent need for more empirical research in coastal landscape governance. From a broader perspective, such research could demonstrate the benefits of leveraging the integrative power of landscapes in coastal governance, potentially contributing to a paradigm shift towards coastal landscape governance.

Pesantren dan Perubahan Sosial

Pesantren is an Islamic educational institution led by a kiai, operating through both formal and non-formal pathways, with the goal of studying, understanding, internalizing, and practicing Islamic teachings derived from classical texts. It emphasizes moral development and character building as a guide for daily life, along with a spirit of devotion in seeking divine (ilāhiyyah) values. Pesantren maintains a high level of integration with the surrounding community. Its function extends beyond education, serving as a social institution, a center for religious dissemination, and a moral reference for society. As an agent of socio-cultural change, pesantren plays a role in three key areas: 1) Tafaqquh fi al-din – Deepening religious knowledge through educational and dakwah institutions. 2) Teaching classical Islamic texts (kitab kuning) – Using a dialogical, critical, and open approach, without dogmatic enforcement of specific doctrines or opinions. 3) Instilling akhlak al-karimah – Cultivating noble character both within and beyond the pesantren environment.

Design and simulation study of double-cladding fiber for nonlinear Raman imaging

Abstract This paper presents a heterogeneous double-cladding Raman probe utilizing double-cladding hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (DC-HC-ARF). The core region constructed from HC-ARF is designated for the transmission of pump light, while the inner cladding, made of silica glass, is employed for the collection and transmission of Raman signals. The outer cladding,featuring a low refractive index, establishes a significant refractive index contrast with the inner cladding, thereby facilitating the efficient collection of Raman signal light from the inner cladding. By comparing the confinement loss (CL) and other properties of four distinct hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HC-ARF) structures, along with an analysis of the energy transmission performance of the inner cladding structure, we validate the rationale behind the selected configurations for the core, inner cladding, and outer cladding. The HC-ARF used in the core region demonstrates a CL of 8.57×10⁻⁶ dB/m for its LP01 mode, a high-order mode extinction ratio (HOMER) of 243, and notable bending loss. The inner cladding attains a numerical aperture (NA) of up to 0.9, indicating that the fiber can effectively collect Raman light signals. This fiber achieves a high level of integration, facilitating both low-loss transmission of pump light and efficient collection and transmission of signal light simultaneously. By utilizing optical fiber Raman detection technology, real-time imaging of tissues can be achieved, assisting doctors in monitoring and making decisions during surgical procedures.

Medicaid Spending in Coordination-Only Dual-Eligible Special Needs Plans

More than 4 million Medicare beneficiaries have enrolled in dual-eligible Special Needs Plans (D-SNPs), and coordination-only D-SNPs are common. Little is known about the impact of coordination-only D-SNPs on Medicaid-covered services and spending, including long-term services and supports, which are financed primarily by Medicaid. To evaluate changes in Medicaid fee-for-service (FFS) spending before and after new enrollment in coordination-only D-SNPs vs new enrollment in non-D-SNP Medicare Advantage (MA) plans among community-living beneficiaries enrolled in both Medicare and North Carolina Medicaid. This cohort study applied a new user, active comparator design to control for selection into MA and inverse probability of treatment weighting to improve the comparability between groups. The cohort included community-living dual-eligible Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries in North Carolina with 365 days of Medicare FFS enrollment prior to new enrollment in D-SNP (treatment) or other MA plan (active comparator). Linked 100% Medicare and North Carolina Medicaid claims data (2014-2017) provided payments across both payers prior to MA enrollment; after MA enrollment, payments for Medicaid-funded services and supplemental Medicaid payments for Medicare-funded services were observed. Data were analyzed from August 2023 to November 2024. New D-SNP enrollment. Outcomes included annualized 1-year Medicaid FFS spending overall and by claim type, including inpatient, outpatient, carrier, home health, personal care services, and behavioral health services. Among 8869 participants in the D-SNP cohort, 4762 (53.7%) were younger than 65 years, 5833 (65.8%), were female, and 975 (11.0%) resided in rural areas. After inverse probability of treatment weighting, characteristics were similar among the comparison MA cohort of 4389 participants (4706 [53.2%] aged <65 years; 5739 [64.9%] female; 971 [11.0%] rural). There were no significant differences in Medicaid FFS spending per person-year (PPY) at baseline or differential change in the year following new enrollment (mean marginal effect, -$387 [95% CI, -$1274 to $501) between groups. There were significant differences between groups in the change in spending on long-term services and supports, with maintained spending on community-based personal care services following new enrollment in D-SNPs compared with reductions for other MA, resulting in a relative increase of $343 (95% CI, $147 to $539). This cohort study found that coordination-only D-SNPs was associated with maintained North Carolina Medicaid FFS spending levels for long-term services and supports compared with other MA plans, despite limited integration requirements. However, to reduce or delay nursing home transitions, higher levels of integration may be necessary.

Benthic macroinvertebrate diversity and function in an agricultural constructed wetland affected by agrochemical pressure (Seine-et-Marne, France).

Constructed wetlands (CWs), originally designed to mitigate chemical water pollution, often host noticeable aquatic fauna. However, little is known about the impact of the contaminants circulating within CWs on this local fauna, questioning the role of CWs as ecological refuges or traps. We aimed to assess the potential of an agricultural CWs in northern France to act as an ecological trap for aquatic fauna and the potential consequences on wetland functioning. We made faunistic inventories of benthic macroinvertebrates, using litterbags, from March to June 2022 in two zones within the CWs with contrasting levels of agrochemical contamination and in one unpolluted comparison pond. We calculated community diversity and sensitivity indices (e.g., species at risk, SPEARpesticides index). We measured wetland functioning by monitoring the leaf-litter breakdown. Results showed that pesticide fluxes were related to community composition changes and had negative effects on taxonomic diversity (Shannon index) and functional traits (shredder/scraper feeding mode). The negative link between pesticides and the leaf-litter breakdown was less clear, mainly because of the high level of integration of this response. This study reveals that CWs under agrochemical pressure may act as potential ecological traps for benthic macroinvertebrates and highlights the relevance of studying this group as an early-warning indicator of chemical risk in nature-based solutions.

Nursery school buildings in prefabrication techniques from the early 60s to the 80s in Italy. Historical, technological, and pedagogical overview

Prefabricated technologies have historically been associated with large-scale construction projects, particularly gaining momentum after World War II due to the demand for rapid and cost-effective building solutions. From the 1960s to the early 1980s, several innovative prefabricated systems were developed in Italy specifically for the construction of nursery schools. While prefabricated systems in compulsory school buildings have been extensively researched, innovative designs for nursery schools have largely been overlooked. The introduction of new cellular prefabricated systems has enabled a novel design approach, resulting in innovative school configurations that have significant implications for pedagogical practices. This paper provides a critical overview of the most widely used systems, transitioning from those based on the Camus model to those specifically designed to meet the needs of nursery school buildings. The novelty of this approach lies in the correlation between the new prefabrication systems and their associated pedagogical implications. It demonstrates how effective prefabricated technologies can address the educational requirements of increasingly flexible learning environments, accommodate potential spatial variations over time, and achieve a high level of environmental integration to optimize the efficient use of both indoor and outdoor spaces.

Whistleblowing Intentions of Accountants and Auditors: Evidence from the Philippines and Indonesia

Introduction: Accountants and auditors are entrusted to maintain high levels of integrity and independence in the practice of their profession. Whistleblowing is a critical aspect on fraud reporting disclosing financial irregularities in the governance and financial management of an institution. The study aims to provide evidence on the internal-external whistleblowing intentions among accountants and auditors in the Philippines and Indonesia, and identify what factors will influence them in reporting the violations they uncover. Methods: The samples tested are accountants/auditors from the Directorate General of Taxes (DJP) of the Ministry of Finance (Kemenkeu) in the DKI Jakarta area and Certified Public Accountants and/or auditors from the Philippines. Quantitative analysis originating from the results of questionnaire data processing were employed in this study. Purposive sampling of sixty-four accountants/auditors of the Directorat General of Taxes in Indonesia and sixty-four practicing accountants/auditors in the Philippines were used in this study.Results: The study shows that attitude and independence commitment have a significant relationship to the internal-external whistleblowing intentions of accountants and auditors in the Philippines. On the other hand, rationalization significantly affects only the external whistleblowing intentions of the Philippine accountants/auditors. Religiosity has no significant correlation to whistleblowing intentions in the Philippines. Attitude, rationalization, and religiosity have a significant impact on the intentions of Indonesians to blow the whistle towards authorities. Independence commitment does not show a significant relationship with external whistleblowing intentions.

THE DYNAMICS OF IMPLEMENTING SHARIA ACCOUNTING STANDARD IN SHARIA FINANCIAL INSTITUTION

This study investigates the dynamics of Sharia Accounting Standards (SAS) implementation in Indonesian sharia-compliant financial institutions. The adoption of SAS is essential for ensuring consistency and transparency in financial reporting within the Islamic finance sector. However, the process faces several challenges, including differences in practitioners' understanding and expertise of Sharia accounting principles. To explore these dynamics, a systematic literature review was conducted, focusing on publications related to SAS and its application in Islamic finance. The results reveal that multiple factors influence the adoption of SAS. Technical issues, such as varying levels of comprehension and expertise among practitioners, hinder effective implementation. Furthermore, governance issues, stemming from different models of Shariah compliance across countries and varying stages of growth in the Islamic finance sector, add complexity. Additional challenges include the alignment with the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) standards, conflicts between multiple accounting frameworks, and the lack of a unified accounting structure. The study also highlights the disparities in SAS application across Islamic financial institutions. Some institutions exhibit high levels of compliance and effective integration, while others struggle with the implementation. Factors such as inadequate human resources, differences in interpreting SAS, and the need for adjustments to accounting systems further complicate the process. The findings suggest that while the implementation of SAS faces significant challenges, regulatory support, enhanced education and training, and increased collaboration among sharia financial institutions can improve the effectiveness of Sharia-compliant financial reporting in Indonesia.

Perceived task complexity in strategic decision situations: the role of cognitive integration and cognitive load

Purpose Strategic decisions in organizations are often characterized by high uncertainty and ambiguity, which increases their perceived complexity. While research has shown that perceived task complexity impacts strategic decisions, its drivers have not received much attention. Based on managerial cognition research, this paper aims to introduce cognitive abilities, especially cognitive integration and cognitive load, as important individual characteristics that impact perceived task complexity through their effects on information acquisition and processing. Design/methodology/approach Building on managerial cognition research, the authors argue that strategic decision-makers with high levels of cognitive integration perceive a task as less complex, whereas high levels of cognitive load have the opposite effect. Perceived task complexity, in turn, negatively affects strategic decision outcomes. The authors test the hypotheses based on a field study with 50 graduate-level management students who participated in a computer-based strategic decision simulation. Findings Based on OLS regression analyses, the authors find a positive effect of cognitive integration and a negative impact of cognitive load on perceived task complexity, which negatively impacts strategic decision outcomes. Originality/value The authors contribute to strategic decision-making research by highlighting the role of cognitive processes and abilities for strategic decision-making processes and outcomes.

Exploring the Link Between CEO Integrity and Investment Efficiency: New Evidence from Emerging South Africa

ABSTRACT This study detects an un-investigated ethical attribute of CEOs linked to investment efficiency – integrity. This study conjectures, drawing on the expectancy violation and self-regulation theories, that CEOs with high levels of integrity tend to understand the severity of stakeholders’ punishment for managerial misconduct and, therefore, self-regulate to avoid self-serving motives and align managerial and stakeholders’ interests leading to high investment efficiency. Using a sample of South African firms from 2015 to 2020, this study finds that CEO integrity significantly matters for investment efficiency and in reducing suboptimal investment strategies. The positive CEO integrity-investment efficiency nexus is pronounced in the presence of high corporate transparency, conservative managerial spending, low agency conflicts, and high board governance. The findings of this study remain valid to alternative measures, CEO characteristics, and endogeneity concerns. Taken together, this study extends the literature through empirical evidence that CEOs’ ethical and moral traits can reinforce investment efficiency.

The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization-Past, Present and Future.

In November 1999, WHO established the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization as a multidisciplinary group of experts to provide high-level recommendations on vaccines and immunization. This review provides an overview of SAGE's work in the past 25 years. It further outlines the processes and methods currently used by SAGE and highlights some of its major achievements. SAGE's global policies have driven action toward eradication, elimination and disease control and addressed the optimization of vaccination and immunization. In total, 27 major policy positions on vaccines/vaccine-preventable diseases have guided global public health. During times of epidemics and pandemics, interim recommendations issued by SAGE have responded iteratively in real-time to provide evidence-driven response policies. SAGE is an adaptive advisory group that has modified its procedures and working approaches to meet the evolving challenges in public health and stay up-to-date with evolving scientific and guideline development standards. Over the last quarter century, SAGE has significantly contributed to shaping the immunization landscape. It has achieved and maintained a high level of integrity and credibility. The advisory group continues to be an authority in global public health, and its recommendations have profound implications for the health of individuals and populations across the globe.

Кримінальний процес як провідна галузь права у співвідношенні з міжнародними правовими системами ЄС та США

Abstract. Criminal procedure is one of the leading branches of law that plays a crucial role in maintaining law and order, justice, and human rights. In the context of globalization and the integration of international legal systems, particularly those of the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA), criminal procedure takes on special significance. Comparing the criminal procedures of Ukraine, the EU, and the USA allows for the identification of common features, differences, and best practices that can be adapted to enhance the effectiveness of national justice systems. The primary areas of comparison between Ukraine's criminal procedure and the international legal systems of the EU and the USA include issues related to human rights protection, transparency of judicial processes, equality of parties, and access to justice. Studying the approaches of these legal systems helps to determine how international standards can be implemented at the national level to improve legal protection for citizens. The EU is characterized by a high level of integration in criminal legislation among member states, which ensures uniform legal approaches and streamlined procedures within the Union. An important aspect of the European criminal procedure is the emphasis on protecting human rights and freedoms, notably through the European Convention on Human Rights. In the USA, criminal procedure is marked by a complex structure due to the federal system, where each state has its own judicial system. However, a key principle remains adherence to the US Constitution and the rulings of the Supreme Court. Particular attention is given to procedural guarantees for the accused, including the right to a fair trial, which is a fundamental principle of the American legal system. Analyzing the relationship between the criminal procedures of Ukraine, the EU, and the USA provides a deeper understanding of legal mechanisms and helps develop recommendations for adapting successful institutions and practices to Ukrainian legislation. Keywords: criminal procedure; international law; European Union; USA; human rights; legal system; judicial system; justice; comparative law; legal standard.

Negba and Nitzanim in the 1948 war – components of resilience

ABSTRACT The article examines the fighting against the Egyptian army in Nitzanim and Negba, two neighboring kibbutzim on Israel’s southern front during Israel’s War of Independence, from the angle of civilian-military personnel interactions inside and outside these localities. The relevant archives reveal that high levels of civilian-military integration, as well as regional command and parental movement support, were observed with regard to Negba, which resisted the Egyptian assault, in contrast to the defeated Nitzanim. These findings may suggest the presence of similar circumstances in other frontier settlements turned into military outposts and broaden our understanding of the mechanisms by which the fate of the War of Independence was decided.

Structural Aesthetic Treatment With the Hyaluronic Acid Filler VYC-25L: Global Expert Considerations for Safe and Effective Long-Term Outcomes.

VYC-25L is a robust, structural hyaluronic acid (HA) filler designed for facial volumizing, lifting, and contouring. It was first approved in 2019. A group of doctors with various specialties, who have used VYC-25L extensively since it first became available in their countries (3-5 years), share clinical experience and guidance on optimal use. VYC-25L has a unique rheological and physicochemical profile that provides elevated lift capacity and enhanced projection, significant moldability immediately after injection, high levels of tissue integration, reversibility with hyaluronidase, and a long duration of clinical effects-typically lasting at least 24 months. The properties of VYC-25L have created new possibilities for nonsurgical facial medical aesthetics. However, as with any novel product, it is important that injectors recognize how best to use it for the benefit of patients. When first utilizing VYC-25L, it is advisable to start with the chin and jawline to gain familiarity with the gel characteristics before moving into other facial areas, and to consider splitting treatment over two or more sessions. Attention must also be given to injection volume, with less product typically required with VYC-25L compared to other fillers with similar indications. Key principles of good practice should be followed, including appropriate patient selection and pretreatment education, suitable choice of injection device and plane, aseptic technique, slow and careful administration method, and sufficient posttreatment follow-up. By adhering to these principles, VYC-25L can produce natural-looking and highly durable outcomes without substantial safety concerns.

Investigations on the Corrosion Behavior of a 20 Cell PEMFC Automotive Short Stack Caused By Air/Air Start-Ups at Different Operating Conditions Utilizing a Segmented Current Mapping Board

The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) emerges as one of the key technologies for the future of energy and mobility landscapes by offering a clean, efficient, and sustainable power generation. To ensure the commercial viability of PEMFCs, the components, particularly the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA), and its operation must be designed to minimize the impact of degradation processes over their entire lifetime and to maximize durability.It is known that the oxidation or corrosion of the cathode catalyst support material resulting from the so-called reverse current decay mechanism caused by gas atmosphere changes when starting up from an inactive state (air/air situation) or shutting down from the active state (H2/air situation) is one of the most significant degradation processes. The Carbon Oxidation Reaction (COR) can lead to a detachment of the supported catalyst particles from the rest of the electrical network or to a delamination from the ionic network and therefore ultimately result in a reduction of the Effective Catalyst Surface Area (ECSA) and in increasing mechanical instability up to the collapse of the catalyst layer [1].In previous work, different approaches have been taken to simulate this degradation mechanism using accelerated stress tests, usually at half-cell or sub-scale level, with active areas <50 cm² [2][3]. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of Air/Air Start-Ups (AASUs) on a higher integration level using a 20 cell short stack with a single full-size automotive cell active area of >200 cm². AASUs were executed after different air soak durations and under different operating conditions with focus on relative humidity, coolant inlet temperature, hydrogen concentration and inflow rate to vary the gas front residence time within the active area. The short stack is equipped with a Cell Voltage Monitoring (CVM) of each individual cell and a high-resolution segmented Current Mapping Board (CMB) next to the anode Interface Plate (IFP) to record local and internal current density changes, particularly during the passage of the gas atmosphere front, as exemplified and illustrated in Figure 1.After the fundamental investigation of the impact of different operating parameters, a specific parameter set was chosen to assess the degradative effects on an identical stack in a continuous AASU sequence operation until failure. Throughout the stress testing, the cell performances including the local current distribution as well as the ohmic resistance of the stack by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were monitored. Furthermore, morphological investigations using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) were performed after disassembly of the stack on different cells in the stack and at different positions within the active area. The formation of degradation gradients within the active cell area and along the stack, induced by AASU stress testing, is demonstrated through changes in local current densities measured with the CMB, accompanied by a loss of overall cell performance and supported by in-depth morphological investigations.

Improving the End‐to‐End Protection in E‐Voting Using BVM—Blockchain‐Based E‐Voting Mechanism

ABSTRACTVoting has always been a crucial topic of public attention for democratic reasons. The ease of use and low cost are the result of e‐voting being frequently used for such important decision outcomes. However, the tremendous authority and intervening data in current e‐voting systems make it risky and difficult to achieve correct equity and clarity in e‐voting. So, by combining e‐voting with blockchain technology, these issues can be resolved while providing reorganization and intervention‐resistant characteristics. A voter's improper manipulation, frequent voting, or non‐party voting, may also undermine fairness. A verifier is therefore required to check the e‐voting mechanism in order to ensure its effectiveness and control the process equality and fairness. In this paper, a Blockchain‐based e‐Voting Mechanism (BVM) is developed for providing the end to end security and fairness for transparent voting. This mechanism also provides a zero‐knowledge proof (ZP) based verifier to inspect the voting procedure against voter's mis‐operations and uses a novel Improved Master‐key Administration (IMA) based public key cryptography to attack prevention. The utilization of blockchain technology ensures transparency, anonymity, confidentiality, authentication, tamper resistance, and a high level of data integrity, making it a promising choice for modernizing and enhancing the electoral process. Also, the performance of BVM has been compared with similar voting mechanisms and analyzed based on time complexity, security analysis, performance factors like delay and throughput, and anti‐attack examination.

Teacher's Perception Towards Introducing English Language from First Grade

The importance of English language education as a foreign language (FL) is growing significantly in today's globalized technological world, preparing young children to achieve a high level of social integration and language proficiency. Since English has spread widely internationally, many countries teach English at the elementary level to remain competitive in a global economy and to advance individual and national development. This study examines teachers' perceptions of teaching English to first-grade students. It will be evaluating the opportunities, strengths, and weaknesses of the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) program for first-grade students in Saudi Arabian schools. It will also identify differences between teachers' perceptions of teaching needs. The study relies on the questionnaire as the primary quantitative instrument to gather the data. Results confirm that teachers were outstandingly supportive and agreed with teaching a foreign language in first grade. Regarding the second theme of opportunities, strengths, and weaknesses of the EFL program for first graders in Saudi Arabia, many teachers expected opportunities and improvement for the EFL students in the future. The participants showed an urgent need for either educational courses or the appointment of specialized teachers to teach first-grade

Internally Harmonic Matched Compact GaN Power Amplifier with 78.5% PAE for 2.45 GHz Wireless Power Transfer Systems.

In this paper, a high-efficiency compact power amplifier is designed and fabricated with a 0.25 μm GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) to meet the demands of a high integration level and high efficiency for microwave wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. The proposed power amplifier (PA) is implemented using an internally matched method to achieve a compact circuit size. The output second and third harmonic impedances can be optimized through output matching circuits, eliminating the need for additional harmonic matching networks. This approach simplifies the design of matching circuits and reduces the circuit size. Furthermore, the input third harmonic has been controled for improving the efficiency of DC-to-RF conversion. The total size of the proposed PA is 13.4 × 13.5 mm2. The test results obtained from the continuous wave (CW) testing indicate that the output power of the power amplifier at 2.45 GHz reaches 43.75 dBm. Additionally, the large-signal gain is measured at 15.75 dB, and the power-added efficiency (PAE) achieves a value of 78.5%.

Focal volume optics for composite structuring in transparent solids

Abstract Achieving high-level integration of composite micro-nano structures with different structural characteristics through a minimalist and universal process has long been the goal pursued by advanced manufacturing research but is rarely explored due to the absence of instructive mechanisms. Here, we revealed a controllable ultrafast laser-induced focal volume light field and experimentally succeeded in highly efficient one-step composite structuring in multiple transparent solids. A pair of spatially coupled twin periodic structures reflecting light distribution in the focal volume are simultaneously created and independently tuned by engineering ultrafast laser-matter interaction. We demonstrated that the generated composite micro-nano structures are applicable to multi-dimensional information integration, nonlinear diffractive elements, and multi-functional optical modulation. This work presents the experimental verification of highly universal all-optical fabrication of composite micro-nano structures with independent controllability in multiple degrees of freedom, expands the current cognition of ultrafast laser-based material modification in transparent solids, and establishes a new scientific aspect of strong-field optics, namely, focal volume optics for composite structuring transparent solids.

Demands and challenges of energy storage technology for future power system

AbstractThis paper addresses the pressing necessity to align the regulatory capacity of renewable energy sources with their inherent fluctuations across various time scales. Emphasising the pivotal role of large‐scale energy storage technologies, the study provides a comprehensive overview, comparison, and evaluation of emerging energy storage solutions, such as lithium‐ion cells, flow redox cell, and compressed‐air energy storage. It outlines three fundamental principles for energy storage system development: prioritising safety, optimising costs, and realising value. Through analysis of two case studies—a pure photovoltaic (PV) power island interconnected via a high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) system, and a 100% renewable energy autonomous power supply—the paper elucidates the critical role of energy storage in facilitating high levels of renewable energy integration. Furthermore, it delves into the challenges inherent in the development of energy storage systems.