Higher Levels Of Extraversion Research Articles

Extraversion is associated with lower cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress

Background and aimsExtraversion has been associated with positive physical health outcomes, with adaptive cardiovascular responses to stress being one potential physiological mechanism. The present study examined the influence of extraversion on both cardiovascular reactivity and cardiovascular habituation to an acute psychological stress task (Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)) in a sample of healthy undergraduate students. MethodsA sample of 467 undergraduate students completed the Big Five Inventory (BFI) to assess trait extraversion and attended a single stress testing session. The testing session included two identical stress-testing protocols, each consisting of a 10-minute baseline and 4-minute PASAT. Cardiovascular parameters including heart rate (HR), systolic/diastolic blood pressure (S/DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded throughout the testing session. State measures of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA), as well as post task measures of self-reported stress were used to assess psychological experiences of the stress task. ResultsExtraversion was significantly associated with lower self-reported stress in response to the initial stress exposure, but not the second stress exposure. Higher levels of extraversion were associated with lower SBP, DBP, MAP and HR reactivity in responses to both exposures to the stressor. However, no significant associations were observed between extraversion and cardiovascular habituation to recurring psychological stress. ConclusionExtraversion is associated with lower cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress and this relationship persists upon repeated exposures to the same stressor. Cardiovascular responses to stress may indicate a potential mechanism facilitating the association between extraversion and positive physical health outcomes.

Direct and Interactive Effects of Personality and Experiencing Changes in Relationships on Symptoms of Internalizing Psychopathology During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The present study examined the prospective direct and interactive effects of personality (neuroticism, extraversion) and experiencing changes in friendships during the pandemic on symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. A sample of patients (N = 77) at an outpatient treatment clinic who had received a diagnostic assessment in the 6months prior to the COVID-19 lockdown was re-contacted during the pandemic (May-June 2020) and completed a survey assessing stressors and symptoms of internalizing psychopathology. Neuroticism had main effects on anxiety, whereas experiencing changes in friendships had main effects on stress and depression. Extraversion did not have main effects on stress, depression, or anxiety. The relationship between experiencing changes in friendships and stress and anxiety was moderated by extraversion, such that the strength of the relationship between changes in friendships and stress and anxiety waned as the level of extraversion increased. Neuroticism was not a moderator of the association between changes in friendships and emotional disorder symptoms. These results suggest that higher levels of extraversion may protect against symptoms of stress reactivity and anxiety that are associated with COVID-related changes in friendships, while neuroticism may have limited prospective associations with symptoms during the pandemic. The online version of this article contains supplementary material available 10.1007/s10608-023-10364-x.

Research on retail Buyers’ emotional quotient with focus on transactions on the National Stock Exchange

Investment decision is one of the most essential factors in today’s stock market. People make investment decisions based on different fundamental and technical tools. There are various factors which affect the investor towards investment, but one of the important factors which affect the investor is their emotional intelligence. So, the present study focuses on the how emotional intelligence influences the investment decision. This study is based on the emotional intelligence of investors so that the market can know the beat of the speculator and continue as required. The data was collected from 930 investors who make investment in NSE in Andhra Pradesh. The data was analyzed with the help of correlation analysis. The study reveals that there is a positive relation among the various dimensions of emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This study will help the investment advisors to advise the investors to invest according to their emotional intelligence capability. The usual actuality for stock market investments is subject to not only in making investment decisions in high volatile market circumstances and informational haziness but also by the need to be meticulous in earning something on a consistent basis. The substantial reason is the emotions are part of the evolved mental processes; human beings have for managing uncertainty and competition. Words expressing emotions and feelings such as Dissatisfied, Depressed, Sad, Happy, Cheerful, Satisfied, Fear, Worry, Disappointment, and Trust similarly succeed in the interview scheduling sessions with respondents. Different emotions can be sensed through their connected action tendencies. Fear is, for example, associated with the inclination for flight and love with the trend for an approach. The market moves against the investor. Having never stared at unrealized losses, tell themselves that all their ideas will eventually work. This research examined the relationship between risk-taking behaviour and high levels of extraversion

The impact of personality traits on the course of frailty

ABSTRACT Objectives Determinants of frailty are generally explored within context of somatic healthcare and/or lifestyle characteristics. To examine the impact of personality traits on change in frailty and the potential role of depression. Methods A 2-year follow-up study including 285 patients with a depressive disorder and 116 never-depressed controls. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to regress the Big Five personality traits (independent variables) on different frailty measures (dependent variables), including the Frailty Index, Frailty phenotype, gait speed, and handgrip strength. Analyses were adjusted for confounders (with and without depressive disorder) and baseline frailty severity. Interactions between personality traits and depressive disorder were examined. Results All personality traits were associated with change in at least one frailty marker over time. Over time, a higher level of neuroticism was associated with an accelerated increase of frailty, whereas a higher level of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness were associated with an attenuated increase of frailty. None of the associations were moderated by depression. Additional adjustment for depression decreased the strength of the association of neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness with frailty. Conclusions Personality traits have impact on frailty trajectories in later life. Clinical implications Underlying pathways and potential modification by psychotherapy merit further study.

TEENAGER’S PREDISPOSITION TO A BULLYING ROLE: THE RELATIONSHIP WITH SELF-ATTITUDE AND PERSONALITY TRAITS

Introduction: Bullying is especially common in the teenage environment both in the real world, and in the digital one. In a bullying situation, victims are not only sufferers, but also other role positions – initiators and their accomplices, defenders of victims and even unwitting observers. Research aim is to reveal the interrelation of predispositions to bullying roles with personal traits and self-attitudes. Methods included empirical techniques “Bullyinf-roles structure research technique” (Norkina E.G.), “Bid Five” (Costa P.T., McCrae R.R.), “Self-attitude research technique” (Pantileyev R.S.), statistics methods. Sample involved  school students ( grade). Results. Most of the tested teenagers tend to take up the role of “Defender”, the second popular role is “Initiator”, then go the potential “Victims”. The least popular roles are “Accomplices” and “Observers”. The potential “Initiators” are people with high level of extraversion and self-attachment, and low level of neuroticism. The potential “Defender” role correlates with the increasing conscientiousness and agreeableness. The tendency to be a “Victim” combines with increasing neuroticism, self-accusations, intrinsic confl ict. The potential “Observer” role correlates with degreasing self-attachment. The interrelations of the studied indicators with the “Accomplice” role were not revealed. Conclusion. The discovered interrelations of the studied indicators allow us to determine the characteristics that can become a risk factor for being in a particular role in a bullying situation.

Pet cat personality linked to owner-reported predation frequency.

The domestic cat, Felis catus, is one of the most popular and widespread domestic animals. Because domestic cats can reach high population densities and retain at least some tendency to hunt, their overall impact on wildlife can be severe. Domestic cats have highly variable predation rates depending on the availability of prey in their environment, their owners' practices, and individual cat characteristics. Among these characteristics, cat personality has recently been hypothesized to be an important factor contributing to variations in the hunting activity of cats. In this study, we surveyed 2508 cat owners living in France about their cats' personalities, using the Feline Five personality framework, and the frequency with which cats bring home prey. Personality traits were analyzed using factor analysis and related to predation frequency using cumulative logit models. For both birds and small mammals, cats with high levels of extraversion or low levels of neuroticism had significantly higher frequencies of prey return. Owners whose cats had low levels of agreeableness or high levels of dominance reported a significantly lower frequency of bird return. Personality differences therefore seem to contribute to the high variability in predation rates among domestic cats. We also found that the owner-reported prey return frequencies were significantly higher for cats spending more time outdoors, for non-pedigree cats, and for owners living in rural or suburban areas as opposed to urban areas. By contrast, we did not detect an effect of cat sex or age on their reported prey return rates.

Characterizing the personality and gray matter volume of chimpanzees that exhibit autism-related socio-communicative phenotypes.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder characterized by stereotypies or repetitive behaviors and impairments in social behavior and socio-communicative skills. One hallmark phenotype of ASD is poor joint attention skills compared to neurotypical controls. In addition, individuals with ASD have lower scores on several of the Big 5 personality dimensions, including Extraversion. Here, we examine these traits in a nonhuman primate model (chimpanzees; Pan troglodytes) to further understand the relationship between personality and joint attention skills, as well as the genetic and neural systems that contribute to these phenotypes. We used archival data including receptive joint attention (RJA) performance, personality based on caretaker ratings, and magnetic resonance images from 189 chimpanzees. We found that, like humans, chimpanzees who performed worse on the RJA task had lower Extraversion scores. We also found that joint attention skills and several personality dimensions, including Extraversion, were significantly heritable. There was also a borderline significant genetic correlation between RJA and Extraversion. A conjunction analysis examining gray matter volume showed that there were five main brain regions associated with both higher levels of Extraversion and social cognition. These regions included the right posterior middle and superior temporal gyrus, bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal sulcus, and left superior frontal sulcus, all regions within the social brain network. Altogether, these findings provide further evidence that chimpanzees serve as an excellent model for understanding the mechanisms underlying social impairment related to ASD. Future research should further examine the relationship between social cognition, personality, genetics, and neuroanatomy and function in nonhuman primate models.

SAĞLIK ÇALIŞANLARININ KİŞİLİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN ONLARIN ÖRGÜTSEL DESTEK VE ÖRGÜTSEL GÜVEN ALGILARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ

Aim: The main purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the personality characteristics of healthcare workers on their perceptions of organizational support and organizational trust. Method: The population of the research consisted of the employees of the private hospital providing secondary care in three different regions in Istanbul. The convenience sampling method was preferred in the study. The data were collected using the online questionnaire technique. The total number of questionnaires that were evaluated and used in the data analysis is 510. SPSS 23 and AMOS 26 package programs were used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression analysis, and structural equation modeling were applied to the data. Findings: The findings obtained with the structural equation analysis showed that the construct validity of the model was provided. The direct causal effect of the personality traits of health workers on their perceptions of organizational support is positive, and the effect level is 0.122; On the other hand, it has been determined that the direct causal effect on organizational trust perceptions is positive, and the effect level is 0.225. Results: According to the results obtained from the regression analysis, it is seen that the high level of extraversion, responsibility, and openness characteristics of health workers positively affected their perceptions of organizational support. Therefore, healthcare professionals who are more extrovert, adaptable, and responsible show higher organizational support and organizational trust. It is suggested that personality traits being compatible with the organization may have a positive effect on outputs such as employee performance, job satisfaction, commitment, and motivation, and the study should be expanded in this direction.

The effects of socioeconomic status on personality development in adulthood and aging.

The current study examined the effects of adulthood socioeconomic status (SES) on levels of and changes in the Big Five personality traits domains and nuances in adulthood and during aging. We also tested whether the relations between adulthood SES and personality traits differed by childhood SES and age. Data were drawn from three longitudinal studies: the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA, N=2000), the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS, N=6428), and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS, N=23,238). Using the latent growth models, across samples, we found associations between high SES and low levels of neuroticism and high levels of extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness. The effects of SES on changes in personality traits were mainly observed in the aging sample of HRS. In general, a similar pattern was observed at the nuance level. Analyses of the moderating effects of age suggested some evidence for the increasingly important role of SES in levels of and changes in personality traits in older ages. The findings support SES as a source that partially accounts for individual differences in personality traits level. Some evidence was found for the relations between SES and changes in personality traits in old age.

Effect of gender difference on psychiatric outcomes for hepatitis C virus patients receiving direct-acting antivirals in Egyptian population: a cohort study

Abstract Background Chronic liver disease is primarily caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV produces extrahepatic psychiatric problems. So, patients with CHC who received sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) were evaluated for psychiatric manifestations, specifically depression and anxiety symptoms. Additionally, evaluate the impact of gender on psychiatric manifestations of sofosbuvir-based DAAs and identify their potential risk factors for psychiatric manifestations. In this prospective study, 170 CHC patients without prior treatment received DAA therapy who categorized into 2 groups, group 1 comprised male participants (Nb = 97), and group two comprised female participants (Nb = 73). All participants were evaluated with the five-factor model of personality (SIFFM), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDS), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAS) at baseline and repeated follow up until 3 months after treatment end. Results Our findings indicated that, a progressive decline in the mean HADS-A and HADS-D scores between baseline (before treatment) and consequence follow-up (during and after treatment) measurements without significant difference regarding gender. No statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the mean values of SIFFM. High levels of extraversion were more likely to increase depression levels. Conclusions DAA treatment significantly improved anxiety and depression symptoms in CHC patients. Gender did not affect sofosbuvir-based DAA psychiatric symptoms. High extraversion increased depression risk.

Association of personality with habituation of physical and non-physical activities among Japanese adults: Results from questionnaire research before COVID-19 pandemic.

Physical activity has benefits for public health as it reduces the risk of non-communicable diseases and improves the quality of life. Previous studies have shown that health conditions, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status influence one's tendency to engage in physical activity. However, the influence of psychological traits on engagement in physical activity is not yet fully understood. In this study, we explored personality traits associated with the habituation of physical activity and compared them with personality traits associated with the habituation of non-physical activity. We recruited 1600 Japanese adult volunteers and conducted an online survey just before the spread of COVID-19. We collected data for the prevalence of physical and non-physical activities, and various aspects of personality traits including the Big Five personality traits, sensitivity to behavioral activation, dark triad personality, levels of internal locus of control, and the degree of just-world belief. The results demonstrated that high levels of extraversion, sensitivity to behavioral activation, and an internal locus of control had a positive influence on the habituation of physical activity. Moreover, our results were contradictory as they also showed that high levels of openness, sensitivity to behavioral activation, and just world belief related to the habituation of non-physical activity. These results suggest that the personality traits that influenced the habituation of activities depend on the characteristics of the activity and reveal extraversion and internal locus of control as the personality traits specific to the habituation of physical activity. This study was supported by Senryakuteki-kenkyu from Chukyo University, a Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists (Grant No. 19 K20650 and 22 K13880), the Promotion of Joint International Research (Grant No. 20KK0054). This work was also supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas "Construction of the Face-Body Studies in Transcultural Conditions" (Grant No. 17H06342).

Individual differences in social interaction contexts: Examining the role of personality traits in the degree of self-other integration

There is increasing evidence in the joint action literature that the degree of self-other integration is sensitive to situational factors that affect the social interaction context. Until now, however, no study has addressed the potential role of dispositional factors such as personality traits in observed interindividual variations. The current study aims to address this gap. Using the joint Simon effect (JSE) as a measure of the degree of self-other integration, our results highlight that the magnitude of the JSE is consistently higher among participants with a high level of Extraversion and Agreeableness compared to those with a low level. This seems to indicate that extravert and agreeable people exhibit increased self-other integration, i.e., a greater propensity to integrate others' action representations. These results are the first experimental evidence that personality traits can mediate the degree of self-other integration in social interaction contexts. We discuss our findings, and suggest that considering individual differences would help to clarify inconsistent results reported in the joint action literature regarding the impact of certain situational factors on the degree of self-other integration.

"All Hands on Deck": Psychological Characteristics of Women with Experience of Oncological Disease Participating in Sailing Cruise-A Pilot Study.

Background: In addition to searching for effective methods of treatment, interventions are sought to support well-being, quality of life, mental health, and recovery. Sailing has its specific features, including task orientation, challenges, contact with people, and nature. This specificity may be treated as a potential therapeutic factor, but it is also likely that people with certain psychological characteristics are involved in it. Therefore, the study aimed to assess some psychological features of women with cancer experience who decided to take part in the Onco-Cruise (Polish: Onko-Rejs). Methods: Participants were 56 women (M = 46.73; SD = 9.21). We used NEO-FFI, the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, and The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale. Results: Onco-Cruises participants were characterized by a high level of extraversion (M = 32.48; SD = 7.02; sten score M = 7.21; Mo = 7), openness (M = 31.50; SD = 6.31; sten score M = 7.41; Mo = 8), low neuroticism (M = 21.62; SD = 9.33; sten score M = 4.96), predominance of present hedonistic (M = 12.55, SD = 1.46) and future time perspective (M = 11.39; SD = 2.67), and the internal health locus of control (M = 23.25, SD = 5.43). Conclusion: Group sailing can be favorable for broadly understood health and cancer recovery, but people who choose this activity have certain psychological predispositions, especially indicating high needs for stimulation. Permanent features should be taken into account when proposing various interventions for oncology patients to best suit them to their natural possibilities and preferences and, thus, make them most effective.

Social Media News Use and COVID-19 Misinformation Engagement: Survey Study.

BackgroundSocial media is widely used as a source of news and information regarding COVID-19. However, the abundance of misinformation on social media platforms has raised concerns regarding the spreading infodemic. Accordingly, many have questioned the utility and impact of social media news use on users’ engagement with (mis)information.ObjectiveThis study offers a conceptual framework for how social media news use influences COVID-19 misinformation engagement. More specifically, we examined how news consumption on social media leads to COVID-19 misinformation sharing by inducing belief in such misinformation. We further explored if the effects of social media news use on COVID-19 misinformation engagement depend on individual differences in cognition and personality traits.MethodsWe used data from an online survey panel administered by a survey agency (Qualtrics) in Singapore. The survey was conducted in March 2022, and 500 respondents answered the survey. All participants were older than 21 years and provided consent before taking part in the study. We used linear regression, mediation, and moderated mediation analyses to explore the proposed relationships between social media news use, cognitive ability, personality traits, and COVID-19 misinformation belief and sharing intentions.ResultsThe results suggested that those who frequently used social media for news consumption were more likely to believe COVID-19 misinformation and share it on social media. Further probing the mechanism suggested that social media news use translated into sharing intent via the perceived accuracy of misinformation. Simply put, social media news users shared COVID-19 misinformation because they believed it to be accurate. We also found that those with high levels of extraversion than those with low levels were more likely to perceive the misinformation to be accurate and share it. Those with high levels of neuroticism and openness than those with low levels were also likely to perceive the misinformation to be accurate. Finally, it was observed that personality traits did not significantly influence misinformation sharing at higher levels of cognitive ability, but low cognitive users largely drove misinformation sharing across personality traits.ConclusionsThe reliance on social media platforms for news consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified, with dire consequences for misinformation sharing. This study shows that increased social media news consumption is associated with believing and sharing COVID-19 misinformation, with low cognitive users being the most vulnerable. We offer recommendations to newsmakers, social media moderators, and policymakers toward efforts in limiting COVID-19 misinformation propagation and safeguarding citizens.

On the pursuit of happiness. Personality underpinnings of life satisfaction of Spanish and Polish university freshmen

The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between personality traits and life satisfaction among university freshmen. Knowledge about personality determinants of life satisfaction in newly enrolled university students can be used to predict their successful adaptation to new educational requirements. Two groups of students were surveyed: Spaniards studying in Spain (n = 164; Mage = 21.25; SD = 1.97) and Poles studying in Poland (n=162; Mage=22.85; SD=1.24). The following instruments were used: the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The results showed that in the group of Spanish students, life satisfaction correlated positively with Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism, while in the group of Polish students, it correlated positively with all personality traits. In both Polish and Spanish students, Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism were significant predictors of higher life satisfaction. The Polish and Spanish student groups differed slightly in the patterns of the relationships between personality traits and life satisfaction, however, in both samples, higher levels of Extraversion, Conscientiousness and lower levels of Neuroticism were conducive to higher life satisfaction. The article discusses the educational implications of the reported findings.

Personality Traits Predict Social Network Size in Older Adults.

Humans live in unusually large groups, where relationships are thought to be maintained through complex socio-communicative abilities. The size and quality of social networks are associated with health and well-being outcomes throughout life. However, how some individuals manage to form larger social networks is not well understood. If socio-communicative traits evolved to form and maintain relationships, personality traits should be associated with variation in network size. Here, using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), we investigate the impact of extraversion, agreeableness, and verbal communication on network size (N = 5,202) and network size change over time (N = 1,511) in later life for kin and friend networks. Higher levels of extraversion and agreeableness were associated with greater social network sizes but did not predict network size change over 14 years. The findings are discussed considering the evolutionary hypothesis that communicative and affiliative traits may have evolved to support the maintenance of social networks.

Personality and Sport Experience of 20-29-Year-Old Polish Male Professional Athletes.

More and more research reports assert that sport experience has an influence on shaping the personality of athletes. This paper aims at validating the connection between personality and sport experience. The research subject of were young Polish male athletes (N = 1,260) aged 20–29, out of 42 sports disciplines, with sport experience ranging from 3 to 12 years. In order to test the personality of the research subjects, a five-factor model of personality called the Big Five was applied. Statistical calculations and analyses were carried out with ver. 25 of the IBM SPSS Statistics software. The research has shown that all personality traits correlate in a statistically significant way with sport experience (p < 0.001): there is a negative correlation of sports experience with neuroticism and a positive correlation with traits such as extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Thus, we have identified a relationship between sport experience and personality traits of the researched Polish male athletes—the longer the sport experience, the lower level of neuroticism and higher levels of extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Duration of sport experience has a considerable influence on forming the personality of Polish male athletes. However, the interpretation of just the results regarding high level of extraversion and conscientiousness distinguishes Polish male athletes (20–29 years old) from the Polish male population of non-training people.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Personal Protective Measures Among the Southeastern Iranian Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: The main focus of our study was on prevalence and potential explanatory factors related to personal protective measures (e.g., face mask wearing and physical distancing) in the southeastern Iranian population during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: A total of 351 participants in southeastern Iran were examined in this cross-sectional study using self-report scales of personality traits, COVID-19 risk perception, face mask wearing, physical distancing, and public trust. The data were analyzed by SPSS v25 software at the significance level of p<0.05. Results: Descriptive statistics showed that the prevalence rates of COVID-19 risk perception and face mask wearing among participants were 76.4% and 77.8%, respectively. In addition, 59.6% of participants reported that they maintained an adequate distance when communicating with others; 41.9% acknowledged that they did not allow relatives and friends to visit them at home; 46.8% said they preferred to stay at home and not go outside unless necessary. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis revealed that older age, being female, lower levels of neuroticism and higher levels of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, COVID-19 risk perception, and public trust were associated with higher adherence to personal protective measures. Conclusions: These results emphasized the importance of individual differences in reacting to the COVID-19 pandemic and provided essential information about related factors of personal protective measures. However, further investigations should be carried out due to inconsistent findings concerning the roles of age, gender, education, income, and neuroticism in adopting personal protective measures.

Personality-Related Determinants of Physical Activity Among Polish and Spanish Physical Education Students.

We aimed to analyze personality-related determinants of physical activity among Polish and Spanish physical education (PE) students. The study was conducted among 219 Polish and 280 Spanish PE students, using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the NEO-FFI Personality Inventory. Compared with Spanish PE students, their Polish counterparts are characterized by a higher level of extraversion and conscientiousness and a lower level of neuroticism. The level of total physical activity for all students was 8,697.21 METs, and this value was higher among Polish students. Among Polish and Spanish PE students, the level of total, vigorous, and moderate physical activity increased along with the increase in extraversion, while a decrease occurred along with the increase in neuroticism. The level of each domain of physical activity also increased in line with the intensification of student conscientiousness. In moderation analyses, it was shown that the home country of students may be considered a moderator of the relationship between conscientiousness and total exercise in such a way that the physical activity increased along with the increase in conscientiousness only among the Polish students. In addition, the country is a moderator of the correlation between moderate physical activity and neuroticism (p = 0.031), openness (p = 0.049), and conscientiousness (p = 0.019), with moderate activity only decreasing among Polish students and increasing along with the increase in openness and conscientiousness. Positive correlations among physical activity, extraversion, and conscientiousness, as well as negative ones with neuroticism, were demonstrated among Polish and Spanish students, and also the moderating impact of the country on the correlation between personality-related dimensions and physical activity.

The impact of personality and entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention, the personality traits that can affect entrepreneurial intention, and the traits that cause positive changes in entrepreneurial intention after the intervention of an entrepreneurship program. In order to measure the changes in entrepreneurial intention levels, two questionnaires (pretest-posttest group design) were used. Both questionnaires were completed by 202 business students, studying at a public university based in Athens, Greece. Our analysis indicates that the personality traits that affect entrepreneurial intention levels are openness, extraversion, and risk aversion. Using paired samples test we found an increase in entrepreneurial intention following the course attendance. Cluster analysis indicated that students with higher levels of extraversion, openness, conscientiousness, and lower levels of risk aversion and neuroticism demonstrated statistically significant and higher means change in entrepreneurial intention levels (at the end of the entrepreneurship program). The literature examining the personality traits of individuals who benefit most from entrepreneurship education has been developing in recent years. However, the studies that refer to this topic are scant (Burch, Murphy, &amp; Tocher, 2019; Israr, 2017). The findings of this paper emphasize the need for further investigation of the results in different contexts in order to validate them.