High Level Of Socio-economic Development Research Articles

Beyond core and periphery: the role of the semi-periphery in global capitalism

Capitalist globalisation has shown the need to define the semi-periphery as a new category that transcends the traditional core–periphery division. This paper aims to characterise this new category and understand the role it plays in the reorganisation of the production process, in addition to the effects this specific participation has on the global economy. Building on previous theoretical developments, this paper aims to analyse and identify these specific features, examining them through a set of economic, social and technological variables by applying principal component and cluster analyses. In doing so, the empirical analysis identifies a group of countries that have not been able to turn their current or recent economic dynamism into higher levels of socio-economic development.

РОЛЬ ИНДИКАТОРОВ В ОЦЕНКЕ УРОВНЯ РАЗВИТИЯ РЕГИОНОВ

A high level of socio-economic development of the regions is the foundation of the national economy and serves as its driver, since without the necessary economic support it is not possible to ensure the full functioning of society, its socio-political and national stability. Recently, the regions of Russia have been functioning in new economic conditions, due to the aggravation of the foreign policy situation and the increase in sanctions pressure. Moreover, the "new economic conditions" have led to global changes and introduced an imbalance in the economic development of the regions and the country as a whole, accelerating asymmetric development, economic stratification and social tensions. Modern tools and methods for diagnosing the level of development of regions allow, from all their diversity, to choose those that are most acceptable for a particular region, and their effective values will be very informative, useful and objective.

Моделирование динамики рисков региональной конкурентоспособности

Introduction. To determine the strategic directions of regional development to increase competitiveness, it is necessary to rely on a systematic analysis of factors and risks, to use modern mathematical modeling tools. To construct dynamic models for assessing the risks of competitiveness, an approach based on the systems of Kolmogorov – Chapman differential equations for Markov processes is applied. Theoretical analysis. The article examines the method of applying the logical-probabilistic approach to assessing the risks of regional competitiveness. Empirical analysis. For a comparative assessment of the risks of competitiveness at the stage of preliminary data processing, cluster analysis was applied using a modified k-means method. Based on the hierarchical system of regional competitiveness risks, the system of Kolmogorov – Chapman equations is formed. Dynamic assessment of competitiveness risks was carried out for three basic scenarios. Results. For a selected cluster of 33 Russian regions corresponding to a high level of socio-economic development, predictive estimates of the probabilities of critical events associated with risks of competitiveness were obtained using the example of a separate section. For optimistic, pessimistic and realistic scenarios, numerical assessments of competitiveness risks are obtained for various combinations of critical events. This made it possible to rank the regions by the probability of a decrease in the competitiveness of the regions in the medium term.

Environmental safety of the Privolzhsky Federal District: problems and prospects for implementation

At the present stage, an important part of the social development of both the country as a whole and its individual territorial entities is its sustainable development. There is no one who doubts that a high level of socio-economic development also puts forward society increased demands in the field of ecology, protection and quality of the environment. Sustainable development of any territorial entity presupposes the integration of economic, environmental and social issues and should solve the following main tasks: maintaining economic growth, social development, effective solution of environmental protection problems, rational use and reproduction of natural resources. First of all, this is due to the growing environmental hazard for the territory, nature and society and, as a result, ensuring their environmental safety at all administrative levels - from state to municipal. With a wide variety of landscape-climatic, natural-resource, demographic, economic, ecological conditions, even within one subject, ensuring the environmental safety of federal districts is a very difficult task. The sustainable and safe development of the district as a whole should be considered, first of all, from the standpoint of life favorable environment, maintaining the ecological and economic balance for business development, maintaining the quality of life and population health.

ПОТЕНЦИАЛ РЕГИОНОВ РОССИИ ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ТРАНСПОРТНОЙ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ НА ПРИНЦИПАХ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННО-ЧАСТНОГО ПАРТНЕРСТВА

Like many other countries of the world, Russia is experiencing a deficit of infrastructure investment. One of the main ways to overcome this deficit is to attract private investment using public-private partnership (PPP) mechanisms. However, a significant part of decisions on the implementation of PPP projects are made without taking into account the specifics of a particular territory, which can decrease the project’s effectiveness. Similarly, the methods for assessing the development of PPP in the regions are solely based on factors that are not directly related to their socio-economic indicators, and only consider the quality of management and the experience of implementation of PPP projects. Using the example of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the author develops an integral index that takes into account institutional, budgetary, and socio-economic indicators reflecting the region's readiness to implement PPP projects as well as the need for such projects. The results of calculating this integral index for transport infrastructure projects reflect a significant differentiation of Russian regions in terms of the potential for the PPP development. Generally, regions with a high level of socio-economic development (including Moscow, St. Petersburg and most of the leading industrial regions) have a more significant potential for using PPPs in the infrastructure development. Regions possessing a favorable transport and geographical location, as well as an institutional environment conducive to attracting private investment, also have high potential.

ДИНАМИКА МИГРАЦИОННЫХ НАМЕРЕНИЙ ВЫПУСКНИКОВ ШКОЛ В НОВЫХ КОРОНАВИРУСНЫХ РЕАЛИЯХ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОБСЛЕДОВАНИЙ В СМОЛЕНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ)

This article presents the results of a study on the dynamics of youth migration attitudes and university choice factors, implemented by comparing data from a series of surveys of 11th grade students in the pre-coronavirus year 2019 and subsequent pandemic years 2020 and 2021. A survey method was used, implemented in a repeat survey mode in the same area for the same general population using the same instrument. Smolensk region is considered as a typical case study of a region whose relative geographical proximity to major Russian agglomerations with super-concentration of leading universities and higher levels of socio-economic development has led to the stability of migration attitudes of school leavers and the outfl of young people for higher education and subsequent employment in the pre-pandemic period. A progressive decrease in migration attitudes among Smolensk school leavers, who consider higher education as an opportunity to change their place of residence for further employment and self-fulfi in more promising regions with high socio-economic indicators and developed socio-cultural space, has been established. The difference in the migration plans of school leavers depending on their place of residence (regional centre, border or intraregional areas, areas with direct transport connection to the Moscow agglomeration) has been revealed. At the same time, there is no correlation between the place of their residence and their non- return/post-departure strategies from their home region.

МОДЕЛІ ФІНАНСУВАННЯ ТА ЯКІСТЬ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ В КРАЇНАХ ОЕСР

The analysis of the interrelationship of expenditures on higher education and the quality of higher education with higher education funding models in OECD countries and their cluster distribution, based on the described criteria, is done in the article. Two models of higher education funding are characterized: one is based on the source of financing and the possibility of influence of educational institutions on the system of higher education (proposed by V. Praneviciene), the other is based on the source of financing and the level of state regulation (proposed by O. Kuklin). The grouping of OECD countries was carried out based on the criteria of the amount of higher education funding per student and the quality indicator of higher education according to the U21 rating using IBM SPSS Statistics based on the Ward clustering method using the square of the Euclidean distance, the standardization of variables was carried out on the basis of Z-scores. As a result of the grouping of 23 countries, 5 clusters were formed, and the first cluster with the highest level of expenditure per student and the level of quality of higher education according to the U21 rating is represented by one country - the USA. A matrix of the relationship of higher education funding models in OECD countries and their cluster distribution based on the described criteria of the amount of expenditures and the quality of higher education was formed. Based on the analysis of the matrix, it was found that in the USA the market model is used for both classifications. In this case, it may be explained by the high level of socio-economic development of the country: due to the high level of GDP, it is possible to finance higher education mainly at the expense of private sources, and the state as a whole provides support for students who are unable to pay for education. In the countries of the second and third clusters, bureaucratic or anti-market models are mainly used. In the countries of the fourth and fifth clusters, there is a practice of using different models.

The Role of Public Spending in CO2 Emissions Reduction in Polish Regions: An LMDI Decomposition Approach

Global climate change and air pollution are critical environmental problems in the modern world. Therefore, the reduction of CO2 emissions has long been a crucial challenge for individual countries. In this area, numerous technological, legal, and economic solutions are used. The purpose of this article is to examine the impact of public spending on the level of CO2 emissions in Polish regions. The study uses the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method, proposing a unique proprietary set of factors that influence the level of CO2 emissions. The results of the study confirm that public expenditure contributes to reducing CO2 emissions at the regional level, while environmental expenditure is counterproductive. This tendency is observed mainly in regions with a high level of socioeconomic development, higher energy consumption, and high carbon emissions. The failure of environmental spending to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in Polish regions is explained by the “green paradox” hypothesis.

MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTION OF ORGANIC FOODSTUFFS ON FOREIGN MARKETS

Topicality. Marketing becomes a necessary and effective tool for doing business, the basis of enterprise management, which is strategically focused on achieving market success. However, domestic companies - participants in the market of organic products have not yet fully realized the need to implement modern principles and tools of marketing. Special attention needs to be paid to the strategic aspects of the operation of such enterprises, in particular, the development of marketing strategies for promotion in domestic and foreign markets. Commercial and communication effects will depend on the correct choice of basic, foreign economic, competitive and functional strategies, promotion channels, formation of communication appeal, amount of invested funds, etc. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations for the formation and implementation of strategies for promoting organic food products in foreign markets, taking into account changes in consumer needs and demand dynamics. The objectives of the study include: identifying key trends in the consumption of organic products on the world market; clarification of the stages of formation of the marketing strategy of promotion of organic food products on foreign markets. Research results. The results of the research give grounds to claim that insufficient dynamics of growth of the domestic market of organic products transforms foreign economic activity into the main component of effective development of producers of organic food products. It is proved that the largest consumers of organic food are countries with a high level of socio-economic development and a high standard of living of the majority of the population. The following regularities of development of foreign markets of organic products are revealed: expansion of the range of organic products, steady tendency of growth of sales volumes, supported by import; high quality requirements, mandatory certification. The main markets for organic products are European markets, China, Canada, USA, Latin America. It was found that in foreign markets the most important problems in the field of promotion are the complexity of studying the marketing environment, identifying key characteristics of the target consumer and compliance with standards in a particular country. Conclusion. Based on the study, conclusions about the following stages formation of marketing strategy of advancement of organic foodstuff on foreign markets were made: defining the goals of promotion; assessment of factors influencing the strategy and complex of promotion; the actual development of the strategy; the choice of means of influencing consumers; budget calculation. The most important factors for the formation of marketing strategy to promote organic food products to foreign markets and ensure high performance of companies exporting organic products are: determining the type of buyer, target audience, product type, stage of the life cycle. It has been proven that in the process of bringing organic food products to the foreign market, it is advisable to apply a push strategy at the beginning, as intermediaries better understand the specifics of demand and local consumers. and in the future for the development of the market you can also use the strategy of attraction or mixed.

Means for control over the activities of public authorities by civic democratic institutions: the conceptual framework analysis

The purpose of the article is to develop the bases of citizen participation in the management of state affairs. The theme of the research is the participation of civil society in the process of integration in its different stages, as well as the conditions and processes of institutionalization of civil society. The objective is to study the forms of participation of civil society in the integration process and the dynamics of institutionalization of the latter. Comparative analysis was a key method. The results show that democratic civic institutions in countries with a high level of socio-economic development show a higher level of political activity than democratic institutions with a low level of socio-economic development. The effectiveness of control over the activities of public authorities is greater in the institutional agents of civil society than in the individual ones. In conclusion, the list of forms of interaction between civic and public institutions was expanded. Moreover, the article identifies new elements of the legislative machine for the control of public authorities by democratic civic institutions that seek to increase social control in thepoliticalsystem.

Current management of the stability of organizations of the investment and construction complex in crisis situations

The article сonsiders topical issues of managing the economic stability of organizations in a crisis. The authors substantiate the need to study regional trends as an integral part of the anticrisis program at the regional level. Early diagnosis of crisis phenomena in the economy proves that a sufficiently high level of socio-economic development does not yet ensure complete economic security and the ability to withstand the threats posed by the unbalanced structure of the economy. Based on this, the problems in the field of ensuring the stability of organizations in the conditions of crises have been analysed and generalized. The problems faced by enterprises and organizations of the investment and construction sector of the economy have been considered. In methodological terms, the authors propose to use a system of indicative analysis and regulation of production and economic activities of enterprises of the real sector of the economy, as an organizational tool for resolving crisis situations in the economy. The study justifies the necessity of the introduction of digital technologies, on the basis of which it is possible to quickly implement the tasks set and achieve the expected results. The authors emphasize that we need our own anticrisis programs that to help maintain the sustainable functioning of organizations in the conditions of crisis phenomena.

Spatial variations in the socioeconomic development of rural municipalities in the podkarpackie voivodeship

The main goal of all territorial administration units, including municipalities, is to promote socioeconomic development. The implemented actions address a broad range of economic, social, spatial and environmental issues. Therefore, socioeconomic development is a complex and multi-dimensional concept that is difficult to evaluate in an unambiguous and objective manner. Statistical methods in object-based multidimensional modeling support such evaluations by considering numerous attributes/variables, which increases the efficiency of the analytical process. In this article, Hellwig’s development pattern method was applied to classify rural municipalities in Podkarpackie Voivodeship based on their socioeconomic development. Twenty-seven indicators were designed for the needs of the analysis with the use of Statistics Poland data for 2018. Based on the results, the municipalities were grouped into four classes with different levels of socioeconomic development. Class III was the largest group, and it was composed of 39 municipalities with a medium-low level of socioeconomic development. Class II was composed of a similar number of municipalities (38) with a medium-high level of socioeconomic development. The smallest groups were Class I containing 18 municipalities with a high level of socioeconomic development, and class IV containing 14 municipalities with a low level of development.

Does the Tourism Development of a Destination Determine Its Socioeconomic Development? An Analysis through Structural Equation Modeling in Medium-Sized Cities of Andalusia, Spain

Medium-sized European cities have been playing an increasingly significant role in the economic development of countries in recent decades, establishing themselves as genuinely specialized local production systems with great potential for stimulating the economy and generating added value. In many of these cities, in addition, tourism has become an incredibly strong economic activity with the capacity to stimulate local economies, as it contributes to the enhancement of endogenous resources and the generation of a multiplier effect on other economic sectors. This paper uses a structural equation model to demonstrate, first, that a direct relationship exists between tourism development and economic development and second, that, of all cities analyzed (medium-sized cities of Andalusia, Spain), those with a higher level of tourism development are actually those showing a higher level of socioeconomic development, which confirms that tourism has great potential as a tool for endogenous development.

La capacidad predictiva en el rendimiento escolar del capital económico y cultural de las familias del estudiantado en España y Marruecos

Las principales evaluaciones internacionales en el campo de la educación ponen de manifiesto que el origen familiar influye en el rendimiento escolar y que el nivel de relación de estas variables varía según el país. Por lo que surge la siguiente cuestión: ¿Cómo opera la desigualdad de oportunidades educativas según el origen familiar?. Para responder a esta pregunta hemos analizado dos sociedades que componen una de las fronteras más desiguales del mundo: España y Marruecos. Nuestro planteamiento es que el capital económico y el cultural poseen un efecto acumulativo en la desigualdad de oportunidades educativas. Sin embargo, el mayor desarrollo socioeconómico conlleva que el capital cultural sea mejor predictor en España que en Marruecos, mientras el origen económico de la familia tiene mayor peso en el país magrebí. Para testar esta hipótesis hemos analizado los datos de PIRLS 2016. Los resultados han sido acordes con la hipótesis, pero con mayor margen en el caso marroquí que en el español.

Security and attitudes toward globalization: A multilevel analysis

Globalization implicates a number of social psychological processes and outcomes, including openness to ideas, products, and people from outside one’s national boundaries. Drawing from theory and research on intergroup threat, the researchers posited that people will be more open to connections between their nation and others if they feel their economic situation and culture are relatively secure. They found some support for these hypotheses in 2 sets of archival survey responses collected by the Pew Global Attitudes Project in 2002 (40 countries; N = 34,073) and 2009 (25 countries; N = 22,500). Personal economic security and perceived national economic security were associated with more positive attitudes toward globalization in both survey years. However, country-level variables—development status (as indexed by the United Nations’ Human Development Index) and aggregated economic and cultural security—moderated the individual-level effects in several ways. Individual perceptions of national economic security more strongly predicted attitudes toward globalization in more favourable climates (e.g., in more developed countries, and at higher levels of country-level national economic security). Individual-level cultural security was positively associated with attitudes toward globalization in countries with higher levels of socioeconomic development, but negatively related to those attitudes in less developed nations. The results provide some new perspectives on individual and collective factors that inform the perceived benefits of globalization.

Research of migration behavior of the population and assessment of the level of attractiveness of territories based on the methods of agent-based modeling

Migration processes play a significant role in the socio-economic and demographic development of the Russian Federation. According to Rosstat, in more than 50 % of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2019, there is a migration decline in the population. It can also be noted that the most attractive for the population are large cities with a high level of socio-economic development. In this regard, the aim of the study is to assess the factors of mutual influence of the migration behavior of the population and the socio-economic development of the territory on the basis of agent-based modeling methods. The Republic of Bashkortostan was chosen as the object of the study, as the region with the highest level of migration loss in the Volga Federal District. According to the strategy of the Republic of Bashkortostan for the period up to 2030, the Government of the Republic of Belarus faces the difficult task of making effective management decisions that will lead to an increase in the socio-economic development of the territories and, consequently, to an increase in the level of migration growth. A distinctive feature of this study is the use of agent-based modeling (to take into account the individual characteristics of agents), fuzzy logic (to form the rules of behavior for agents) and GIS maps (to take into account the geographic location). A modular scheme for the functioning of the economic-demographic model has been developed, which describes the events, the agents that participate in them, and the methods by which they were implemented. An algorithm for the implementation of the "Migration" block has been developed, which describes the logic of the migration behavior of the "Man" agent and his reaction to changes in socio-economic indicators taken into account within the framework of the "Municipality" agent. According to the results of the study, scenarios for the development of municipal districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan were substantiated on the basis of data from the Ministry of Economic Development and Investment Policy of the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as the program "Comprehensive development of single-industry towns in the Republic of Bashkortostan".

ECONOMIC SECURITY AS AN ELEMENT OF THE REGION’S DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ON THE EXAMPLE OF COMMUNES OF THE ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE VOIVODSHIP

Economic security can be described as a process, in which one seeks to achieve a state of calmness and the ability to neutralize emerging threats, in a geographically or culturally defined space, in which an individual, legal entity or territory has a feeling similar to certainty that they have and will have sufficient the amount of resources to cover current needs and that there will be no risky situations that would deprive these entities of their resources. The aim of the article is to assess the diversification of economic security of communes in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship in 2009-2018, using a synthetic measure. Empirical data were collected in spatial terms for 102 communes of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. The material used was data from the Local Data Bank of the Central Statistical Office and the Regional Accounting Chamber of Kielce for 2009-2017. When discussing the activities of local entities in the process of shaping economic security, the first thing to emphasize is the importance of Local Government Units (LGUs), the operation of which is key in ensuring the continuity of the development process and striving to ensure an adequate level of security. Economic security is expressed primarily in the economy's ability to survive and develop. The greater the economic potential of the national economy is at a higher level of socioeconomic development and shows faster growth dynamics, the more stable and durable its security is considered. The study showed a diversified level of financial security for communes in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. In 2018, the measure of the level of financial security ranged from 0.65 to 0.85, while from 0.69 to 0.87 in 2009.

Ethnic and Regional Variation in Hospital Mortality from COVID-19 in Brazil

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is quickly spreading throughout Brazil, which is rapidly ascending the ranking of countries with the highest number of cases and deaths. A particularly unstable federal regime and fragile socioeconomic situation is likely to have contributed to the impact of the disease. Amid this crisis there is substantial concern in the possible socioeconomic, geopolitical and ethnic inequity of the impact of COVID-19 on the country's particularly diverse population. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional observational study of COVID-19 hospital mortality using observational data from the SIVEP-Gripe dataset. We present descriptive statistics to quantify the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. We assess the importance of regional factors such as education, income and health either on a state-by-state basis or by splitting Brazil into a North and a Central-South region. Mixed-effects survival analysis was used to estimate the effects of ethnicity and comorbidity at an individual level in the context of regional variation. Findings: Our results show that, compared to branco comparators, hospitalised pardo and preto Brazilians have significantly higher risk of mortality, with hazard ratios and 95% CI of 1.47 (1.33-1.58) and 1.32 (1.15-1.52), respectively. In particular, pardo ethnicity was the second most important risk factor (after age). We also found that hospitalised Brazilians in North regions tend to have more comorbidities than in the Central-South, with similar proportions between the various ethnic groups. Finally, we found that states in the North have a higher hazard ratio as compared to the Central-South, and that Rio de Janeiro obtained one of the highest hazard ratios, similar to the ones of the more underdeveloped Pernambuco and Amazonas. Interpretation: Our results can be interpreted according to the interplay of two independent, but correlated, effects: i) mortality by COVID-19 increases going North (vertical effect), ii) mortality increases for the pardo and preto population (horizontal effect). We speculate that the vertical effect is driven by increasing levels of comorbidity in Northern regions where levels of socioeconomic development are lower, whereas the horizontal effect may be related to lower levels of healthcare access or availability (including intensive care) for pardo and preto Brazilians. For most states the vertical and horizontal effects are correlated giving a larger cumulative mortality. However, Rio de Janeiro was found to be an outlier to this trend: It has an ethnicity composition (horizontal effect) similar to the states in the North region, despite high levels of socioeconomic development (vertical effect). Our analysis motivates an urgent effort on the part of Brazilian authorities to consider how the national response to COVID-19 can better protect pardo and preto Brazilians as well as the population of poorer states from their higher death risk from SARS-CoV-2 infection.Funding Statement: None.Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE OF MODERN REGIONAL POLICY: A MESOECONOMIC APPROACH AND THE PROSPECTS OF UKRAINE

The European experience of regional development policy is based on three basic principles: systematic, institutional, complementary. Moving away from the dichotomous position of "donor or outsider", "centralization or decentralization" to a broader platform "community-state" allows us to form a kind of theoretical starting position on the development and implementation of a set of state reforms at which a higher level of socio-economic development can be achieved. The methodological basis for studying institutional complementarity for regional development analysis may be the use of mesoeconomic analysis. It is the mesoeconomic level that can be seen as an opportunity to pass between two methodological extremes: individualism and holism. The current problems of regional development of Ukraine are caused by considerable micro- and macroeconomic constraints. The main constraints are demographic negatives, de-industrialization, high consumption of production resources, in particular, low energy efficiency, and an increased burden on debt. The most destabilizing role is played by military events in the East. The experience of combining centralization and decentralization eliminates the dichotomy and emphasizes the contradictory unity of both processes. The priority of regional policy must be to develop the scientific, technological and innovative potential of the regions. The process of dissemination of innovation must go from centralized to regional. It is important to combine state support funds with their own resources and direct them to implement regional and local development strategies, support the implementation of innovations, the development of new production, small and medium-sized businesses. An example of using a mesoeconomic approach as a theoretical compromise on centralization and decentralization is the training of higher education professionals. Reform of the emergency medical care system should also be based on the complementarity of old and new forms of organization, especially in remote areas. We consider it appropriate to use the European experience of mesoeconomic approaches to confirm the possibility of complementary development of the regions of Ukraine. Keywords: regional policy, institutional complementarity, mesoeconomics, non-uniformity, decentralization

Creation and validation of a socioeconomic development index: A case study on the countries in the Belt and Road Initiative

The assessment of socioeconomic development is of great significance as it can help governments objectively and comprehensively understand the status of national socioeconomic development and identify gaps, thereby informing policymaking. In this study, three types of data (statistical, geographic, and remote sensing data) were combined to establish a socioeconomic development index (SDI) that considers human living standards, urbanization, and transportation infrastructure to provide a comprehensive assessment of socioeconomic development status. Considering the uneven and rapid development in the countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), these countries were selected as the focus of a case study to validate the new index. SDI was used to classify the level of socioeconomic development in each BRI region, and the performance of each of the three SDI sub-indices for predicting socioeconomic development status was evaluated through linear regression. The results indicate that human development, urbanization, and transportation accessibility showed spatial heterogeneity in the BRI regions, with urbanization index having a particularly heterogeneous distribution. Out of the total BRI area, over one quarter was classified as having a low level of socioeconomic development, approximately 55% had an intermediate level of socioeconomic development, and one-fifth had a high level of socioeconomic development. In three quarters of the BRI, socioeconomic development was mainly restricted by slow modernization. In one-fifth of BRI regions, socioeconomic development was primarily restricted by inadequate transportation infrastructure. Socioeconomic development was mainly limited by low levels of human development in only eight countries. The contributions of human development, urbanization, and transportation accessibility differed among the regions with different levels of socioeconomic development. Human development was the best predictor of socioeconomic development in regions with low levels of socioeconomic development, whereas urbanization and transportation accessibility were more important in regions with relatively high levels of socioeconomic development. Finally, several policy recommendations were suggested based on the above results.