High Levels Of Oil Research Articles

Characteristics and oil absorption of deep‐fat fried dough prepared from ball‐milled wheat flour

AbstractBACKGROUND: High levels of oil in fried products has been recognized as causing health problems. The formation of microstructure during frying is one factor that influences oil absorption. Above the glass transition temperature (Tg), the physical properties of a polymer influences the formation of structure. The ball‐milling process changes the physicochemical properties of wheat flour constituents. The present study investigated the effects of physicochemical changes in wheat flour by the ball‐milling process on structure formation and oil absorption in wheat flour dough model.RESULTS: Dough samples were made from wheat flour that had been ball‐milled for 0 to 10 h and then fried in frying oil at 150 °C for 1–7 min. Thermal properties of wheat flour, structure alteration, and textural properties of fried samples were evaluated. As compared with samples made of non‐milled flour, samples made from milled flour had smaller pores and higher oil absorption. The fracture force of a fried sample prepared from non‐milled flour was lower than that of a sample prepared from milled flour.CONCLUSION: Ball‐milling affected the microstructure formation in fried wheat flour dough, and subsequently oil absorption. The crispness of a sample prepared from non‐milled wheat flour is higher than that of a sample prepared from ball‐milled wheat flour. This may be due not only to a plasticization effect, but may also be dependent on microstructure. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry

Supplementation of dairy cows with a fish oil containing supplement and sunflower oil to increase the CLA content of milk produced at pasture

It has been shown that the cis 9, trans 11 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) can be increased in milk by supplementation with fish oil and vegetable oils. Feeding a high level of oil, however, can impact negatively on gross milk composition. The principal aim of this study was to determine if relatively low levels of fish oil or sunflower oil, either alone or in combination, offered to dairy cows on pasture would increase the C18:2 cis 9, trans 11 CLA concentration in milk. Forty autumn-calved cows on a diet of grazed grass were assigned to 4 supplementation treatments: (i) No supplement (P), (ii) 255 g/day of sunflower oil (SO), (iii) 255 g/day of sunflower oil + 52.5 g/day of fish oil (SOFO), and (iv) 105 g/day of fish oil (FO). The fish oil was supplied in a proprietary product called Omega-3 Supplement which is a mixture of marine oils and an extracted oilseed meal and contains 500 g/kg of oil. The oils were fed in a concentrate mixture, which was offered at a rate of 3.0 kg/cow per day. The production of the cows was measured for 54 days and the milk fatty acid composition was determined on day 0 (immediately before the supplements were introduced) and on days 14, 28 and 42 after the treatments were imposed. Supplementation increased the yield of milk ( P < 0.01), protein ( P < 0.05) and lactose ( P < 0.001), decreased milk fat ( P < 0.05) and protein ( P < 0.01) concentrations and increased ( P < 0.01) lactose concentration. Type of oil did not significantly affect any production variable. The concentration of C18:1 trans 9 + C18:1 trans 11 (mainly C18:1 trans 11) ( P < 0.001) and C18:2 cis 9, trans 11 CLA ( P < 0.01) were greater on supplemented treatments than on P and the concentration of both were greater ( P < 0.05) on FO than on SO. The results confirm that the concentration of C18:2 cis 9, trans 11 CLA can be increased further, from an already relatively high concentration in milk from pasture, by offering supplements containing a low level of fish oil either alone or in combination with sunflower oil.

Performance characteristics of a hybrid membrane pilot-scale plant for oilfield-produced wastewater

Oilfield produced wastewater is a complicated system containing high levels of oil, SS (total suspended solid), sulfide, reductive substances and salinity, etc. The current treatment process operating in Daqing oilfield cannot treat the oily wastewater to satisfy the discharging standard to surrounding environment or the water quality for injection into low-osmosis oilfield. In this paper, a pilot-scale plant involving aeration tank, air floatation, sand filter and UF has been designed and performance characteristics of the hybrid process have been studied for treatment of the oily wastewater. Operation results show that this process can largely reduce the oil, SS contents in the oily wastewater to less than 0.5 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, respectively, and the concentration levels of Fe, reductive substances, sulfate reduction bacteria (SRB), metatrophic bacteriaTGBand iron bacteriaIBcan also meet the required standard for discharging or injection water.

Utilization of Jatropha curcas Seed Meal and its Limitation as Feed Ingredient

One of the alternatives to solve the problem of less fossil energy is to utilize plant as a new source of energy, i.e Jatropha curcas , known as physic nut. This plant has been promoted as a source of energy as its seed contains high level of oil which can be used as biodiesel. The meal produced after pressing the seed will become a by product which contains high level of protein but also contains several anti nutritive factors or toxic compounds. This causes a problem to utilize this seed meal for animal feed. This paper descibes the nutritional quality and anti nutritive factors of jatropha seed meal, detoxification of jatropha seed meal and its utilization as feed ingredient and the problem of its utilization. Jatropha seed meal as a feed ingredient has to go through a combination process of detoxification. There is a need to find a cheap and easy detoxification technology to produce a safe and high nutritional quality of jatropha seed meal for animal. Key words: Jatropha curcas , anti nutritive factors, detoxification, utilization, problem

Production and Utilization of a Novel Solid Enzymatic Preparation Produced by Penicillium restrictum in Activated Sludge Systems Treating Wastewater with High Levels of Oil and Grease

The efficiency of a solid enzymatic preparation (SEP), produced through solid-state fermentation by the fungus Penicillium restrictum with waste from the babassu oil industry, was evaluated in a pretreatment stage of a dairy effluent. A range of oil and grease (O&G) contents in the effluent were tested (400, 600, and 800 mg O&G/L). Two parallel activated sludge systems were operated continuously with a hydraulic retention time of 20 h during a 240-day period, one of which treated raw effluent (Control) and the other of which treated enzymaticaly prehydrolyzed effluent (Test). In the trials with 800 mg O&G/L in the delivered effluent, a significantly improved waste treatment outcome was obtained with the Test bioreactor than the Control bioreactor, including chemical oxygen demand removal (13% higher), O&G accumulation in flocs (40% lower), biomass concentration (1.7 times higher), degradation constant (4.7 times higher), and specific oxygen uptake rate (1.3 times higher). Only the Test bioreactor attained parameters within the discharge standards required by the local environmental legislation for treated effluent. The employment of enzymatic pools produced by solid-state fermentation (known as SEP) from low-cost industrial wastes may represent an important contribution as an adjuvant in the aerobic biological treatment of dairy effluents with high O&G contents.

Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on anaerobic treatment of dairy wastewater

The biological treatment of a synthetic dairy wastewater containing high levels of oil and grease (200, 600 and 1000 mg/l) was investigated, using two identical UASB reactors. One reactor was fed with wastewater from an upstream enzymatic hydrolysis step and the other with raw wastewater. The hydrolysis was carried out at 35 °C for 14 h, using an enzyme preparation obtained through solid-state fermentation, presenting pronounced lipase activity. The reactors were continuously operated with each fat concentration. The performance of both reactors was similar up to the concentration of 600 mg/l. However, the benefits of the hydrolysis step became evident with the highest concentration (1000 mg/l). COD removals averaged 90% in the reactor fed with the hydrolyzed effluent and 82% in the control reactor. The results showed that UASB reactors are able to operate, even when fed with high levels of oil and grease in dairy wastewaters.

Mechanical characteristics of standard fuel briquettes on biomass basis

The measuring has proved that the energy herbs can be pressed into the form of compact briquettes. It regards 9 varieties of the energy crops, i.e. coriander, crambe, saphlor, sorrel, sorghum, reed canary grass, knotweed, barley straw and rapeseed straw. These energy crops are disintegrated by the grinding mill &amp;Scaron;V 15 (manufacturer Stoza, Ltd.) before the pressing. The fraction size is given by the mesh size of circular cross section of diameter 15 mm. All the crops have constant moisture content during the measuring and uniform diameter 65 mm of the resulting briquettes. The biomass moisture ranges from 9 to 11%. The pressing is conducted by the briquette press HLS 50 (manufacturer Briklis, Ltd.). The measuring results have shown the highest volume weight in following energy herbs: coriander, saphlor, rapeseed straw, sorghum, sorrel and knotweed. The lowest volume weight was found in these crops: reed canary grass, crambe and barley straw. The measuring proved that the highest force for the briquette disintegration is necessary for knotweed, saphlor, sorrel, sorghum and coriander. The lowest force for the briquette disintegration needs the reed canary grass, barley and rapeseed straw and crambe. Crambe contains a high level of oil in its seeds and this fact causes difficulties during their pressing as good mechanical parameters regards, thus they cannot be pressed into the briquette form.

Commercial spread optimization using experimental design and sensory data

AbstractThe cost and quality of food products are issues that concern both the consumer and producer. In this research, the process used for the production of a commercial spread was subjected to a statistical experimental design for the purpose of reducing the cost of production while maintaining or improving the sensory quality. Three factors—the amount of oil added (x1), the speed of puddling (x2), and the temperature treatment (A or B; x3)—were varied according to a full‐factorial design at two levels. The experiments were performed over 2 d, and the factorial design was complemented with three replicates for temperature treatments A and B, which were performed on different days. The products were evaluated with both sensory and physicochemical measurements. Special attention was paid to the hardness of the product since it was permissible to reduce it slightly. In contrast, sensory quality aspects of the product including butter‐aroma and off‐flavor, as well as other quality properties such as spreadability, shine, and meltability, had to be maintained at the present level or improved. Statistical evaluation of the data showed that it was possible to add high amounts of oil (x1) without impairing the sensory quality of the product and, hence, reduce the cost of production. The hardness of the product was also slightly reduced when using the high level of oil. In maintaining other sensory qualities such as shine and spreadability at the present levels, the choice of temperature treatment (x3) was important.

Degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca e proteína bruta de concentrados com diferentes fontes energéticas

The degradation kinetics and the effective degradability (ED) of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) of three concentrates, different in energetic sources composition, were assessed: STA = concentrate of high level of starch (56.6% of starch); OIL = concentrate of high level of oil (8.5% of oil) and S+O = concentrate composed of a mixture of STA and OIL (30.72% of starch and 6.05% of oil). The utilized starch and oil to compose the concentrate sources were corn and cottonseed, respectively. Three male bovines, averaging 352kg live weight and fitted with cannulae in the rumen, were used. For the 5%/h solid passage rate, it could be verified that the effective degradability (ED) of DM presented 69.17%, 61,15% and 52,99% for STA, S+O and OIL concentrates, respectively, which differed from each other (P<0.01). For the same passage rate, 5%/h, the ED of CP for the STA concentrate (79.42%) was different from S+O concentrate (69.41%), but both did not differ from OIL concentrate (73.59%). The S+O concentrate presented intermediate degradation offering more balanced ruminal fermentation conditions.

INTERACTION BETWEEN POTASSIUM SORBATE, OIL AND TWEEN 20: ITS EFFECT ON THE GROWTH AND INHIBITION OF Z BAILII IN MODEL SALAD DRESSINGS

ABSTRACTThe effect of the interaction between potassium sorbate (KS), oil and Tween® 20 on the growth and inhibition of Z bailii in model salad dressings was studied. Z. bailii grew in emulsions containing 110 and 230 g/kg of oil and the addition of 0.5 g/kg of KS inhibited growth. When the oil content was raised to 460 g/kg, a steep death rate curve was observed and the effect of KS addition was hidden by the inhibitory action of the high oil level. Tween® 20 action depended on oil level: for emulsions containing 110 or 230 g/kg, a depression in the activity of KS was observed. This behavior was attributed to the decrease in the free form of the preservative due to the partition between surfactant micelles and the water. In contrast, when the oil content was 460 g/kg, KS activity was enhanced in spite of the decrease in the amount of its free form. These results highlight the importance of considering ingredient interactions when evaluating shelf‐life.

Unusually high levels of non-saponifiable lipids in the fishes escolar and rudderfish: Identification by gas and thin-layer chromatography

Analysis of the non-saponifiable lipids of the fishes Lepidocybium flavobrunneum and Ruvettus pretiosus (escolar), and Centrolophus niger and Tubbia spp. (rudderfish) was performed. The analyses were used to clarify the cause of recent reports of illness (diarrhoea) in Australia from consumption of purported rudderfish. Both escolar and rudderfish contained very high levels of oil (generally between 14 to 25%, as % wet mass) in the fillet and the oil compositions were different to most seafood. Escolar oil contained mainly wax ester (>90% of oil). The oil from five specimens of rudderfish contained mainly diacylglyceryl ether (DAGE, >80% of oil) or hydrocarbon (>80% of oil, predominately squalene). One rudderfish specimen contained mainly polar lipid. Major differences in oil content and composition, including fatty alcohol and glyceryl ether diols (derived from DAGE), were observed between purported individuals of the same species or related species of rudderfish, raising the possibility of geographic or seasonal differences affecting the oil composition. The oil composition of fish fillet samples associated with the health issues were consistent with the profiles for escolar, rather than rudderfish species. These findings, in particular the lipid class and fatty alcohol profiles, were supported by general protein fingerprinting results and were consistent with the samples originating from individuals of the escolar species L. flavobrunneum. The high wax ester content of the escolar group clarifies the reported diarrhoeal effects to consumers. Purgative properties of high wax ester containing fish oils have been reported for escolar and other species. The results highlight the potential for non-saponifiable lipid profiles to be used for identification of fish fillets and oils to at least group level.

The combined effects of phytoremediation and biostimulation in enhancing habitat restoration and oil degradation of petroleum contaminated wetlands

The combined effects of biostimulation and phytoremediation as a means of post-oil spill habitat restoration and enhancement of oil degradation in the soil were evaluated. Marsh sods of Spartina alterniflora and Spartina patens were dosed with 0, 4, 8, 16 and 24 l m −2 of south Louisiana crude oil in the greenhouse. Plants were killed at oil dosages of 8 l m −2 in the growing season following oil application. Two years after application of the oil, S. alterniflora and S. patens individuals were transplanted into the oiled and unoiled sods. Fertilizer was applied 1 and 7 months after transplantation. Application of the fertilizer significantly increased biomass of the transplants within 6 months and regrowth biomass of the transplants 1 year after transplantation for both plant species. The residual oil in the soil did not significantly affect the biomass of the S. patens transplants compared with that in the no oil treatment, except at the highest oil level. However, regrowth biomass of the S. alterniflora transplants treated with fertilizer was significantly higher at all oil levels up to 250 mg g −1 than in the unoiled treatment, with or without fertilizer. The oil degradation rate in the soil was significantly enhanced by the application of fertilizer in conjunction with the presence of transplants. These results suggest that vegetative transplantation, when implemented with fertilization, can simultaneously restore oil contaminated wetlands and accelerate oil degradation in the soil.

Characterization of oils and chemical analyses of the seeds of wild plants.

The Chemical compositions of the seeds of some wild plants have been investigated. The seeds of Hematostaphis berteri, Balanites aegytiaca and Ximenia americana contain high levels of oils with values in the range, 38.2-54.5% (w/w). The iodine values of the oils were determined and, for Ximenia americana, the value was high, i.e., 149.8 mg/100 g. The storage properties of the oil of Hematostaphis berteri were examined over a period of fifty six days by exposure to light at ambient temperature. The peroxide value of the oil over the period increased by 12-fold of its initial value of 27.5 mEq/kg, suggesting light susceptibility to photo-oxidative degradation. The proximate protein contents were low but the concentrations of mineral elements in the seeds examined were generally high, exceeding the values for the corresponding mesocarps by several orders of magnitude.

Nutritional manipulation of milk protein concentration and its impact on the dairy industry

Milk protein accounts for about 25 percent of total milk solids and is now a more valuable component of milk than fat. This paper is a short review of some of the dietary factors that can affect milk protein concentration and yield. Milk protein consists of a number of different components, the greatest of which is casein. This in the most important component for cheese and casein powder manufacture but, generally, nutritional manipulations do not significantly change the relative proportions of the different protein components. Increasing amino acid supply to the mammary gland is the basis for most dietary manipulations to increase milk protein concentration or yield. Protein level in the diet does not affect milk protein concentration. However the type of protein fed can have an effect and including fishmeal generally increases milk protein concentration and yield. Feeding higher levels of concentrate supplement, thereby increasing the plane of nutrition of the cow, increases both milk protein concentration and yield. While in theory it would be expected that feeding starchy ingredients would increase milk protein, this has not been shown clearly in experiments. The inclusion of high oil levels in the concentrate supplement tends to reduce milk protein concentration. Infusion of casein or essential amino acids post-ruminally increases milk protein concentration but the response to feeding rumen-protected lysine and methionine has been variable. Cows grazing clover swards have higher milk protein concentration and yield than those grazing perennial ryegrass swards. It is important for the farmer to try and increase milk protein concentration and yield using both nutritional and breeding strategies. It is likely that in the future milk protein will continue to become more valuable relative to the other components of milk as protein concentration is of great importance to the milk processor in the manufacture of a range of products.

Alteration of Reproductive Steroids of Male Winter Flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) Chronically Exposed to Low Levels of Crude Oil in Sediments

When male winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) were held in seawater for 4 mo exposed to sand treated with five low levels of crude oil, there was a significant reduction in testosterone and 11-ketotesterone glucuronides in blood plasma. At the two higher levels of oil the concentrations of plasma glucuronides were similar but very significantly lower than in the controls or the three lower levels of oil. For both androgens the ratio of glucuronides to free steroids declined in a stepwise fashion. Free testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone plasma levels were not affected significantly by any concentration of oil in sediment. Liver weights as a percentage of body weight were significantly increased at the two highest levels of oil in the sediments, but neither body weights nor testes weights were altered by exposure to oil. It has been suggested that androgen glucuronides can function as pheromones in some fish and this is one potentially deleterious effect of exposure to oil.

Condensed astaxanthin of pigmented oil from crayfish carapace and its feeding experiment.

The pigments were extracted from crayfish carapace with soy oil. Astaxanthin and its esters were purified and concentrated by using microcrystalline cellulose adsorptive chromatography. The concentration of the purified pigments was approximately forty times that of the original pigmented oil. The separation of the pigments from the pigmented soy oil enabled us to reduce the amount of oil necessary to fortify the diet. In a feeding trial, rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri were fed with the diets containing the purified pigments and desirable pink coloration was found in the flesh. The analysis of the pigment in the test diets and flesh of rainbow trout was carried out. The diets with the higher levels of oil had a higher level of pigment decomposition.

Oil and Gas Developments in New York in 1982

In 1982, 533 wells were completed in New York. In existing fields, 57 oil and 426 gas wells were completed. Exploratory drilling resulted in 4 new gas field discoveries, 1 deeper pool discovery, and 32 extensions to existing gas fields. Thirty of the extensions were to Medina sandstone fields in western New York. Pennzoil completed 2 Oriskany Sandstone gas discoveries in southeastern Cattaraugus County. Berea Oil & Gas drilled a dry downdip Medina sandstone test in the same general area. In Cayuga County, Devonian Energy drilled 3 dry Queenston tests and 1 dry Precambrian test. In Chautauqua County, 35 producers have been drilled in the northeast-southwest Akron (Bass Islands) trend. High levels of oil and gas production have occurred from fractured zones along this thrust-faulted anticlinal feature. Open flows of more than 2,400 BOPD and 60 MMCFGD have been reported. Two Devonian black shale gas tests were drilled in central-southern New York by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA). One, in Chemung County, was completed as a good gas producer, but the other, in Tioga County, was only a small producer. NYSERDA also drilled a geothermal test in the city of Auburn in central New York. The well was drilled to the Precambrian and is being tested for the production of saline formation water at 125°F for possible use in space heating. Oil production in 1982 was 831,491 bbl; gas production amounted to 18,760 mmcf. The price for New York stripper crude was $35/bbl on January 1, 1982, and ended the year at $30/bbl. In 1982, an estimated 24 crew-weeks of reflection seismic work was done in New York. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Section 107, tight formation, designation for the Medina in Chautauqua and Cattaraugus Counties was approved in January 1982. An application for Section 107 pricing for the Medina and Queenston in 10 additional New York counties was near approval at year end. Gas purchasers initiated extensive shut-in periods during 1982 because of the oversupply of gas. Contract renegotiations for a lower price for Section 107 gas were common. Because of this, a decline in drilling is expected in 1983. In early 1982, the U.S. Corps of Engineers gave final approval to drilling for gas in the eastern United States portion of Lake Erie. The New York portion consists of 373,000 acres. Columbia Gas has leased and done seismic work on extensive acreage in eastern New York and Vermont in the concealed eastern overthrust trend. It may drill a deep test on this acreage, near Albany, in 1983.

The utilization of fish by-products and waste in animal feeding

Most of the by-products from fish go into the production of fish meal and fish oil, the latter going directly to the human food chain, and therefore do not really come under the heading of industrial by-products and waste per se. Broadly speaking, fish meal made from fish offal is a by-product which otherwise would have been wasted. This paper discusses the quantities involved and the nutritional properties offish meal, and in addition, the contribution to fish meal and fish oil made from species which are not suitable for human consumption (e.g. sandeels) or where the quantities caught exceed the demand for human consumption (e.g. sprats).Any method of utilizing fish by-products for animal feeding should minimize chemical changes in the product to avoid reduction in the nutrients which are present at the time of catching. In some respects chemical changes in fish by-products are brought about in a similar way to those in grass, cut for preservation. The fish material has a high water content, around 75%, and from the time of catching is subject to chemical changes by enzymes in the fish and also by bacterial action. Fish, however, differs from grass in that it contains oil and virtually no carbohydrates. The demersal, or lean fish, for example, cod, haddock, plaice, saithe, etc., contain high levels of oil in the liver which are removed for separate processing, but little in the flesh and in the offal produced. The ‘industrial’ fish caught are mainly pelagic species with high levels of oil in the flesh.

The Effect of Oil and Black on the Injection Molding of EPDM Compounds. I.

Abstract Factors affecting the flow properties of EPDM compounds have been studied and the findings of the study applied to the injection molding of these compounds. The level of oil and of black were found to change the flow properties of EPDM compounds. Higher levels of oil decreased the compound viscosity while higher levels of black increased the compound viscosity. The viscosity of the oil influenced compound viscosities. Compounds made with the more viscous (at 210° F) oil had slightly higher viscosities. However, changing from an aromatic to a naphthenic oil of similar viscosity had little effect on the compound viscosity. Compounds made from two different polymers of similar Mooney viscosity were found to have widely divergent flow behavior at high shear rates. Injection molding of EPDM compounds was studied with a molding assembly which had a capillary rheometer as barrel and plunger. Injection pressure data from the molding experiments was found to parallel closely the rheological data. An analysis of the pressure drops in passing through different parts of the mold assembly was made. The total calculated pressure drop agreed closely with the measured pressure drop. The viscous generation of heat was found to be proportional to pressure drop, and an equation is presented which relates the temperature increase to the pressure drop.