High Level Of Expectation Research Articles

Refractive surgery today: is there innovation or stagnation?

Refractive surgery today: is there innovation or stagnation?

Advances in D. <i>melanoxylon</i> Investigations towards Tissue Culture: Problems and Limitations

The first attempt on D. melanoxylon tissue culture was conducted from 2010 to 2013 at a high level of expectations. A total of 500 seeds were sterilized at different concentration of reagents and inoculated at different strength of the Murashige and Skoog medium for germination to obtain disease free explants for callus induction trials. A total of 400 nodal segments obtained from germinated seeds were sterilized at different concentration of reagents and inoculated at different hormonal combinations to induce callus formation for seedling multiplication. Results from this tissue culture attempt set a foundation for tissue culture success in D. melanoxylon on the future research. Only 19.8% of seeds inoculated in half strength of Murashige and Skoog medium germinated within 7 days while only 6.8% of seeds inoculated in full strength of Murashige and Skoog medium germinated within 6 days. This germination was at sterilization of 20 minutes in 35% ethanol and 20 minutes in 2.6% sodium hypochlorite. A total of 1% of inoculated D. melanoxylon seedling fragments in Murashige and Skoog media supplemented with hormone combination at 2.0 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA developed callus after16 days from the inoculation day. The final weight of the callus at the last record was 0.62 g. In this induction ex-plants were surface sterilized in 35% ethanol for 20 minutes and 2.6% sodium hypochlorite solution for 20 minutes. The color of callus was green and friable in nature. Other hormonal combinations in this case did not induce callus production. These results suggested that the problems which affect seed germination in the natural environment are also reflected on germination in the Murashige and Skoog medium and in callus induction. Vulnerability to fungal attack is a limitation for successful callus induction and germination in the culture room. More research under improved sterile conditions is needed to improve callus percentage for seedling multiplication.

Investigating expectation and reward in human opioid addiction with [ 11 C ]raclopride PET

The rewarding properties of some abused drugs are thought to reside in their ability to increase striatal dopamine levels. Similar increases have been shown in response to expectation of a positive drug effect. The actions of opioid drugs on striatal dopamine release are less well characterized. We examined whether heroin and the expectation of heroin reward increases striatal dopamine levels in human opioid addiction. Ten opioid-dependent participants maintained on either methadone or buprenorphine underwent [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography imaging. Opioid-dependent participants were scanned three times, receiving reward from 50-mg intravenous heroin (diamorphine; pharmaceutical heroin) during the first scan to generate expectation of the same reward at the second scan, during which they only received 0.1-mg intravenous heroin. There was no heroin injection during the third scan. Intravenous 50-mg heroin during the first scan induced pronounced effects leading to high levels of expectation at the second scan. There was no detectable increase in striatal dopamine levels to either heroin reward or expectation of reward. We believe this is the first human study to examine whether expectation of heroin reward increases striatal dopamine levels in opioid addiction. The absence of detectable increased dopamine levels to both the expectation and delivery of a heroin-related reward may have been due to the impact of substitute medication. It does however contrast with the changes seen in abstinent stimulant users, suggesting that striatal dopamine release alone may not play such a pivotal role in opioid-maintained individuals.

대형 종합건설사의 녹색건설 동기유발요인에 관한 연구 - 정치경제 접근법을 중심으로 -

The construction industry is now facing a new challenge of green construction. Based on a research question of what motivates contractors to pursue green construction, the objective of this study is to identify and discuss key characteristics and implications of green construction motivators among major contractors. The Political Economy Approach was adpoted as a main research methodology. The study demonstrated that major contractors show a high level of expectation in the future of green construction and consider economic factors as higher motivators while paying attention to social trends towards green construction. In particular, internal economic motivators were highly considered and the commitment of senior management was viewed as a key motivator.

Exploring behavioral transfer from knowledge seeking to knowledge contributing: The mediating role of intrinsic motivation

Knowledge contributing has long been identified as a bottleneck in knowledge management since individuals tend to believe that their contributing would not be worth the effort, given high levels of expectation to receive some value in return. Self‐perception theory posits that individuals come to “know” their own internal beliefs by inferring them partially from observations of their own overt behavior. Building on self‐perception theory and adhering to the principle that the relationship between behavior and beliefs is one of mutual influence, we develop a research model to explore the behavioral transfer from knowledge seeking to knowledge contributing and consider the mediating effect of intrinsic motivation. Data collected from 430 users of Web 2.0 applications were used to test the model. The mediating role of intrinsic motivation between knowledge seeking and knowledge contributing is confirmed. These findings and their implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Parenting Values and Practices among Muslim Parents in Indonesia

Despite the fact that Muslims are fast becoming part of the world population, they are the least known group. Moreover, Muslims have been seriously misunderstood and negatively perceived because of several tragic events related to terrorist attacks or wars in the Middle East countries. In this light, the current study examined how parenting values and practices varied by importance of religion, gender, and generation, based on the questionnaire data collected from 312 Muslim fathers and mothers living in Jakarta, Indonesia. The most salient result of this study was that the religion was at the center of everyday lives. The importance of religion in their lives clearly translated in their parenting styles by engaging in religious practices with their children. At the same time, Muslim parents in Indonesia had a high level of expectation for their children`s education and making happy family life as well as being faithful as Muslim. This study contributed to promoting cultural sensitivity towards Muslims by examining Indonesian Muslim parents` parenting values and practices.

The Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility Orientation on the Consumer's Perception of Advertisers' Intention

The study examines whether consumers' corporate social responsibility orientation (CSRO) can affect the perceptions of the sponsor's intention in advocating social causes as altruistic or self-serving in the context of values advocacy advertising. A quasi-experimental design with two ad stimuli sponsored by Miller Brewing Company and McDonald's was conducted. The study suggests that those who have high levels of expectations for business to perform both business (e.g., maximization of profits) and social roles (e.g., philanthropic efforts) are most likely to relate to values advocacy advertising messages and attribute to the sponsor altruistic motives in sponsoring social causes. It was noteworthy that the findings emerged differently depending on the types of sponsor's industry and the prior perception toward the sponsor.

Customer reactions to encountering consecutive service failures

ABSTRACTAccording to previous studies, many consumers in Taiwan have experienced consecutive service failures. Despite these failures, many consumers still remain loyal to a service provider for a variety of reasons, such as money deposits, contractual agreements, associated costs, time constrains, and health concerns. We attempt to investigate the emotional reactions and expectations of consumers after they have experienced two consecutive service failures. Our findings reveal that for high‐involvement services, although customers display strong negative emotional reactions after each service failure, the reaction to the second service failure is less intensive than that to the first one. Furthermore, our findings show that as long as the products or services remain in use, customers tend to retain high levels of expectation in regard to the service provider. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Designing a graphical interface for creativity support tools for designers: a case study

This study proposes a co-designing, an iterative methodology to design graphical user interface for creativity support tools for designers. Given the high level of expectation from designers, the interface quality was one of the most challenging aspects of the work, in conjunction with the utility of the functionalities. An iterative design and evaluation process was used to create the icon-based interface, during which the needs of the designers and the functionalities of the system were integrated until a complete operational prototype emerged. This process provided three sequential prototypes. In order to achieve this, we derived qualitative and quantitative results from various methods: creative sessions, semantic and emotional evaluations, questionnaires, semi-directive interviews, subjective performance assessments, longitudinal tests, and focus group assessments. Finally, our iterative design and evaluation process can be considered to be a very efficient means of integrating end users' spontaneous feedback about icon redesigns in the early phases of development. The design outcome enabled the end users to ensure that key features of the creativity support tool were both usable and appealing.

문화적응 유형화를 중심으로한 국제결혼이주여성의 부부갈등과 가족상담자의 문화적 역량에 대한 기대

The aim of this study was to investigate on characteristics of sociological and demographic population, marital conflicts and expectations to family counselors' cultural competence surrounding factors of cultural adaptation among immigrated women. This study conducted a survey of 236 immigrated women in Kyonggi province, Seoul metropolitan cities, Cholla and Chunchung provinces and Incheon. The results of this study are as follows: First, a relatively few marital conflicts were found, as a whole, while they had the high levels of expectation to family counselors' cultural competence. Second, immigrated women can be clustered as three different types: 'multiplicity type', 'undifferentiated type' and 'adaptation type'. Third, sociological and demographic population characteristics which were subdivided and clustered according to cultural adaptation made the significant difference between each population. Population with multiplicity type out of the above-stated three types accounted for the highest conflict rates, while population with 'adaptation' type accounted for the lowest conflict rates. Lastly, expectations to family counselors' cultural competence made the significant difference among each population. Population with multiplicity type showed the highest expectation levels on expectations to family counselors' cultural competence, while population with undifferentiated type showed the lowest levels.

Evidence-Based Programming: A Practitioner's Guide

The movement toward evidence-based practices and intervention is now very prevalent in the fields of medicine, health care, mental health, management, public policy, and education, to list just a few examples. Worksite health promotion programs, understandably, are beginning to experience growing interest in using evidence-based interventions as well. Within the Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act (P.L. 111–148 as amended) the term ‘‘evidence-based’’ is used 41 times, indicating a fairly high level of congressional familiarity with the term and a high level of expectation for the use of the concept. Thirteen of those uses of the term ‘‘evidence-based’’ were included in Title IV, Prevention of Chronic Disease and Improving Public Health, which is the prevention and health promotion centerpiece within the legislation. It is clear that health promotion practitioners will increasingly be expected to provide evidence-based programming, including planning, design, implementation, interventions, and evaluation of services, to their target populations, and thus the reason for addressing this topic in this edition of The Art of Health Promotion. We will be exploring the following aspects of the topic:

Rhinoplasty

Rhinoplasty

Effects of pedunculopontine nucleus area stimulation on gait disorders in Parkinson's disease

Gait disturbances are frequent and disabling in advanced Parkinson's disease. These symptoms respond poorly to usual medical and surgical treatments but were reported to be improved by stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus. We studied the effects of stimulating the pedunculopontine nucleus area in six patients with severe freezing of gait, unresponsive to levodopa and subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Electrodes were implanted bilaterally in the pedunculopontine nucleus area. Electrode placement was checked by postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. The primary outcome measures were a composite gait score, freezing of gait questionnaire score and duration of freezing episodes occurring during a walking protocol at baseline and one-year follow-up. A double-blind cross-over study was carried out from months 4 to 6 after surgery with or without pedunculopontine nucleus area stimulation. At one-year follow-up, the duration of freezing episodes under off-drug condition improved, as well as falls related to freezing. The other primary outcome measures did not significantly change, nor did the results during the double-blind evaluation. Individual results showed major improvement of all gait measures in one patient, moderate improvement of some tests in four patients and global worsening in one patient. Stimulation frequency ranged between 15 and 25 Hz. Oscillopsia and limb myoclonus could hinder voltage increase. No serious adverse events occurred. Although freezing of gait can be improved by low-frequency electrical stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus area in some patients with Parkinson's disease our overall results are disappointing compared to the high levels of expectation raised by previous open label studies. Further controlled studies are needed to determine whether optimization of patient selection, targeting and setting of stimulation parameters might improve the outcome to a point that could transform this experimental approach to a treatment with a reasonable risk-benefit ratio.

Collective action in culturally similar and dissimilar groups: an experiment on parochialism, conditional cooperation, and their linkages

This study examines the effects of ingroup favoritism and outgroup hostility (“parochialism”), as well as of conditionally cooperative strategies, in explaining contributions to experimental public goods games. The experimental conditions vary group composition along two culturally inheritable traits (political party preference and religious affiliation) and one trivial, “minimal” trait (birth season). We contrast ingroup, outgroup, and random group conditions and investigate the relation between the own contribution to the public good and the expectations about other group members' behavior in each one of them. We find evidence for ingroup favoritism but no support for a separate tendency towards outgroup hostility. Further, conditional cooperation and ingroup bias are, to some extent, linked. Subjects had higher expectations of the contributions of ingroup members, and their own behavior was more strongly conditioned on other group members' expected behavior in the ingroup conditions. In ingroup contexts, subjects displayed a form of “strong reciprocity” by giving more than they expected others to at high expectation levels but less at low expectation levels. Once these interactions are taken into account, we do not find a direct effect of ingroup bias anymore. We discuss these results in the light of theories of cultural group selection and conclude that too much emphasis may have been laid on direct intergroup conflict. Our results suggest that differential cooperativeness, rather than parochialism, may characterize the behavior of individuals in cultural ingroups and outgroups.

The Ecological World View

In November 2008 I was fortunate enough to attend the Australasian Wildlife Management Society Conference in Fremantle where Charles Krebs presented as a key-note speaker. It is fair to say that Krebs? presentation left a significant mark on its audience, as evidenced by continued reference to his talk in subsequent presentations. Of course, Krebs is no stranger to this level of citation. His text book, ?Ecology: the Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance?, has been cited nearly 1800 times since its original publication, and is currently in its 6th edition. When combined with more than 200 peerreviewed papers, Krebs? achievements and impact on the field of ecology cast an enviable shadow. As such, it was with a high level of expectation and a little trepidation that I decided to review his recent text ?The Ecological World View?.

Collaboration between school and parents to foster information literacy: Learning in the information society

The aim of this study is to investigate current parental support for student learning with information technology (IT) in Hong Kong. A total of 3340 and 3656 parents and 539 and 440 primary school heads responded to two surveys in 2005/06 and 2006/07, respectively, in this cross-sectional study. The results show a persistent positive perception of and support for IT among educators and parents, which signify a solid foundation for the extension of student learning from the classroom to the home environment. The high level of expectation among school heads for parental support reflects the need for schools to initiate cooperation with parents to extend IT-supported learning to the home setting. The shift in parental apprehension from worry over the provision of IT facilities to worry over the cultivation of proper attitudes toward the use of IT reveals the importance of fostering information literacy in home–school collaboration.

Excellence in automotive research and development

Today, IAV GmbH is one of the world’s leading development partners to the automotive industry. A glance at the company’s list of clients, which reads like a who’s who of all prominent vehicle manufacturers from across the globe, proves this claim. But what makes IAV so attractive to the well-known names from Europe, Asia and the US? One explanation for its success is doubtlessly the high level of expectations set by IAV’s engineers in terms of developing technically outstanding and, at the same time, truly production-ready solutions for all areas of the automobile.

Excellence in Automotive Research and Development

Today, IAV GmbH is one of the world’s leading development partners to the automotive industry. A glance at the company’s list of clients, which reads like a who’s who of all prominent vehicle manufacturers from across the globe, proves this claim. But what makes IAV so attractive to the well-known names from Europe, Asia and the US? One explanation for its success is doubtlessly the high level of expectations set by IAV’s engineers in terms of developing technically outstanding and, at the same time, truly production-ready solutions for all areas of the automobile.

Development of a regional macroinvertebrate index for large river bioassessment

Abstract Large river bioassessment protocols lag far behind those of wadeable streams and often rely on fish assemblages of individual rivers. We developed a regional macroinvertebrate index and assessed relative condition of six large river tributaries to the upper Mississippi and Ohio rivers, Midwest USA. In 2004 and 2005, benthic macroinvertebrates, water chemistry, and habitat data were collected from randomly selected sites on each of the St. Croix, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Scioto, Wabash, and Illinois rivers. We first identified the human disturbance gradient using principal components analysis (PCA) of abiotic data. From the PCA, least disturbed sites showed strong separation from stressed sites along a gradient contrasting high water clarity, canopy cover, habitat scores, and plant-based substrates at one end and higher conductivity and nutrient concentrations at the other. Evaluation of 97 benthic metrics identified those with good range, responsiveness, and relative scope of impairment, as well as redundancies with other metrics. The final index was composed of Diptera taxa richness, EPT taxa richness, Coleoptera taxa richness, percent oligochaete and leech taxa, percent collector-filterer individuals, predator taxa richness, percent burrower taxa, tolerant taxa richness, and percent facultative individuals. Each of the selected metrics was scored using upper and lower thresholds based on all sites, and averaging across the nine metric scores, we obtained the Non-wadeable Macroinvertebrate Assemblage Condition Index (NMACI). The NMACI showed a strong response to disturbance using a validation data set and was highly correlated with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination axes of benthic taxa. The cumulative distribution function of index scores for each river showed qualitative differences in condition among rivers. NMACI scores were highest for the federally protected St. Croix River and lowest for the Illinois River. Other rivers were intermediate and generally reflected the mixture of land use types within individual basins. Use of regional reference sites, though setting a high level of expectation, provides a valuable frame of reference for the potential of large river benthic communities that will aid management and restoration efforts.

Coping Skills of Olympic Developmental Soccer Athletes

Athletes at Olympic Developmental Program (ODP) camps experience unusually high levels of expectations and inherent mental and physical challenges within such a short span of time. With the increasing emphasis on talent development, there has been consensus by the ODP staff to more clearly define present levels of coping skills, in order to enhance athletic prediction, maximize training efforts, identify the predisposition to injury, and focus on areas pertinent to successful performance. This study examined athletic and pain coping skills of U. S. ODP soccer athletes not previously investigated. Following written informed consent, 70 males completed the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory and the Sports Inventory for Pain. Data were analyzed by competitive level (U-14, U-15), and skill position (goalkeeper/defense, midfield/foward). MANOVA indicated a significant main effect across competitive level (Wilks' Lambda F(12,57) = 2.27; p = 0.02; n-beta = 0.915) but no significant effect by skill position (Wilks' Lambda F(12,57) = 0.931; p = 0.523; n-beta = 0.457). Post hoc analyses indicated that U-15 athletes scored significantly higher in concentration (p = 0.01) and body awareness (p = 0.03), but lower in avoidance (p = 0.01) than U-14 competitors. In conclusion, older, more experienced athletes revealed more positive athletic and pain coping skills than younger, less experienced athletes, although athletes in skill positions requiring spontaneous decision-making skills and split-second adjustment in a constantly changing sport environment (forwards, midfielders) did not exhibit more positive athletic and pain coping skills than those positions requiring reaction and protection (defenders, goalkeepers).