High Level Of Environmental Awareness Research Articles

THE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS LEVEL AMONG SAUDI WOMEN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SUSTAINABLE THINKING

Recognizing environmental concerns is crucial for fostering a mindset and implementing behaviors that contribute to sustainability. Individuals with good environmental awareness engage well in environmentally supportive behaviors and think in ways that contribute to a sustainable future. The current research aims to assess the level of environmental awareness among Saudi women and unveil the relationship between the level of environmental awareness and sustainable thinking. Additionally, the research seeks to explore the possibility of predicting sustainable thinking based on the level of environmental awareness. A questionnaire on environmental awareness and a questionnaire on sustainable thinking were applied to 176 female teachers working in the Wadi Dawasir governorate educational administration. The study utilised a descriptive-analytical methodology, namely the correlational predictive approach, to examine the relationship between the research variables and make predictions about their associations. The research results indicated a high level of environmental awareness among the research sample and a high level of sustainable thinking. Furthermore, the findings revealed a statistically significant positive correlational relationship between the level of environmental awareness and sustainable thinking. The results also demonstrated the possibility of predicting sustainable thinking based on the level of environmental awareness in the research sample.

THE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS LEVEL AMONG SAUDI WOMEN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SUSTAINABLE THINKING

Recognizing environmental concerns is crucial for fostering a mindset and implementing behaviors that contribute to sustainability. Individuals with good environmental awareness engage well in environmentally supportive behaviors and think in ways that contribute to a sustainable future. The current research aims to assess the level of environmental awareness among Saudi women and unveil the relationship between the level of environmental awareness and sustainable thinking. Additionally, the research seeks to explore the possibility of predicting sustainable thinking based on the level of environmental awareness. A questionnaire on environmental awareness and a questionnaire on sustainable thinking were applied to 176 female teachers working in the Wadi Dawasir governorate educational administration. The study utilised a descriptive-analytical methodology, namely the correlational predictive approach, to examine the relationship between the research variables and make predictions about their associations. The research results indicated a high level of environmental awareness among the research sample and a high level of sustainable thinking. Furthermore, the findings revealed a statistically significant positive correlational relationship between the level of environmental awareness and sustainable thinking. The results also demonstrated the possibility of predicting sustainable thinking based on the level of environmental awareness in the research sample.

Machine Learning Methods Analysis of Preceding Factors Affecting Behavioral Intentions to Purchase Reduced Plastic Products

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the use of personal protective equipment and single-use plastics, which has exacerbated plastic littering on land and in marine environments. Consumer behaviors with regards to eco-friendly products, their acceptance, and intentions to purchase need to be explored to help businesses achieve their sustainability goals. This paper establishes the Sustainability Theory of Planned Behavior (STPB), an integration of the TPB and sustainability domains, in order to analyze the said objectives. The study employed a machine learning ensemble method and used MATLAB to analyze the data. The results showed that support and attitude from perceived authorities were the main variables influencing customers’ intentions for purchasing reduced plastic products. Customers with a high level of environmental awareness were more likely to embrace reduced plastic items as a way to lessen their ecological footprint and support environmental conservation, making perceived environmental concern another important factor. This shows that authorities play a big role in the community in influencing people to choose reduced plastic products, making it the duty of governments and companies to promote environmental awareness. This study emphasizes the significance of the latent variables considered when developing marketing plans and activities meant to promote products with less plastic.

The environmental awareness of nurses as environmentally sustainable health care leaders: a mixed method analysis

BackgroundPeople worldwide are concerned with the possibility of climate change, microplastics, air pollution, and extreme weather affecting human health. Countries are implementing measures to reduce environmental impacts. Nurses play a vital role, primarily through Green Teams, in the process of promoting sustainable practices and minimizing the environmental footprint of health care facilities. Despite existing knowledge on this topic, assessing nurses’ environmental awareness and behavior, including the barriers they face, is crucial with regard to improving sustainable health care practices.AimTo analyze the environmental awareness and behavior of nurses, especially nurse leaders, as members of the Green Team and to identify areas for improvement with regard to the creation of a sustainable environment.MethodsA sequential mixed-method study was conducted to investigate Spanish nurses. The study utilized an online survey and interviews, including participant observation. An online survey was administered to collect quantitative data regarding environmental awareness and behavior. Qualitative interviews were conducted with environmental nurses in specific regions, with a focus on Andalusia, Spain.ResultsMost of the surveyed nurses (N = 314) exhibited moderate environmental awareness (70.4%), but their environmental behavior and activities in the workplace were limited (52.23% of participants rarely performed relevant actions, and 35.03% indicated that doing so was difficult). Nurses who exhibited higher levels of environmental awareness were more likely to engage in sustainable behaviors such as waste reduction, energy conservation, and environmentally conscious purchasing decisions (p < 0.05). Additionally, the adjusted model indicated that nurses’ environmental behavior and activities in the workplace depend on the frequency of their environmental behaviors outside work as well as their sustainable knowledge (p < 0.01). The results of the qualitative study (N = 10) highlighted certain limitations in their daily practices related to environmental sustainability, including a lack of time, a lack of bins and the pandemic. Additionally, sustainable environmental behavior on the part of nursing leadership and the Green Team must be improved.ConclusionsThis study revealed that most nurses have adequate knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to environmental sustainability both inside and outside the workplace. Limitations were associated with their knowledge and behaviors outside of work. This study also highlighted the barriers and difficulties that nurses face in their attempts to engage in adequate environmental behaviors in the workplace. Based on these findings, interventions led by nurses and the Green Team should be developed to promote sustainable behaviors among nurses and address the barriers and limitations identified in this research.Graphical

Social Media’s Influence on Eco-Friendly Choices in Fitness Services: A Mediation Moderation Approach

In the evolving landscape of the building sector, the digital sphere is reshaping consumer engagement and purchase behaviors, especially in the sustainability-focused niche of fitness facilities. Utilizing the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and elaboration likelihood model (ELM), this study examines the impact of social media influence (SMI) on purchasing intentions for sustainable fitness services (PISFS) through the mediating role of green building consumption perceptions (GBCPs) and the moderating effect of environmental awareness (EA). To examine the proposed relationships and achieve the objectives of the study, 672 valid responses were collected from professionals and customers in fitness services in Turkey and analyzed using Smart PLS 4. The results of the data analysis revealed that SMI positively impacts PISFS, SMI positively impacts GBCP, GBCP positively impacts PISFS, GBCP plays an effective mediation role between SMI and PISFS, the influence of social media on purchasing intentions for sustainable fitness services is further enhanced at high levels of environmental awareness, and the impact of social media on green building consumption perceptions is further strengthened at higher levels of environmental awareness. This study’s insights call for the building sector, particularly in sustainable fitness facilities, to actively integrate social media strategies and environmental awareness into their marketing and design. Emphasizing green building attributes on digital platforms can significantly influence consumer choices, steering the industry toward a more environmentally conscious and digitally engaged future.

Green Innovation for Small-to Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs): Systematic Literature Review

The green innovation literature of the past few decades is not only interesting for research due to its high level of environmental awareness and the provision of green products and services, but also because of its widespread and important applications. This study aims to determine research trends related to the adoption of green innovation, especially in SMEs during 2013-2023 by using Systematic Literature Review techniques. The result of this research identifies the key elements factors of GI for managers and ultimately serve as an important reference to help formulate GI activity strategies. This research can serve as a foundation for scientific development so that the number of studies related to new topics related to green innovation also continues to increase

How education expenditures, natural resources, and GDP interact with load capacity factor in the presence of trade diversity index under COVID-19 perception: Evidence from G-7 nations

The group of seven (G-7) economies has confronted numerous financial and environmental challenges since the beginning of the 21st century, including the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has hindered growth in both developed and developing nations. However, it is crucial to note that these disparate consequences are not isolated events but interconnected with the fluctuations in various economic and environmental factors. Therefore, this study examines the association between education expenditure (EDU), natural resources (NR), economic growth (GDP), trade diversification index (TRD), and load capacity factor (LCF) in the G7 nations from 1995 to 2022 through empirical analysis. Various econometric methods such as cross-sectional dependence (CD), Cross-sectionally augmented Im, Pesaran and Shin (CIPS), cross-sectional augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF), Westerlund cointegration, and the method of moments quantile regression (MMQR), are employed. The results suggest a positive relationship between education expenditure, NR, TRD, and environmental quality in G7 nations. In general, the research suggests that G-7 nations should adopt policies centered on resilience, focusing on fostering economic conditions that can help alleviate the negative impacts of COVID-19 on the environment and socio-economic development. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of trafe digitalization in addressing the challenges faced by G-7 nations. By adopting digital technologies, G-7 countries could better manage their natural resources, streamline education expenditure, and improve trade diversification, thereby positively influencing economic growth and environmental quality. At last, it is asserted that the presence of local individuals who have a higher level of environmental awareness, acquired through education and training, can help to improve environmental quality.

Ecological awareness of stakeholders as a key determinant of ESG effects in the chain “Green Brand – Corporate Social Responsibility”

Introduction. In the modern world, where environmental issues and sustainable development are gaining increasing attention, the role of environmental awareness becomes critically important. ESG effects (environmental, social, and governance) influence business activities, investment decisions, contribute to sustainable development and social responsibility, and shape a country’s green brand. It is worth noting that stakeholders with a high level of environmental awareness play a crucial role in this process as they can influence decisions aimed at achieving environmental and social responsibility in business. The paper aims is to determine the level of public awareness of ESG effects, the green brand, and corporate social responsibility in the context of achieving sustainable development goals.Research methods. To determine the level of environmental awareness, a survey was conducted involving participants from various sectors and age groups. The survey was created using the Google Forms tool and conducted online.Results. According to the survey results, the level of education has a significant impact on awareness of sustainable development goals. Respondents aged 30 to 59, who are already employed, showed a greater interest in sustainable development, indicating the importance of practical experience and participation in the business environment. Furthermore, increasing the level of education contributes to reducing indifference towards sustainable development issues, and education in higher educational institutions plays a crucial role in shaping competencies and knowledge about sustainable development, thereby increasing awareness of ESG effects, the green brand, and corporate social responsibility.Perspectives. Despite the significant volume of scientific research related to ESG effects, the green brand, corporate social responsibility, and the achievement of sustainable development goals, it is important to provide practical justification for the impact of environmental awareness on the formation of a country’s green brand. Additionally, determining the role of education in stimulating conscious consumer behavior, participation in green innovation programs, and promoting sustainable consumption is a vital task. Future research can focus on analyzing the effectiveness of social programs and business initiatives in achieving sustainable development goals.

CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR AS COMPETITIVENESS FACTORS IN SERBIA: CURRENT STATE OF DEVELOPMENT AND KEY DRIVERS

Environmental awareness was proven to be a significant competitiveness factor among consumers with high environmental awareness levels. Since the latest scientific research has revealed an enviably high environmental awareness level among consumers on the Serbian market, the purpose of this empirical research paper is to provide insight into the current environmental awareness level and pro-environmental behaviour in business organisations in Serbia. Environmental awareness and pro-environmental behaviour are explored both generally and from the standpoint of the impact of specific managerial and organisational attributes. The sample includes 107 managers interviewed using the Computer Assisted Web Interview technique. Results show a slightly above average corporate environmental awareness level and pro-environmental behaviour in the Serbian business world, with lower rankings received in comparison with Serbian consumers. Additionally, a corporate environmental awareness-behaviour gap was detected, demonstrating that barriers are more dominant than motivators for pro-environmental behaviour in the Serbian business world. The business organisation size appears as the only differing factor influencing environmental awareness and pro-environmental behaviour in Serbia, showing that larger organisations face larger environmental violations and problems, and consequently develop a higher level of environmental awareness and pro-environmental behaviour. The results indicate that the Serbian government, as one of the key promoters of corporate environmental responsibility, shares the same environmental awareness level and pro-environmental behaviour as Serbian business organisations, leaving consumers with the task of attempting to influence the Serbian government and Serbian corporations in order to motivate them to start behaving in a more environmentally responsible manner. This research implies that environmental awareness is not sufficiently present in managers’ minds and Serbian businesses, and, consequently, corporate pro-environmental behaviour itself, together with the present corporate environmental awareness-behaviour gap, cannot reach higher levels. This means that the opportunities to gain a significant competitive advantage on the Serbian market based on environmentally conscious business activities are being missed.

Effects of Curriculum on Environmental Attitudes: A Comparative Analysis of Environmental and Non-Environmental Disciplines

To satisfy their ever-increasing needs, humans are constantly exerting excessive pressure upon the environment, while now more than ever, the adoption of new development practices to halt environmental degradation is becoming necessary. Graduates from all disciplines should have environmental awareness, because their decisions as future professionals may affect the environment. If, however, we assume that environmental science graduates possess environmental knowledge, it is worth investigating whether this knowledge affects their environmental attitudes. Hence, the aim of this study is to compare the environmental attitudes of students attending environmental and non-environmental studies. To this end, a comparative study on environmental attitudes was conducted between students majoring in forestry and students majoring in literature studies at one of the largest universities in Greece. That is, the environmental attitudes of students whose discipline was closely related to the environment were compared to the attitudes of students whose discipline was unrelated to the environment. The results showed that students from both disciplines had positive environmental attitudes, but forestry students exhibited a discernibly higher level of environmental awareness, which can be ascribed to their participation in environmentally relevant courses. The insights gains from this study could be particularly useful to education policymakers and curriculum practitioners, since they provide evidence for the potential of curriculum content to shape pro-environmental attitudes.

ПОЛЯРНО-АЛЬПИЙСКИЙ БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ САД-ИНСТИТУТ КАК ОСОБО ОХРАНЯЕМАЯ ПРИРОДНАЯ ТЕРРИТОРИЯ И МЕСТО ДЛЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ТУРИЗМА: ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЯ ЖИТЕЛЕЙ КИРОВСКО-АПАТИТСКОГО РАЙОНА

Today, the demand for environmentally responsible tourism is growing noticeably. Travelers demonstrate an interest in exploring undisturbed nature that can be found in special protection areas. As part of a network of such areas, botanical gardens can become important elements in the development of sustainable tourism in regions and cities. However, this is no easy task, as it requires preserving natural ecosystems while providing comfortable conditions for tourists. One of the foundations for environmental activities is the opinion of local communities about nature conservation. As the first step towards promoting sustainable tourism on the territory of the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute of N. A. Avrorin (PABGI; Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences), the only botanical garden in Russia operating in the Arctic, a survey was conducted to investigate the opinions of local residents about this institution as a special protection area and the possibilities for tourism development. The Botanical Garden is an essential element of the historical and cultural landscape not only of the city of Kirovsk but also of the neighboring city of Apatity. The respondents generally demonstrated a high level of environmental awareness. However, questions about the PABGI’s territorial boundaries and the species of plants listed in the Red Book of the Murmansk region posed challenges. The survey revealed that residents of the Kirovsko-Apatitsky district have a positive attitude towards tourism development on the PABGI’s territory. They recognize that it is a protected area and that maintaining special visitation rules is crucial. The results indicate that PABGI needs to intensify its efforts in organizing educational events and interacting with the population, as respondents repeatedly noted the need to expand such activities. According to the citizens, the territory of the botanical garden is a platform where researchers, residents, nature, and culture can interact. Currently, PABGI faces difficulties in performing functions other than its primary ones of natural ecosystem conservation and research. This is largely because special regulations are required on the territory of protected areas, and there are not enough opportunities for sustainable tourism development. A consistent strategy for improving and developing tourism infrastructure needs to be developed in the future.

Herausforderung Klimawandel: Transfer von Wissenschaft in die Gesellschaft durch einen Online-Workshop

BackgroundAccording to the World Health Organisation, climate change poses the greatest health threat to humanity. At the same time, an environmentally friendly lifestyle has a positive impact on our health, such as a plant-based diet. In order to counter climate change, society needs to be informed about climate-friendly and health-promoting measures. Therefore, an online workshop was initiated at the Medical Faculty of Ulm. In an accompanying study, it was determined whether this leads to changes in environmental knowledge and awareness among the participants. MethodsThe online workshop consisted of four 2-hour sessions. Scientific basics on climate change and possible solutions were discussed. Other focuses were on health and the health system as well as environmental psychology and climate change denial. Participants could take part in an anonymous and voluntary online survey before (pretest) and after (posttest) the workshop. Results86 participants took part in the workshop, of whom 24 attended all appointments and completed both surveys. While hardly any changes were observed in the subsection of environmental emotion, perception and behavior, there was a significant increase in environmental knowledge in the posttest. The workshop was evaluated very positively. Furthermore, many participants were motivated to make a personal contribution to climate protection after the workshop. ConclusionThe workshop serves as a good example of how medical scientific findings can be shared at a societal level. The participants already showed a high level of environmental awareness in the pretest, which is why the question remains open as to how people can be sensitized to the (health) threats posed by climate change who do not proactively sign up for such an offer themselves.

Examining the Relationship between Renewable Energy and Environmental Awareness

The use of green and renewable energies undeniably plays an essential role in today’s society. Energy from these sources plays a key role in transforming the energy sector and significantly impacts the way of life and the quality of life of different social groups. The main aspects of this study are to briefly describe the situation of clean and renewable energy in Hungary and to investigate the extent to which the younger generation of different social groups is involved in using renewable energy sources in their everyday lives and their attitudes towards environmental awareness. In our research, we also investigate whether there is a strong statistical correlation between environmental awareness, environmentally damaging activities and the perceptions of different environmental problems among the target groups and, if so, how these affect the research topic. Our primary research can be considered representative, as we surveyed all primary and secondary school students in the Gyöngyös micro-region of the North-Hungarian region and also included the opinion of university students in the mentioned micro-region. The questionnaire was asked in person, and 2180 students completed it. The research was carried out in several phases, the first occurring between 2017 and 2019 and the second between 2020 and 2021. Three research questions were formulated, and the main findings show that the students’ main goal in the research was not to protect or support the environment but to prefer material well-being and related factors. On the results of statistical correlation analyses, overall, the examination by educational level (primary, secondary and higher) does not show significant differences between student groups, i.e., students with higher education do not have higher levels of environmental awareness and attitudes. Another important finding is that using renewable energy sources is considered too expensive for low-income families to take advantage of this kind of energy.

Establishing a Relationship Between Demographic Factors and Students' Environmental Awareness

A lack of environmental education has been shown to lead to lower levels of environmental awareness and consequently fewer climate change prevention measures (Toksoz et al., 2011). Researchers who study this issue focus on identifying the populations most vulnerable to a lack of environmental awareness based on demographic factors like household income and education level (Ajuang et al., 2016; Philippsen et al., 2017; Sun et al., 2020). This research is essential in guiding future climate-related education efforts, but there is limited data on the topic. In order to fill in this research gap, this project focuses on the relationship between demographic factors and the environmental awareness of high school students in the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. One hundred twenty-five high school students were surveyed, and data were collected relating to students' annual household income, parental/guardian education, age, gender, race, household recycling and gardening practices, and environmental awareness. It was found that, in general, students with higher household income levels, parental/guardian education levels, or age had higher levels of environmental awareness. However, students with the lowest parental education levels also showed increased environmental awareness compared to other lower levels. Male students tended to be slightly more environmentally aware than female students, and students whose families recycled or gardened regularly had higher levels of environmental awareness than those who did not. This information can help to guide future environmental education campaigns to improve environmental awareness levels and environmental relationships, which is needed to effectively address the risks posed by climate change.

People-Centred Development of a Smart Waste Bin.

The study presented in this article focuses on the role of a smart waste bin (waste container) designed for waste management and explores what types of interventions people consider more appropriate in promoting environmentally responsible behaviour—based on norms or on an individual’s emotions. The smart waste bin development process was people-centred and paid particular attention to human experiences, allowing for various interaction modalities. By incorporating various sensors for waste volume and weight measurement in conjunction with presence and user identification capabilities, the experience was personalised. User feedback was collected by an extensive survey, consisting of four systematic sections, where values, attitudes, norms, perceived behavioural control, behavioural intention and actual behaviour were examined. The survey was completed by 194 respondents. The results showed that participants at the declarative level show a high level of environmental awareness and are very much willing to handle waste appropriately. Additionally, the results of the R&D process indicated that relatively cheap and efficient technological solutions can be developed to support waste management and sustainable lifestyles if the human-centred approach is taken into account.

Locating New Urbanism Developments in the U.S.: Which Cities Have New Urbanism and Why?

This article aims to examine the characteristics of cities where New Urbanism (NU) developments are located as of 2019. We first develop a set of hypotheses to explore why some cities are welcoming NU developments more than other cities and how the cities differ in terms of general real estate development determinants, fiscal capacity and regulatory authority, advocacy group support, and cultural diversity. We then employ a Negative Binomial Regression to test the relationship between concentrations of NU developments and a variety of city characteristics by using a data set of 6923 urban cities. The results suggest that NU developments are advocated by cities with a higher level of environmental awareness, better fiscal and regulatory status, and better cultural diversity. The research results highlight the importance of continuously gaining support from environmental groups and the general public for effective expansion of New Urbanist developments within the U.S. These findings also indicate that for noteworthy changes in growth patterns to arise at a large scale across the U.S., there must be changes in values and preferences, and institutional capacity in updating land-use regulations that allow for sustainable growth.

The effects of induced emotions on environmental preferences and behavior: An experimental study.

Communication policies employed by policymakers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) often appeal to the emotions to persuade people to adopt virtuous behavior. The aim of this paper is to study the impact of induced emotions on pro-environmental behavior (PEB). We design a three-stage laboratory experiment. In the first stage, we determine the level of the subjects’ environmental awareness. In the second stage, subjects read scripts that place them in realistic hypothetical scenarios designed to induce specific emotions. We implement a 2 x 2 in-between design by varying both the valence and social dimension of the four emotional states induced: happiness, sadness, pride and shame. In the third stage, subjects play a modified dictator game in which the recipient is an environmental non-governmental organization (ENGO). We show that the emotional states of subjects can influence PEB. In particular, negative emotions significantly reduce the average individual amount of donations made to ENGOs. We also find that the precise impact of the emotional states is more complex and appears to be dependent on individuals’ characteristics and awareness for environmental issues. For instance, in positive emotional states, men donate significantly less than women. In addition, a high level of environmental awareness increases donations in subjects experiencing shame and decreases their likelihood to donate when feeling pride. Also, we observe behavioral consistency for negative emotions and rather compensatory behavior for positive emotions.

School Managers Perceptions towards Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources

Global economic growth is accompanied by increased energy demand, thus conventional fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are the primary energy sources, are gradually being depleted. At the same time, the combustion of conventional fuel for energy production causes serious adverse effects on the environment and contributes to climate change due to the emitted greenhouse gases. For the above reasons, most of the developed and developing countries especially during the last decades, have introduced various incentives for the greater penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in all sectors of the economy. Concerning the building sector, several measures have been adopted, including the promotion of energy efficiency and energy saving. A significant proportion of the building stock are the school buildings where students and teachers spend a significant proportion of their daily time. Teachers' attitudes and views, especially the school unit managers concerning the use of RES in schools, are important in the effort to rationalize and control energy use. This study was conducted through a structured questionnaire applied to a sample of 510 school managers in Greece's primary and secondary education. The school unit managerial role for the case of Greek schools is performed by the school principal who has both administrative and educational duties. Statistical analysis included the application of Friedman's test and hypothesis test on questions concerning school manager environmental perceptions and energy-saving habits. According to the results, Greek school managers have a high degree of environmental sensitivity, since 97.6 % agreed or strongly agreed that the main concern should focus on energy saving. Furthermore, 71% of the respondent reported to have good knowledge on solar energy, followed by 64% on wind energy while only 34% are knowledgeable on biomass. Almost all the respondents (99%) agreed that it is important to provide more RES-orientated education through the taught curricula. Concerning energy saving behaviour, around 90% reported that they switch off the lights when leaving the classroom and they close the windows when the air-condition is operating. Hypothesis tests revealed a relationship between the school managers' ecological beliefs, the energy saving habits in the school environment, and the recognition of the importance of environmental education. Conclusions highlighted the need to intensify environmental education programs in the school environment concerning RES in schools. This will lead to a higher level of environmental awareness of both teachers and students and therefore to a more dynamic behaviour towards the effort to “greenify” the school environment.

Optimal control of carbon emission reduction strategies in supply chain with wholesale price and consignment contract.

To further reduce carbon emissions, supply chain members implement the low-carbon production process and use varieties of contracts to coordinate the channel. Considering the effect of emission reduction, this paper studies a two-echelon supply chain consisting of one manufacturer and one retailer. Two supply chain members dedicate to maximize profits by reducing their products' carbon emissions under two different contracts: the wholesale price contract and the consignment contract. The Stackelberg differential game is used, and the optimal strategies of emission reduction effort, wholesale, and retail price in the two situations are studied. The results show that the Pareto improvement for the whole supply chain can be reached under the consignment contract. However, the specific impacts on the retailer and the manufacturer are different. When consumers have a higher level of environmental awareness, the retailer tends to decrease her proportion of sales revenue under the consignment contract. At that time, choosing the wholesale price contract is more favorable for the retailer. However, as the retailer's proportion of sales revenue becomes lower, the proportion of revenue belonging to the manufacturer will increase. It would be better for the manufacturer to choose the consignment contract.

Level of Ecological and Economic Diversification: A Methodology for Assessing the Sustainability of Agricultural Enterprises

As a global initiative within the framework of the United Nations Environment Programme framework, the Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity emphasises the importance of applying a systematic approach to the assessment of Natural Resources and the need to introduce new forms of economic growth to the sustainable development of enterprises. Existing management practices of agricultural enterprises, such as monoculture, create a constant monotonous load on the soil and lead to a decrease in humus content, contribute to erosion, but remain highly profitable. Changing the forms of economic growth in favour of introducing sustainable practices such as organic production, sustainable intensification, and eco-production requires appropriate sources of financing, a high level of environmental awareness, and comprehensive methods for assessing environmental and economic factors. The purpose of the study is to substantiate a methodological approach to a comprehensive assessment of the ecological and economic diversification of an enterprise based on the principles of sustainable development, which allows taking into account the level of diversity of cultivated crops in relation to the structure of marketable products. To achieve this goal, statistical information on the activities of agricultural enterprises in the Kharkivska Oblast was used, as well as monographic, graphical and statistical methods of research. Data analysis and processing were performed using specialised software: Microsoft Excel and Statistica 10. The study presents the developed and tested coefficient of ecological and economic diversification, which allows assessing the level of agrobiodiversity of sown areas and marketable products of agricultural enterprises based on the management results for 2019. The coefficient is based on information theory in the context of applying the Shannon-Weaver index. As a result of the search for the relationship between the coefficient of ecological and economic diversification and profit per 1 hectare, the statement about the gradual loss of profitability during the growth of the number of types of crops is confirmed. However, there are enterprises that maintain profitability during the expansion of the acreage structure. The practical significance of the findings obtained is allows assessing the possibility of adapting the structure of acreage to market conditions, taking into account environmental and economic factors