High Levels Of Depersonalization Research Articles

The impact of burnout on turnover intention among Chinese general practitioners: The mediating effect of job satisfaction and the moderating effect of professional identity.

Turnover among general practitioners (GPs) has become a significant public health concern worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the interrelationships between job satisfaction, professional identity, burnout, and turnover intention among GPs in China and to assess the mediating effect of job satisfaction on the association between burnout and turnover intention and the moderating effect of professional identity on the association between burnout and job satisfaction. A cross-sectional study was conducted to collect data from 3,236 GPs in eastern, central, and western China between October 2017 and February 2018 using a self-administered questionnaire. Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical regression were used to identify the relationships between job satisfaction, professional identity, burnout, and turnover intention among Chinese GPs. Among these respondents, 65.02% reported a medium or high level of emotional exhaustion (EE), 35.38% reported a moderate or high level of depersonalization (DP), and 62.05% reported reduced personal achievement (PA). Overall, 71.08% of GPs expressed a relatively high intention to seek another position (turnover intention). We found all 3 dimensions of burnout contributed to job dissatisfaction while turnover intention arising from burnout was associated with EE and DP. Job satisfaction had a direct negative impact on turnover intention and partially mediated the impact of EE and DP on turnover intention. Professional identity played a partial moderated role between EE and job satisfaction. The prevalence of burnout and turnover intention among GPs is high in China. The effect of EE and DP on turnover intention is mediated by job satisfaction, and the effect of EE on job satisfaction is moderated by professional identity.

Determinants of professional burnout of special school employees

The aim of the research was to diagnose the phenomenon of professional burnout of special school employees. The research was conducted among employees of special schools in the Opolskie Voivodeship. The method used in the research was a diagnostic survey. The research tool was selected by adapting the Maslach's occupational burnout questionnaire for the research purposes. Considering all three dimensions of professional burnout, the results of the research show that the dominant group is the group of people with a low level of emotional exhaustion, low depersonalization and a high level of reduced sense of personal achievements. In all three dimensions of professional burnout, no statistically significant difference was observed between women and men working in special schools. Age, professional experience and the degree of professional promotion are factors correlating with emotional exhaustion and risk factors increasing the depersonalised approach to their charges. Special school teachers work at different levels of education, but this is not related to the professional burnout. The number of subjects they teach influences the symptoms of the burnout process. Employees of special schools are not a burned out group because none of the respondents meets the criterion of full-blown professional burnout, i.e. has a high level of emotional exhaustion, a high level of depersonalization and a reduced sense of personal achievements. At the same time, they are a group with a very reduced sense of personal achievements, as it is declared by as many as 98.10% of the respondents. Therefore, actions should be taken to change the perception of employees and teachers about their work or to look at the criteria that are used to evaluate (or self-evaluate) their work. If a different method of research were used, the conclusions could be slightly different, even completely different.

Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Units in University Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study.

The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and associated risk factors of burnout syndrome among healthcare workers (HCWs), especially among nurses during the pandemic of COVID-19. The sample of the cross-sectional study consists of 201 employees of University Hospital. The Maslach Burnout Inventory—Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel (MBI–HSS MP) was used. An anonymous questionnaire was administered between 15 January and 1 February 2022. The majority of HCWs were female (79.4%). Overall, 69.2% displayed high levels of emotional exhaustion (EE), 35.3% high levels of depersonalization (DP), and 35.5% low levels of personal accomplishment (PA). Burnout was frequent among staff working in COVID units (EE 76.1%; DP 47.8%; and PA 46.7%). Burnout in EE and DP (70.7% and 36.6%, respectively) significantly prevailed in nurses working in COVID-19 units compared to non-frontline nurses (59.6 and 21.1%, respectively). Prevalence of burnout in PA was significantly higher in nurses working in non-COVID-19 units (47.4% vs. 29.3%). It is crucial to pay attention to the high prevalence of burnout syndrome in HCWs, especially in nurses, and not only in the frontline.

Frequency of burnout syndrome among health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 pandemic increased the prevalence of burnout syndrome. To describe the prevalence of burnout syndrome in health care workers of a private clinic in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Cross-sectional study, the study population were health care workers of a private clinic. An online version of Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey was applied during June 2020. Variables such as age, sex, marital status, number of children, service, occupation, and night shift were studied. We collected 846 responses. A 36% (95% confidence intervals (CI) [32,8-39,2]) prevalence of high levels of burnout syndrome was found. Thirty one percent (95% CI [28,1-34,3]) of the respondents had high levels of emotional exhaustion (AE), 33% (95%CI [29,8-36,2]) had low personal fulfillment (RP) and 30% (95%CI [26,6-32,7]) had high levels of depersonalization (DP). Healthcare workers showed concerning levels of burnout syndrome. It is recommended to pay special attention to high levels of emotional exhaustion in nursing and night shift staff. Institutions should develop and apply prevention and emotional support strategies in health personnel.

Job satisfaction and its relationship with burnout among nurses working in COVID-19 wards: A descriptive correlational study

ObjectiveNurses' feeling of Job satisfaction and burnout profoundly impact the quality of nursing care. COVID-19, due to its unknown nature and high contagiousness, can cause high levels of stress and tension and, finally, burnout in nurses, affecting their job satisfaction. Therefore, we aimed to determine the level of job satisfaction and its relationship with burnout among nurses working in COVID-19 wards. MethodsThis is a descriptive correlational study in which a total of 251 nurses working in COVID-19 wards were enrolled using stratified random sampling. Data collection was conducted using the demographic questionnaire, the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient. ResultThe results showed that the majority of nurses (75.7%) had a low level of job satisfaction, 40.6% of nurses had a high level of emotional exhaustion (EE), 41.8% had a moderate level of EE, and 50.2% of nurses had a high level of depersonalization (DP). Furthermore, over half of nurses (55.8%) experienced reduced personal accomplishment (PA), and 27.5% had a moderate level of reduced PA. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between job satisfaction and EE (r=-0.394, p<.001). Moreover, job satisfaction negatively correlated with reduced PA (r=-5/590, p<.001). However, no statistically significant correlation was found between job satisfaction and DP (r=-0.122, p=.053). ConclusionAs most nurses reported low job satisfaction and high rates of burnout, nurse managers should consider appropriate measures to correct these factors. Such measures could also improve patient satisfaction and, ultimately, the efficiency of the health system.

Prevalence of burnout among healthcare workers in six public referral hospitals in northeastern Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND:The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed considerable psychological stress on frontline healthcare workers (HCWs).OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the prevalence of burnout syndrome among HCWs facing the COVID-19 outbreak.DESIGN AND SETTING:Cross-sectional study conducted in six public intensive care units (ICUs) in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil.METHODS:An online survey was conducted among HCWs to measure the three dimensions of burnout.RESULTS:A total of 62 physicians (23.4%), 65 nurses (24.5%), 58 nurse technologists (21.9%) and 80 physiotherapists (30.2%) completed the questionnaire. Nearly half of the participants (48.6%) had high levels of emotional exhaustion, and almost one-third of them (29.4%) had high levels of depersonalization. Low levels of professional efficacy were observed in 18.1% of the sample. The independent determinants of depersonalization burnout were age < 33 years (odds ratio, OR 2.03; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.15-3.56; P = 0.01) and female gender (OR 0.33; 95% CI 0.18-0.62; P = 0.01). Increased workload was associated with both depersonalization (OR 2.37; 95% CI 2.02-5.50; P = 0.04) and emotional exhaustion (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.04-3.58; P = 0.030).CONCLUSION:The COVID-19 pandemic has had a great impact on the dimensions of depersonalization and emotional exhaustion. Consideration of these dimensions is important when designing future burnout prevention programs for frontline personnel.

Burnout in health care workers during the fourth wave of COVID-19: A cross sectional study from Pakistan

ObjectiveTo assess the burnout among the healthcare workers during the fourth wave of COVID-19. MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, burn out was measured in health care professionals using the MBI scale inventory during the fourth wave of COVID-19. Age, gender, marital status, having children, hospital, job type, experience, and workload, as well as the severity of burnout in each subscale, were all measured. We used the chi-square test to detect the difference between the level of burnout and other demographic variables, and a multiple logistic regression test was used to define the predicted correlation between the high level of burnout and the risk factors. Odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. A p-value of less than 0.05 indicated a statistically significant outcome. ResultsOut of 776 healthcare workers who participated in our study, 468 (63.2%), 161 (21.7%) and 112 (15.1%) participants experienced low, moderate and high levels of emotional exhaustion, respectively. For the depersonalization subscale, 358 (48.3%), 188 (25.4%) and 195 (26.3%) people suffered from low, moderate, and high levels of depersonalization, respectively while 649 (87.6%), 40 (5.4%) and 52 (7.0%) respondents had low, moderate and high levels in the personal accomplishment subscale, respectively. ConclusionDuring the fourth wave of COVID-19, the healthcare workers reported increased level of burnout overall possibly due to the long term physical and mental impacts that the pandemic has had over the time. Moreover, healthcare workers in Pakistan were more prone to burnout as compared to other countries.

Analysis of the prevalence of burnout syndrome in surgeons in the state of Amapá, Amazon, Brazil

Burnout Syndrome (BS), first reported in 1970, appears as a chronic response to interpersonal stressors that occur in the work situation. It is supported by three pillars: Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP) and reduced Professional Fulfillment (PF). It usually occurs in individuals whose professions carry relational responsibilities. Physicians are among the most affected, especially surgeons, who need constant attention and dexterity, a factor that predisposes them to excessive stress and psychiatric illnesses. The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence of Burnout syndrome in surgeons in the state of Amapá, based on the question: What is the prevalence of Burnout syndrome in surgeons working in the state of Amapá? The methodology used was a quantitative and qualitative study, with a situational questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory Questionnaire (MBI) answered by surgeons in the state of Amapá, between March 2016 and August 2016. The study followed resolutions number 466 of 2012 and number 510 of 2016, of the National Council of Ethics in Research (CONEP). There was a predominance of male surgeons, with a mean age of 42.76 years, most of whom were married or in a stable relationship, who had more than 10 years of medical training and who do not do or do up to 4 night shifts per month. General surgeons were present, in addition to eleven other subspecialties. Regarding the MBI questionnaire, about 25% of those surveyed have a high level of emotional exhaustion, the same number have a high level of depersonalization, and just over 10% have low professional fulfillment. 2.94% have criteria for the diagnosis of Burnout Syndrome. 38.23% showed alteration in at least one of the three spheres. The subspecialties that obtained the worst results were: Vascular Surgery, Oncological Surgery, Neurosurgery and Urology. Thus, although this group has a higher Burnout syndrome rate than the general population, it still has levels lower than those found worldwide.

Prevalence and associated risk factors of burnout amongst veterinary students in Ghana.

This study was designed as a cross-sectional study to find out the prevalence and associated risk factors of burnout among veterinary students at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in Kumasi-Ghana. A total of 74 veterinary students served as the respondents and were given online questionnaires which comprised questions on emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalisation (DP) and reduced personal accomplishment (RPA). Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and regression analysis. Results indicated that on average, the EE and RPA were low with mean score of 12.72 ± 4.46 and 27.96 ± 7.94 whilst DP was high with a mean score of 20.72 ± 6.5 among veterinary students. The year of study had a significant effect (p = 0.000) on burnout with levels of high RPA (80%) and DP (70%) being more in the preclinical students as compared to the clinical students (RPA = 20%, DP = 30%). There was also a significant effect (p = 0.028) of the year of study and type of residence of the students on the high level of DP and RPA. Daily sleep hours of students had Daily sleep hours of the veterinary students were also indicated as a significant associated risk factor of burnout among veterinary students in this study as more less sleep hours (<6hours), causes high levels of DP and RPA. Age, gender and marital status, working status, exercise hours and weekly study hours of students did not count as significant predictive factors (p>0.05) of burnout.

Burnout among primary health-care professionals in low- and middle-income countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of burnout among primary health-care professionals in low- and middle-income countries and to identify factors associated with burnout.MethodsWe systematically searched nine databases up to February 2022 to identify studies investigating burnout in primary health-care professionals in low- and middle-income countries. There were no language limitations and we included observational studies. Two independent reviewers completed screening, study selection, data extraction and quality appraisal. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate overall burnout prevalence as assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment. We narratively report factors associated with burnout.FindingsThe search returned 1568 articles. After selection, 60 studies from 20 countries were included in the narrative review and 31 were included in the meta-analysis. Three studies collected data during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic but provided limited evidence on the impact of the disease on burnout. The overall single-point prevalence of burnout ranged from 2.5% to 87.9% (43 studies). In the meta-analysis (31 studies), the pooled prevalence of a high level of emotional exhaustion was 28.1% (95% confidence interval, CI: 21.5–33.5), a high level of depersonalization was 16.4% (95% CI: 10.1–22.9) and a high level of reduced personal accomplishment was 31.9% (95% CI: 21.7–39.1).ConclusionThe substantial prevalence of burnout among primary health-care professionals in low- and middle-income countries has implications for patient safety, care quality and workforce planning. Further cross-sectional studies are needed to help identify evidence-based solutions, particularly in Africa and South-East Asia.

Impact of autonomic regulation on burnout and performance in thoracic surgery residents

ObjectiveThis study sought to determine the feasibility of collecting physiologic data in thoracic surgery residents and whether it would correlate with burnout and burnout with performance. MethodsThis was a prospective study of thoracic surgery residents over a 5-month period. Participants were evaluated with a wearable biometric device (heart rate variability and sleep) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Resident performance was quantified using Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestones (scale, 1-5) normalized to program-designated targets (3 for postgraduate year 6 or lower residents and 4 for postgraduate year 7 residents). ResultsThe cohort consisted of 71% female participants (5/7) with 86% of residents having 1 or more children. High levels of emotional exhaustion (median, 30 [interquartile range, 20-36], where >26 is high) and high levels of depersonalization (median, 16 [interquartile range, 14-22], where >12 is high) were common, but personal accomplishment was also uniformly high (median, 43 [interquartile range, 41-46], where >38 is high). There was a significant correlation between heart rate variability and emotional exhaustion (r(12) = 0.65, P = .01) but not depersonalization (P = .28) or personal accomplishment (P = .24). Depersonalization and personal accomplishment did not correlate with resident performance (P = .12 and P = .75, respectively); however, increased emotional exhaustion showed a significant correlation with higher resident performance during periods when burnout was reported (r(6) = 0.76, P = .047). ConclusionsDynamic measurement of resting heart rate variability may offer an objective measure of burnout in thoracic surgery residents. Thoracic surgery residents who report high levels of burnout in this cohort maintained the ability to meet program-designated milestones at or above the level expected of their postgraduate year.

Burnout syndrome in intensive care physicians in time of the COVID-19: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of burnout syndrome among intensive care physicians working in a tertiary private hospital as well as their perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their life.DesignA...

Level of Professional Burnout and Sense of Coherence among Nurses Working in the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care

Introduction. Burnout syndrome, associated with loss of energy and enthusiasm, is an extremely important issue, especially for nurses working in the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, who constantly observe human suffering and high patient mortality in their work.Aim. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a sense of coherence on the level of professional burnout of nurses working in the department of anesthesiology and intensive care.Material and Methods. The study involved 89 subjects (71 women and 18 men) working in the Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care at the University Clinical Hospital in Wrocław. Questionnaires were used: The Sense of Coherence Questionnaire: SOC — 29, Maslach Burnout Inventory MBI, Job Satisfaction Scale SSP, Perceived Stress Scale PSS — 10 and a questionnaire of own authorship.Results. The mean score on the sense of coherence scale was 120.64, so the respondents presented an average level of sense of coherence. 43.82% of the respondents had a high level of emotional exhaustion. 48.31% had high levels of depersonalization. 69.66% of respondents showed low level of job satisfaction and 58.43% presented high levels of stress. The average level of job satisfaction was indicated by the mean score obtained by the respondents in SSP scale (19.6 points). Sense of coherence correlates positively (r &gt; 0) with job satisfaction and negatively (r &lt; 0) with emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Relationship analysis revealed correlations between: gender, marital status and job burnout, marital status and perceived stress, job tenure and job satisfaction, and perceived stress and job satisfaction.Conclusions. A correlation was observed between a sense of coherence and occupational burnout and stress level and job satisfaction. The probability of professional burnout is higher in men and those who are not in a relationship. The results indicate that people who are in a relationship were found to cope better with stress. Job satisfaction is lowest in employees with job tenure, ranging from 6 to 10 years. (JNNN 2022;11(1):8–13)

Burnout among nurses working in COVID-19 pandemic

Nurses are at high risk of burnout because of the characteristic of their work that expends most of the time in delivering care to the patients. This study aimed to describe burnout among nurses working during corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) using nurses' demographic characteristics. This observational cross-sectional study involved 149 nurses from some hospitals and public health centers in Semarang using an online questionnaire from May 1 to June 15, 2020. Primary data were collected using Maslach Burnout Inventory including emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. The study showed that 63.6% of nurses in the COVID-19 unit were at high levels of emotional exhaustion, 56.3% of them were at high levels of depersonalization, and 46.7% of them are at high levels of reduced personal accomplishment. Education was the only demographic factor that was significantly related to emotional exhaustion and depersonalization (p&amp;lt;0.05) with a weak correlation. The work environment and the reduced anxiety-related factors were not significantly correlated with the reduced personal accomplishment with a very weak correlation, while the nurses’ unit was significantly correlated with depersonalization (p&amp;lt;0.05) with a very weak correlation. The results found that burnout develops among nurses due to the work environment-related factors such as the unit of work, corona-infected patients, personal protective equipment usage, and the specific characteristics of the workplace. Nurses’ characteristics affect their ability to manage the workload even in a pandemic. Nurses need optimal supports to build their self-efficacy. The organizational efforts play an important role in strengthening nurses to prevent burnout.

Assessment of Resident Burnout After Formalization of Wellness Program.

Burnout has reached epidemic levels among resident physicians. Characterized by emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization, and feelings of inefficacy, burnout negatively affects patient outcomes, increases costs, and decreases physician quality of life. These negative outcomes catalyze leaders in graduate medical education to address burnout and reverse its trends. The primary aim of this project is to design a residency Wellness Program utilizing the facets of physician wellness, assess levels of burnout among resident physicians, and determine the program's effects on burnout. A Wellness Program was formalized at a Midwestern, military-civilian Obstetrics and Gynecology residency program for the 2019-2020 academic year. Resident wellness and perceptions were assessed at three time points (0, 6, and 12 months) through surveys consisting of free response, yes-no questions, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory Scales. On average, 17 of 24 residents completed all three survey assessments. Perception of the residency program prioritization of wellness increased significantly from 52.9% to 94.4% (P = .007). Residents consistently demonstrated burnout throughout the year with low levels of EE, high levels of depersonalization, and moderate levels of personal achievement. Residents were consistently satisfied with their personal wellness (80%-92.9%) during the program. Residents wanted to see physical activity incorporated into the program. This study assessed burnout during a formalization of a Wellness Program and insight on resident perceptions and wellness requests. Military medicine, graduate medical education, and other residency programs can utilize this research to better develop and study the implementation of wellness initiatives aimed at reducing burn out.

Prevalence and correlates of burnout in nursing and midwifery students in Ghana

Background/Aims Despite indications of extreme stress leading to burnout syndrome among healthcare students in Ghana, there is little evidence of this found in the literature. This study describes the prevalence of burnout, as well as the causes, risk factors and management strategies in place for coping with burnout syndrome among midwifery and nursing students in Ghana. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 135 midwifery and nursing students at the Pantang Nursing and Midwifery Training College. A questionnaire was used to obtain data on participants' demographic characteristics as well as emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment. Sources of academic and work-related stress were also reported. Descriptive data analysis and the chi-squared test was used to determine the effects of demographic characteristics on burnout. Results Students' experienced high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, with mean scores of 39.63±14.68 and 16.15±6.76 respectively. Female (74.1%), single (43.0%) and nonworking (71.1%) students reported high emotional exhaustion. Midwife trainees (57.8%) reported high levels of depersonalisation. Overall, low personal accomplishment was found in 39.9% of the students. Students between the age of 20–30 years (25.9%) as well as those who were single (25.9%) and female students (47.4%) most frequently experienced low personal accomplishment. Difficulty in understanding academic courses, a packed syllabus and long lectures were the major sources of academic stress, while an excessive workload and the influence of supervisors and those in charge as well as the distance involved in travelling to work were major causes of work stress. Conclusions Burnout among midwives and nurses manifested as high levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation. Various sociodemographic characteristics were associated with high levels of burnout, depersonalisation and low accomplishment. Measures should be introduced to mitigate burnout among midwives and nurses during training. The curriculum needs to be reviewed, as high workload and a packed syllabus were key causes of stress. Providing recreational courses may help to mitigate burnout. Students should also be trained on coping strategies to reduce chronic stress.

Burnout in frontline ambulance staff

Background: Staff retention is a significant issue for ambulance services across the globe. Exploratory research, although minimal, indicates that stress and burnout, in particular, influence attrition within the paramedic profession. These need to be understood if their impact on retention is to be addressed. Aims: To determine the presence of and contributory factors for burnout in the ambulance service to inform recommendations for positive change. Methods: A two-phased survey approach was adopted using an adapted Maslach Burnout Inventory and Copenhagen self-assessment burnout questionnaire, to measure levels of burnout, depersonalisation (cynicism) and personal achievement. Open-ended questions explored factors that influenced these. Demographic and comparative analysis identified trends and thematic analysis was carried out on the qualitative data. Results: Ninety-four per cent of ambulance staff in this study (n=382) reported a sense of personal achievement within their professional role; however, more than 50% were experiencing varying levels of burnout with 87% displaying moderate or high levels of depersonalisation towards their work. Causes of stress were complex: themes attributed were a perceived lack of management support, the public's misuse of the ambulance service, involuntary overtime and a poor work-life balance. Conclusions: Burnout poses a genuine threat to retention in the ambulance service and needs addressing. Proactive screening, better communication between practice staff and management and access to counselling services are recommended. This problem of burnout is beginning to be acknowledged but further evidence is needed to understand it in more depth in order for effective solutions to be developed.

Prevalence of Burnout in Portuguese Public Health Medical Residents amid the Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Burnout is a psychological syndrome characterized by a state of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a lack of personal accomplishment at the workplace. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of burnout among Portuguese Public Health Medical Residents during the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic. Methods: Burnout was assessed with the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey, using a zero (never) to six (always) ordinal scale. Sociodemographic and workplace setting data were also collected. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages, and continuous variables as means and standard deviations (SDs). Chi-squared and independent sample t tests were used to evaluate the distributions of these variables, with a p value of 0.05. Results: Eighty-three people participated. The average age was 30.46 (±3.91), and 57.8% were female. We found that 77.11% had high levels of emotional exhaustion, 61.4% had high levels of depersonalization, and 44.6% had low levels of personal accomplishment. 32.5% of the participants were experiencing burnout, 30.5% were at high risk, 25.3% were at moderate risk, and 12% were at low risk. Burned-out participants had higher levels of emotional exhaustion (40.63 ± 7.36; mean ± SD) and depersonalization (15.63 ± 5.94; mean ± SD), and lower levels of personal achievement (29.42 ± 7.30; mean ± SD) than their peers. Regarding sociodemographic and work setting-related data, no statistically significant differences were found between professionals with and with no burnout. Conclusion: The present study shows high scores on all components of burnout and its prevalence among the population studied. Further studies are needed to determine whether this phenomenon was specific to this period.

PECULIARITIES OF EMOTIONAL REACTION TO EXTREME CIRCUMSTANCES OF LIFE

The article conceptualizes the problems of studying the phenomenon of the emotional sphere and emotional states of the individual. The content of scientific concepts that reveal the problem of emotional expression is generalized, scientific ideas about the influence of emotional expression on reactions to extreme circumstances of life are expanded. The study of the peculiarities of human behavior in situations of frustration is analyzed and the peculiarities of the manifestation of extrapunitive, introspective and impunitive emotional reactions of the individual are considered. The probability of manifestation of a certain level of somatic, behavioral and emotional components of stress in a situation of war is shown by studying the peculiarities of the direction of emotional reactions. It is established that individuals who demonstrate low levels of stress during the war have an impunitive orientation of emotional reactions, while individuals with an average level of stress are characterized by introspective emotional reactions. It was found that there is a direct correlation between high levels of stress and extrapunitive direction of emotional reactions. The main predictors of the formation of the presented emotional reactions and, as a result, the presence of an appropriate response to long-term stressful situations were identified. The article shows that the extrapunitive orientation of emotional reactions is determined by such factors as the cognitive-affective component of depression and a low level of well-being, activity and mood with a high level of propensity to use such a protective mechanism as projection. It was found that the predictor of intrapunitive orientation is a high level of depersonalization, a high level of aggression in relationships and depression, low level of mood. The following predictors of the impunitive orientation of emotional reaction were found: low scores on the scale of neuroticism, somatic manifestations of depression and the ability to recognize the emotions of others.

How frequent is burnout among informal caregivers of disabled children? Findings from a cross-sectional study in Karachi, Pakistan.

Informal caregivers are those who care for children without getting paid. They are often more prone to stress due to their extra daily tasks which leads to burnout. This study aimed to determine the frequency and associated risk factors of burnout among informal caregivers of children with disabilities in Karachi. A cross-sectional study was done in 10 rehabilitation institutes of Karachi with 310 mothers of children with disabilities from infancy till 18 years of age in 2019. Pretested questionnaire was administered to collect data in which 31 mothers were interviewed through convenience sampling from each rehabilitation institute. To assess burnout, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used. Association of different variables of study participants with the scores of its three subdimensions, Emotional Exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP) and Personal Accomplishment (PA), were analysed using linear regression modelling. Mean EE score was high in 6.5% of the mothers while PA scores were low in 58.7% of the mothers. High EE with low PA (defined by our team as 'burnout') was found in 4.2% of the mothers, with none of them reporting high levels of DP. Linear regression analysis significantly predicted higher EE scores of mothers with more than one disabled child while lower EE scores were significantly predicted in highly educated mothers and mothers who spent more time in caregiving. Higher PA scores were also significantly predicted for highly educated mothers. DP scores were significantly predicted to be higher in mothers who had highly educated husband/guardian, employed mothers and those living in joint families whereas they were significantly predicted to be lower in highly educated mothers. We have identified that mothers who are less educated, have more than one child with disability and who live in joint families will need extra support and input to prevent burnout.