High Level Of Correlation Research Articles

The impact of advertising on the income of MSMEs in Ecuador

This research aims to evaluate the impact of advertising actions on sales levelin micro and small companies (MSMEs) operating in Ecuadorian territory. This investigation was initially based on the application of a survey to a sample of representative customers of micro and small companies. An in-depth analysis of the impact of advertising expenses on income in those organizations where it was found that there was a percentage of its customers who came to the organization motivated by advertising actions. As a main result, the existence of a high level of correlation between advertising expenses and income was verified, which are higher as these expenses increase and advertising actions remain stable over time. This implies that directors of MSMEs must evaluate their capability to carry out advertising expenses and to maintain these for long periods of time. The impact of advertising expenses on the income of organizations has been the subject of analysis for years, these investigations have been oriented fundamentally to the analysis of advertising in large industries, or of brands with a high level of prominence. However, the evaluation of this behaviour in the conditions of MSMEs is scarcely studied, and this type of company is the focus of this research. This study did not make a distinction between the effectiveness of the media chosen for the messages' distribution and the caliber of the advertising messages. Similarly, it failed to establish values or coefficients of relationship between the correlated variables.

Thermal Challenges in Dynamic Infrared Thermography Used for Perforator Mapping.

The aim of this study is to investigate the different approaches to thermal challenges, both cold and warm, used in dynamic infrared thermography for reconstructive surgery, and explore whether it affects the success of preoperative perforator mapping. Literature was collected from Ovid Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane. The references of the full-text articles located from the original search were also appraised. Thirteen articles were extracted for the final qualitative analysis. A systematic review was then conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Thirteen articles looked at a cold challenge, which included airflow cooling, direct contact cooling, and evaporation-based cooling. Two articles investigated warm challenges. One paper used no challenge, suggesting it unnecessary with a highly sensitive camera. All cold challenges were positively supported by a high level of flap perfusion success and/or a high level of correlation with other forms of investigation. Cold challenges were overall superior to no challenge and warm challenges; however, this conclusion is limited by the small participant size, the possibility of detection bias, and poor methodology detailing. Airflow cooling-specifically, using a desktop fan to blow air for 2 minutes-was noted to likely cause the least discomfort due to a low cooling capacity yet simultaneously maintain effectiveness and allow for a uniform cooling application. Warm challenges showed less conclusive results and were restricted by lack of studies. This topic would benefit from larger scale studies that compare multiple approaches while using standardized equipment to eliminate confounding factors.

The importance of preoperative and perioperative Narrow Band Imaging endoscopy in the diagnosis of pre-tumor and tumor lesions of the larynx.

Narrow band imaging (NBI) is an endoscopic imaging method intended for the diagnosis of mucosal lesions of the larynx that are not visible in white-light endoscopy, but are typical of pre-tumor and tumor lesions of the larynx. To compare preoperative/perioperative white light endoscopy and NBI endoscopy with the results of histopathological examinations in pre-tumor and tumor lesions of the larynx. A prospective study, over a period of five years (5/2018-5/2023), included 87 patients with laryngeal lesions aged 24-80 years. We evaluated preoperative/ perioperative white light and NBI endoscopy, established a working prehistological diagnosis, and compared this with the definitive histopathological results of laryngeal biopsies. In relation to the definitive histology score, a statistically significant correlation was found between the evaluation of the finding and the definitive histology for preoperative and perioperative white light endoscopy and NBI endoscopy (p < 0.001). Both methods showed higher precision when used perioperatively. NBI endoscopy is an optical method that allows us to improve the diagnosis of laryngeal lesions, perform a controlled perioperative biopsy, and refine the surgical scope. The NBI endoscopy is a suitable method for the diagnosis of early cancerous lesions of the larynx. The use of preoperative/perioperative NBI endoscopy allowed us to achieve a high level of agreement correlation (p < 0.001) between the prehistological working diagnosis and the final histopathological result. The NBI method proves its application in the diagnosis of pre-tumor and tumor lesions of the larynx.

Correlation between pseudotyped virus and authentic virus neutralisation assays, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature.

The virus neutralization assay is a principal method to assess the efficacy of antibodies in blocking viral entry. Due to biosafety handling requirements of viruses classified as hazard group 3 or 4, pseudotyped viruses can be used as a safer alternative. However, it is often queried how well the results derived from pseudotyped viruses correlate with authentic virus. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to comprehensively evaluate the correlation between the two assays. Using PubMed and Google Scholar, reports that incorporated neutralisation assays with both pseudotyped virus, authentic virus, and the application of a mathematical formula to assess the relationship between the results, were selected for review. Our searches identified 67 reports, of which 22 underwent a three-level meta-analysis. The three-level meta-analysis revealed a high level of correlation between pseudotyped viruses and authentic viruses when used in an neutralisation assay. Reports that were not included in the meta-analysis also showed a high degree of correlation, with the exception of lentiviral-based pseudotyped Ebola viruses. Pseudotyped viruses identified in this report can be used as a surrogate for authentic virus, though care must be taken in considering which pseudotype core to use when generating new uncharacterised pseudotyped viruses.

Sensitivity of Taraxacum officinalis (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg Pollen to aerogenic pollution in the conditions of a mega city

Aim. To determine the consequences of the impact of automobile emissions on the environment of the city of Kyiv using the palynological method. Methods. The quality of Taraxacum officinalis (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg pollen was determined by the iodine method (Gram staining). All pollen grains without typical signs of morphological structure (that is, all but normally developed) were considered teratomorphic. Results. The effect of aerogenous load on the viability of Taraxacum officinalis plant pollen was studied at test sites of park ecosystems of the city of Kyiv with different traffic intensities and proximity to city highways. It was established that in the conditions of the metropolis under various effects of air pollution, the quality indicators of the pollen of the bioindicator remain high, within 77.79 % (test site No. 1, which is located closest to the highways, where Nox is 2.11 g/s, CH – 2,86 g/s) to 81.77 % (test site No. 2 in Mariinsky Park, which has the best environmental conditions: the mixture of nitrogen oxides is 0.41, which is almost five times less than at test site No. 1 in Peremohy Park). The largest share of teratomorphic pollen (34.98 %) was recorded in T. officinalis plants in Peremogy Park test site No. 1, the smallest (26.86 %) was found in plants growing in Mariinsky Park at test site No. 2. When analyzing the data, it was determined that a high level of inverse correlation has an indicator of the fertility of pollen grains with all investigated components of air pollution (r = from -0.57 – Pb compounds to -0.73 – soot). Conclusions. Therefore, the qualitative indicators of the pollen of the phytoindicator T. officinalis can be recommended for use in the system of ecological monitoring of the environment with different degrees of aerogenic load.

Factors determining shopping and selection of retail store outlets, A study

Retail business is in the limelight nowadays. Not only are their margins getting bigger but also are the sizes of the outlets. To intrude into the retail industry a questionnaire was designed wherein the following questions were asked. First of all the factors that drive customers to shop at certain and particular stores over others in the retail industry of Goa were looked into. Secondly, if there was any correlation between store digitization and consumer buying satisfaction. Thirdly, if there was any correlation between consumer buying behavior and brand loyalty. And lastly if there was any correlation between retail discount and consumer footfall. The findings were as follows: nearness to the residence was ranked number 1, followed by quality of the product, assortment of merchandise, ambience, discounts given and knowledgeable staff in the store. A low level of correlation existed between digitalization and consumer buying satisfaction, a high level of correlation existed between consumer buying behavior and brand loyalty and a high correlation existed between retail discount and store reputation.

Unveiling Excellence: Exploring the Driving Factors Shaping Junior High School Teachers' Performance

The purpose of this research is to determine the influence of compensation, work discipline, and work environment on the job performance of private junior high school teachers in the North Pillau Dullah Subdistrict of Tual City. The population in this study consists of private junior high school teachers in the North Pillau Dullah Subdistrict of Tual City, with a total sample size of 66 individuals. The data collection methods used in this study include questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis method employed involves both descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis, specifically multiple linear regression analysis. This method is utilized to measure the impact of Compensation, Work Discipline, and Work Environment on the job performance of private junior high school teachers in the North Pillau Dullah Subdistrict of Tual City. Based on the F-test results, the independent variables (compensation, motivation, and work discipline) collectively exhibit a positive and significant influence on the dependent variable (teacher job performance). The correlation coefficient testing reveals a high level of correlation or relationship between compensation, motivation, and work discipline with teacher job performance, amounting to 72.1%. Additionally, motivation stands out as the most dominant factor influencing the job performance of private junior high school teachers in the North Pillau Dullah Subdistrict of Tual City.

Research and evaluation of spatiotemporal dynamic of network green innovation efficiency in China—based on meta-Frontier theory

Green innovation has emerged as a crucial driver for advancing green and high-quality development. Exploring the evolutionary patterns of green innovation efficiency is crucial for achieving the “dual carbon” goals and realizing the benefits of both economic growth and environmental sustainability under the framework of new development concepts. This study employs the network SBM-DEA model under meta-Frontier and group-Frontier. Additionally, it considers the GML index and Moran’s I to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the evolving efficiency of green innovation in Chinese provinces from 2008 to 2020, then uses the Tobit regression model to verify the influencing indicators for green innovation efficiency. The examination covers various aspects, including the stage of green innovation, the diversity of technology accumulation, the comparability of pre- and post-development, the spillover effects in geographical space, and the diversity of influencing factors. The research findings indicate the following: 1) The group division exhibit a high level of geographical correlation, and the efficiency of green innovation in the two-stage and network displays heterogeneity across distinct frontiers. The efficiency loss in the Green Achievement Transformation stage is bigger than that in the Green Technology Research and Development stage. 2) There is an overall increase in green innovation efficiency of each type during most years, and the spatial correlation and stability of the two-stage and network green innovation efficiency have improved year by year. Provinces with higher Green Innovation Environment Composite Index have the highest concentration of “high-high” efficiency agglomeration. 3) Environmental regulation intensity, factor endowment, property rights structure, foreign direct investment and energy consumption have varying degrees of constraints on green innovation, and the regional economic development level can significantly improve the efficiency of various green innovations. Finally, this paper provides some suggestions, including stimulating innovation vitality, formulating differentiated policies, strengthening regional innovation collaboration, and mobilizing resources from various stakeholders. These recommendations aim to provide guidance and reference for promoting green innovation and achieving sustainable development in different regions.

The Heritage Climate Index (HERCI): Development, Assessment and Application for Tourism Purposes in Geoheritage and Cultural Heritage Sites

The development of climate indices and their application can influence the preferences of tourists and the time frame for visiting the locality. This study develops a new Heritage Climate Index (HERCI) that finds its application in assessing climate comfort for visiting geoheritage and cultural heritage objects. The study analyzed the geoheritage site in Western Serbia (Stopića Cave) and the cultural heritage site in Eastern Serbia (Golubac Fortress). The index was developed to represent climatic comfort on a monthly basis and consisted of five climatic elements. The values of the HERCI index were obtained based on the multi-criteria decision-making model—the Best–Worst method (BWM). The results were classified into five classes, depending on the degree of conformity. After a comparative analysis of the index results for four localities and their attendance for the period 2012–2021 and 2019–2022, it was determined that there is a very high level of correlation (&gt;0.9). This is the first study to use the BWM to develop and analyze a climate index. From the aspect of tourism policy, this study significantly contributes to tourism organizations and tourists in better understanding climate comfort and making decisions about the organization’s time frame and realization of the travel.

Multifidelity uncertainty quantification with models based on dissimilar parameters

Multifidelity uncertainty quantification (MF UQ) sampling approaches have been shown to significantly reduce the variance of statistical estimators while preserving the bias of the highest-fidelity model, provided that the low-fidelity models are well correlated. However, maintaining a high level of correlation can be challenging, especially when models depend on different input uncertain parameters, which drastically reduces the correlation. Existing MF UQ approaches do not adequately address this issue. In this work, we propose a new sampling strategy that exploits a shared space to improve the correlation among models with dissimilar parameterization. We achieve this by transforming the original coordinates onto an auxiliary manifold using the adaptive basis (AB) method (Tipireddy and Ghanem, 2014). The AB method has two main benefits: (1) it provides an effective tool to identify the low-dimensional manifold on which each model can be represented, and (2) it enables easy transformation of polynomial chaos representations from high- to low-dimensional spaces. This latter feature is used to identify a shared manifold among models without requiring additional evaluations. We present two algorithmic flavors of the new estimator to cover different analysis scenarios, including those with legacy and non-legacy high-fidelity (HF) data. We provide numerical results for analytical examples, a direct field acoustic test, and a finite element model of a nuclear fuel assembly. For all examples, we compare the proposed strategy against both single-fidelity and MF estimators based on the original model parameterization.

Declarations of Independence: How Embedded Multicollinearity Errors Affect Dosimetric and Other Complex Analyses in Radiation Oncology

The statistical technique of multiple regression, commonly referred to as “multivariable regression,” is often used in clinical research to quantify the relationships between multiple predictor variables and a single outcome variable of interest. The foundational theory underpinning multivariable regression assumes that all predictor variables are independent of one another. In other words, the effect of each independent variable is measured by its contribution to the regression equation while all other variables remain unchanged. In the presence of correlations between two or more variables, however, it is impossible to change one variable without a consequent change in the variable(s) it is linked to. This condition, known as “multicollinearity,” can introduce errors into multivariable regression models by affecting estimates of the regression coefficients that quantify the relationship between individual predictor variables and the outcome variable. Errors that arise due to violations of the multicollinearity assumption are of special interest to radiation oncology researchers. Because of high levels of correlation among variables derived from points along individual organ dose-volume histogram (DVH) curves, as well as strong intercorrelations among dose-volume parameters in neighboring organs, dosimetric analyses are particularly subject to multicollinearity errors. For example, dose-volume parameters for the heart are strongly correlated not only with other points along the heart DVH curve but are likely also correlated with dose-volume parameters in neighboring organs such as the lung. In this paper, we describe the problem of multicollinearity in accessible terms and discuss examples of violations of the multicollinearity assumption within the radiation oncology literature. Finally, we provide recommendations regarding best practices for identifying and managing multicollinearity in complex data sets.

The role of optic nerve sheath diameter measurement in the diagnosis of brain death.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measured using computed tomography (CT), and ONSD measured using bedside ultrasonography (USG) in the diagnosis of brain death. A total of 21 brain-dead patients were included in the study. The ONSD values of these patients were measured using both USG and CT before and after brain death, and the relationship between these measurements was evaluated. There was a high level of correlation between the right-left eye ONSD measurements conducted before brain death using USG and CT, respectively (p=0.000, p=0.001). There was a high level of correlation between the right-left eye ONSD measurements conducted after brain death using USG and CT, respectively (p=0.000, p=0.00). Pre-brain death ONSD mean values of both left and right eyes, measured using USG and CT, were found to be statistically significantly lower than the mean values of post-brain death measurements. In conclusion, a statistically significant difference was found between the optic nerve sheath diameter values measured before and after brain death using USG and CT. At the same time, it was determined that the values of the optic nerve sheath diameter measured using both CT and USG were correlated.

A case series in individuals with multiple sclerosis using direct current electrical stimulation to inhibit spasticity and improve functional outcomes.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a high incidence of debilitating spasticity. Central Nervous System (CNS) intrafusal settings have an impact on spasticity level. Mechanoreceptors of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) communicate monosynaptically with the central nervous system (CNS). This case series assesses feasibility of multimodal treatment of individuals with MS using a direct current electrical stimulation (DC) to influence mechanoreceptors. Seven MS diagnosed participants with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) = 6.0-8.0 completed 18 visits over 6 weeks of using DC combined with neuromuscular reeducation. Design included pre-, post- outcome measures of EDSS, 12-item MS Walking Scale (MSWS-12), Range of Motion (ROM), Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), Modified Ashworth Test (MAT), Timed 25-Foot walk (T25WT), Timed Up and Go (TUG) and the Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29 (MSIS-29). 125 out of a possible 126 visits were completed, demonstrating a high level of tolerance. Individual results included trends towards improvement in spasticity and agonists. This case series design of seven heterogenous subjects with MS is a low sample size for statistical analysis and should be considered a pilot. The study demonstrates a high level of feasibility and possible correlations to consider. Further research is warranted.

The Relationship Between the Force Production in the Isometric Squat and Bench Press Exercises and the Lower and Upper Body Anaerobic Power Parameters

The primary aim of this study was to investigate relationships between the muscular force in the isometric bench press and squat movements and the Wingate anaerobic test (WanT) results for the upper and lower body. Secondary purpose was to investigate possible correlations between the WanT and the explosive isometric force. Eighteen healthy male volunteer athletes (age: 23.37 ± 1.65, height: 178.37 ± 5.67, body mass; 76.69 ± 3.73) with at least 2 years of strength training participated in the study. During the two test sessions, one-repetition maximum (1-RM), isometric squat and isometric bench press tests and anaerobic power tests with Wingate anaerobic power and arm ergometer were performed. Results of the study showed a high degree of correlation between isometric squat (Squatiso) and lower body Peak Power and Average Power (r (14) = 0.766, p &amp;lt; 0.001 and r (14) = 0.690, p &amp;lt; 0.003 respectively). However, there was no significant relationship between Squatiso and Fatigue Index (FI) (p &amp;gt; 0.05). In isometric bench press, there was also a high level of correlation between upper body peak power and average power (r (14) = 0.620, p &amp;lt; 0.01 and r (14) = 0.749, p &amp;lt; 0.001 respectively). These data can be used to classify the power capabilities of the athletes and determining the training loads to be used in achieving the training goals. In addition, periodic measurements of the maximum power and strength performances of the athletes with field tests and laboratory test batteries according to the characteristics of the sports branch can also provide significant contributions to the coaches and researchers.

Comparison of Performance Measures of Pakistani Islamic Mutual Funds using Data Analytics

The current study attempted to measure and evaluate the performance of 13 Pakistani Shariah compliant mutual funds from the time period (September 2009-August 2017) by using 18 performance measures. It followed the principle that mutual funds are used exclusively for diversification portfolio and mean-variance optimization, following the mutual fund theorem as an investing strategy. The results of few performance measures showed that many funds outperformed the benchmark, while others underperformed. The study also analyzed and compared the performance measures to characterize the relationship between them and investigated if they lead to an identical ranking by using three analysis techniques, namely Pearson’s r, Spearman’s rho, and Kendall’s tau coefficient. The study concluded that there is a high level of correlation among performance measures which indicates that the performance measures classify mutual funds in a similar manner in three sub-periods, that is, 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years. Change of frequency doesn’t disturb their classification ability.

Detection and elimination of multicollinearity in regression analysis

Multicollinearity occurs when there comes a high level of correlation between the independent variables. This correlation creates the problem because the independent variables should be independent. Higher the degree of correlation means more complex problems you will face while fitting the model and interpreting the results. In this paper, we have eliminated the problem of multicollinearity on the basis of Hatvalues. The variables with higher Hatvalues will be removed from the data before fitting the model. This paper presents the comparison of results achieved by the proposed technique and state of the art methods.

Initial results of the colorimetric indices of the oldest exposed pedocomplex (Titel loess plateau, Serbia)

n this study we present an in-depth description of the colorimetric values for the lowest section of the Dukatar Loess Palaeosol Sequence (LPS) pedocomplex S5. Formed during the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 13-15, it represents the oldest pedocomplex exposed at the base of the Titel loess plateau (TLP), near the confluence of the Tisa and Danube rivers in Vojvodina (northern Serbia). The results of low-field magnetic susceptibility measurements (χlf) were compared to colour properties (obtained by conventional methods as well as instrumental measuring) and quantified Soil Development Indices (SDI). Of these measurements we found that the Redness Index (RI1) yielded the most useful results, as this index appears most sensitive to lithological changes and soil development intensity. It was also observed that a high level of correlation existed between χlf, and a* chromaticity. The initial results of this study highlight the utility of colorimetric methods as an interdisciplinary tool when evaluating the presence of ferromagnetics, and the application of rock magnetism to the Middle and Upper Pleistocene LPS of the Middle Danube Basin. The presented approach can be used to observe the evolution of climatic and ecological conditions in the given study area, and for establishing correlations between sites extending over the Eurasian LPS provinces.

Graft-Derived Cell-Free DNA Quantification following Liver Transplantation Using Tissue-Specific DNA Methylation and Donor-Specific Genotyping Techniques: An Orthogonal Comparison Study.

Background: Graft-derived cell-free DNA (gdcfDNA) analysis has shown promise as a non-invasive tool for monitoring organ health following solid organ transplantation. A number of gdcfDNA analysis techniques have been described; however, the majority rely on sequencing or prior genotyping to detect donor-recipient mis-matched genetic polymorphisms. Differentially methylated regions of DNA can be used to identify the tissue-of-origin of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) fragments. In this study, we aimed to directly compare the performance of gdcfDNA monitoring using graft-specific DNA methylation analysis and donor-recipient genotyping techniques in a pilot cohort of clinical samples from patients post-liver transplantation. Results: 7 patients were recruited prior to LT, 3 developed early, biopsy-proven TCMR in the first 6 weeks post-LT. gdcfDNA was successfully quantified in all samples using both approaches. There was a high level of technical correlation between results using the two techniques (Spearman testing, rs = 0.87, p < 0.0001). gdcfDNA levels quantified using the genotyping approach were significantly greater across all timepoints in comparison to the tissue-specific DNA methylation-based approach: e.g., day 1 post-LT median 31,350 copies/mL (IQR 6731-64,058) vs. 4133 copies/mL (IQR 1100-8422), respectively. Qualitative trends in gdcfDNA levels for each patient were concordant between the two assays. Acute TCMR was preceded by significant elevations in gdcfDNA as quantified by both techniques. Elevations in gdcfDNA, using both techniques, were suggestive of TCMR in this pilot study with a 6- and 3-day lead-time prior to histological diagnosis in patients 1 and 2. Conclusions: Both the graft-specific methylation and genotyping techniques successfully quantified gdcfDNA in patients post-LT with statistically significant concordance. A direct comparison of these two techniques is not only important from a technical perspective for orthogonal validation, but significantly adds weight to the evidence that gdcfDNA monitoring reflects the underlying biology. Both techniques identified LT recipients who developed acute TCMR, with several days lead-time in comparison to conventional diagnostic workflows. Whilst the two assays performed comparably, gdcfDNA monitoring based on graft-specific DNA methylation patterns in cfDNA offers major practical advantages over the donor-recipient genotyping, and hence enhances the potential to translate this emerging technology into clinical practice.

Investigating the relationship between COVID-19 shutdown and land surface temperature on the Anatolian side of Istanbul using large architectural impermeable surfaces.

Artificial impermeable surfaces are becoming more prevalent, especially in urban areas, as a result of shifting land use and cover, roads, roofs, etc. The modification of land surface temperature (LST) can also be accomplished through artificially impermeable surfaces. Large artificial impermeable surfaces, such as rooftops, parking lots, and other areas of use, can be found in industrial zones, shopping malls, industrial airports, and other locations. For the Anatolian side of Istanbul, 14 Landsat8 OLI/TIRS imagery images over the years 2016-2022 were investigated. To evaluate how well the study's images could be utilized, correlation and cosine similarity approaches were employed. A total of 12 images may be employed for research LST studies, it was discovered. We looked at closure dates during the COVID-19 epidemic to find out how human migration affected the LST. In addition, the LST value was estimated using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method employing LST and other biophysical indices. A decrease in LST values was seen as a result of the investigation. High levels of similarity and correlation were found between the images used. Results from the Google Mobility Index also provide support to the study. All of these facts provide support to Istanbul's Anatolian side experiencing lower surface temperature values, which consequently affects the city's massive structures.

A common ecogeographic trend in the internal nasal cavity variation across Mesolithic to Bronze Age Eastern European and Caucasian populations

AbstractThe ecogeographic trends in the shape of the internal nasal cavity and external facial skeleton were explored in a sample of Mesolithic, Neolithic, and Bronze Age skulls from Northeastern Europe and the Caucasus and tested against a background of the variation in recent populations from the same area. The volume, surface area, and several linear dimensions of the internal nasal cavity as well as a set of 3D landmarks of the external mid‐face were collected in a sample of computed tomography (CT) scans of 121 adult male skulls from six modern human populations of Eastern Europe, Anatolia, and Caucasus (74 individuals) and seven ancient burial sites (47 individuals). Various measures of the association between nasal cavity morphology and climate revealed moderate to high levels of correlation. The modern populations from colder climates and all but one ancient group display a substantial decrease in the nasal cavity heights and widths, volume and nasal protrusion, a relative narrowing of the nasal cavity, and a substantial increment in length of the maxillary part of the cavity. These groups also exhibit a less protruding external nose, smaller orbits, and a vertically taller zygomatic region. Our results show that the suite of morphological features associated with living in a cold climate is more strongly pronounced in ancient Europeans compared with the Medieval or modern groups of the same continent.