High Level Of Comfort Research Articles

Resident Communication With Patients and Families Preferring Languages Other Than English

Patients and families preferring languages other than English (LOE) often experience inequitable communication with their health care providers, including the underutilization of professional interpretation. This study had 2 aims: to characterize resident-perceived communication with families preferring LOE and to evaluate the impact of language preference on frequency of resident interactions with hospitalized patients and families. This was a cross-sectional study at a quaternary care children's hospital. We developed a questionnaire for residents regarding their interactions with patients preferring LOE. We concurrently developed a communication tracking tool to measure the frequency of resident communication events with hospitalized patients. Data were analyzed with logistic and Poisson regression models. Questionnaire results demonstrated a high level of resident comfort with interpretation, though more than 30% of residents reported "sometimes" or "usually" communicating with families preferring LOE without appropriate interpretation (response rate, 47%). The communication tracking tool was completed by 36 unique residents regarding 151 patients, with a 95% completion rate. Results demonstrated that patients and families preferring LOE were less likely to be present on rounds compared with their counterparts preferring English (adjusted odds ratio, 0.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07-0.39). Similarly, patients and families preferring LOE were less likely to receive a resident update after rounds (adjusted odds ratio, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.13-0.62) and received fewer resident updates overall (incidence rate ratio, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.30-0.69). Hospitalized patients and families preferring LOE experience significant communication-related inequities. Ongoing efforts are needed to promote equitable communication with this population and should consider the unique role of residents.

Smart Contact Lenses Keep an Eye on Health.

Contact lenses are ideal conduits for continuous health monitoring. They have a long safety record, and they sit on the eye, where they have access to a range of biological signals. Making the transition from vision correction to biological monitoring, however, requires advances in technological development so the lenses not only detect and report signals accurately, but retain the high level of comfort that users have come to expect.

A Quality Improvement Strategy to Improve Recognition and Identification of Atypical Stroke Presentations in the Pre-Hospital Setting (P13-2.006)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To improve recognition and identification of atypical stroke presentations by EMS. <h3>Background:</h3> Several stroke prediction scales have been devised to aid emergency medical staff (EMS) and physicians to timely recognize strokes in the prehospital setting. However, a significant proportion of strokes continues to be missed. The most common symptoms in false negative cases are dizziness, changes in mental status, and visual deficits. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> The curriculum involves a lecture with 5 cases discussing presentations of posterior circulation stroke, that was preceded and followed by a survey. A 3-point Likert scale was utilized to assess comfort levels of EMS. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were performed on the null hypothesis to examine the effect of education on comfort levels as implemented in R (R version 3.5.3). <h3>Results:</h3> Eighty pre- and post-education surveys were included in the analysis. More individuals in the post-lecture group felt comfortable recognizing basilar artery occlusion stroke, stroke syndromes that could present as altered mental status or lethargy/somnolence, and cranial nerve deficits as brainstem stroke presentations compared to individuals in the pre-lecture group (p&lt;0.05). More individuals in the post-lecture group felt comfortable recognizing visual symptoms as stroke presentations compared to individuals in the pre-lecture group though the difference in distributions in the two groups did not differ significantly (W= 2854.4, p=0.08). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> In conclusion, our education strategy highlighted atypical stroke presentations that may be missed using conventional pre-hospital scales and resulted in statistically significant increased comfort levels among EMS abilities to recognize various atypical stroke symptoms. Visual symptoms did not increase significantly which was likely due to high comfort levels among EMS at baseline. This lecture was delivered both in-person and virtually, reflecting ease of our implementation strategy. Future work will evaluate the efficacy of our strategy by comparing acute stroke presentations associated with inaccurate EMS identification before and after intervention in our region. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Reyes has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zobel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ess has nothing to disclose.

Creative Arts Therapists’ Engagement in Sexuality Dialogues With Clients: Pilot Study

A pilot research study examined how US graduate-level creative arts therapists (CATs) engaged clients in sexuality discussions as part of treatment, a mixed-methods concurrent design of survey research and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative survey obtained comprehensive data from over 130 CATs on their comfort and willingness to address sexuality in session. Limited qualitative data was gathered from four CATs during individual semi-structured interviews, which identified therapist qualities of being open, accepting, inclusive and nonjudgmental to contribute to clients’ overall well-being, and explored the impact of sex-positive and sex-negative theoretical frameworks. The findings indicated a high level of comfort, with over 80% of the CATs surveyed and all CATs interviewed addressing sexuality in various settings and across age groups.

Assessing and Comparing the Visual Comfort of Streets across Four Chinese Megacities Using AI-Based Image Analysis and the Perceptive Evaluation Method

Environmental perception studies have long been constrained by research scales due to the difficulties in obtaining users’ perceptive data and constructing their relation to environmental attributes. With the help of big data from street view images, this study compares the visual comfort of streets across four Chinese megacities with evidently distinct geographical characteristics. A multi-method approach involving traditional comfort measurements, image analysis based on deep learning algorithms and spatial mapping using geographic information systems was used to investigate the visual components of urban streets at the city scale and their influential mechanisms. In general, the four cities ranked by visual comfort were Beijing first, then Shenzhen, Shanghai and Guangzhou. The results also suggested that the spatial distribution of the four cities’ street visual comfort is obviously different. In Shanghai and Beijing, streets with a higher comfort level are mostly concentrated within the central city, while the highly comfort streets are mostly distributed along the coast and rivers in Shenzhen and Guangzhou. Thus, it is reasonable to speculate that the streets’ visual comfort relates significantly to their urban planning and construction process. Moreover, seven indicators have been identified as influential to street comfort, among which ‘vegetation’, ‘terrain’ and ‘rider’ are positive indicators, while ‘architecture’, ‘pedestrians’, ‘motorcycles’ and ‘bicycles’ have negative influences. Comparing street comfort indicators of the four case study cities, it was observed that ‘vegetation’ and ‘terrain’ have the most consistent positive influences across cities, while the high visibility of ‘building’ on streets is most likely to lead to a low level of perceived comfort. The research outcomes provide applicable cues for large-scale street evaluation research and illustrate an efficient street design approach that can both respond to local characteristics and human perceptive needs.

Acceptability, Suitability, and Feasibility of an Evidence-Based Intervention to Reduce HIV Risk Behaviors: Engaging Comadronas in HIV Prevention in Rural Guatemala.

This study addresses rural Guatemala's poor maternal health and HIV status by culturally adapting an evidence-based HIV intervention, SEPA (Self-Care, Education, Prevention, Self-Care), to extend the capacity of comadronas (Mayan birth attendants) as HIV prevention providers. This mixed-method study examined the acceptability, suitability, and feasibility of SEPA presented to traditional elder and a younger cohort of comadronas over three sessions. Outcome variables were reported as mean scores. Open-ended qualitative responses were categorized under central themes. Session 1, 2, and 3 acceptability (4.6/5, 4.6/5, 4.8/5), suitability (4.7/5, 4.6/5, 4.9/5), and feasibility (4.4/5, 4.7/5, 4.8/5) remained high across sessions. While comadronas reported that information was difficult, they reported high levels of understanding and comfort with SEPA content and they also found it to be culturally appropriate, increasing their confidence to discuss HIV with their community. The broader utilization of comadronas could create a pathway to enhance reproductive health among indigenous women.

Public Librarian Perceptions of Assisting Immigrant Patrons: Results from a Multi-State Survey.

Public libraries in the United States (U.S.) are important sources of health information. Immigrants comprise a large portion of the U.S. population, and research suggests that public libraries help immigrants adjust to life in a new country. Public libraries help immigrants access information directly related to health and provide programs that have indirect impacts on health outcomes, including learning a new language and forging social ties. The purpose of this paper was to examine perspectives from librarians related to interactions with immigrant patrons and how their library supports them in this role. Public librarians (n = 205) from two selected U.S. states completed an online survey focusing on how comfortable they were in helping immigrants with inquiries related to health and the role of the public library in supporting librarians in this endeavor. Respondents generally reported high levels of comfort interacting with immigrants, although there was limited interaction on potentially sensitive topics (i.e., immigration, health). Library staff perceived that libraries overall were not effective in meeting the needs of immigrant populations and that librarians were infrequently offered professional training related to cultural competency and diversity. The findings echo previous studies that demonstrate the need for professional development to ensure that librarians are aware of library resources available to assist immigrant patrons. Findings from this study suggest opportunities for public health professionals and public librarians to collaborate to ensure the provision of reliable resources, health information, and referrals to community-based services.

ANALYSIS OF THE URBAN HEAT ISLAND USING MICROCLIMATE SIMULATION FOR URBAN QUARTER

This study demonstrates that the development of green infrastructure is an important task in the formation of ur-ban planning strategies to reduce the effect of the urban heat island and improve the ecosystem of the city. Simulation is an effective method for studying the complex mechanisms of urban climate formation at the stage of urban planning. The purpose of this study is to assess the severity of the urban heat island in relation to the quarter, taking into ac-count various scenarios of its landscaping, using modern simulation tools. Based on modeling in the ENVI-met soft-ware and computing complex of the thermal conditions of the quarter on the hottest days, its high thermal heterogenei-ty was established. The maximum temperature values are noted in roads and soils, the minimum – in green areas. The temperature conditions of the quarter changes over time. Exceeding the average temperature of the urban quarter ter-ritory over the average temperature in green areas means the possibility of forming an urban heat island. The calcula-tion established that most of the quarter is located in the urban heat island zone. This is also confirmed by an increase in air temperature in an urbanized area. Recommendations are given to mitigate the urban heat island. Based on the results of the thermal simulation of the quarter, it was established that the most effective solution compared to the orig-inal model is an increase in the area of lawn grass and shrubs by 10%, an increase in the area of trees by 12% and a decrease in asphalt pavements of paths and sites by 5.7%. Such a solution maximizes the mitigation of the urban heat island and provides a high level of comfort for the urban environment. Further research will focus on the development of a multi-factor correlation-regression model to assess the mitigation effect of urban heat islands by means of improv-ing green infrastructure.

PRESERVATION OF THE HISTORICAL PART OF THE CITY OF BELGOROD AS A CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE OF THE REGION

One of the main priorities of urban development programs of our time is the preservation and regeneration of cultural heritage. The process of preserving historical territories in the city center is an effective solution to strategic urban development tasks that can affect neighboring territories. Most of the territories of the Belgorod OCN are now located in the central part of the city and occupy a significant part of its territory. In the future of development, it is possible to create open-air museums with the creation of new public spaces. The analysis of the means of application and world experience of the modern process of museification of the historical part of the city is carried out. The main qualities that historical buildings should have in modern use in order to achieve a high level of comfort are determined. The existing system of the historical center of the city of Belgorod and its elements in the form of historical and architectural monuments is analyzed. An urban planning analysis of the location of the last Belgorod fortress in the historical center of the city was carried out. The factors that influence the definition of the subject area of projects for the transformation of historical territories are identified: external (social, environmental, urban planning, security and rehabilitation) and internal (economic, planning, constructive, aesthetic). The concept of the conservation project proposal should be based on a comprehensive museification of historical and cultural heritage objects located within the boundaries of the territory of the historical center of the city.

On the Vibration-Damping Properties of the Prestressed Polyurethane Granular Material

Granular materials promise opportunities for the development of high-performance, lightweight vibration-damping elements that provide a high level of safety and comfort. Presented here is an investigation of the vibration-damping properties of prestressed granular material. The material studied is thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) in Shore 90A and 75A hardness grades. A method for preparing and testing the vibration-damping properties of tubular specimens filled with TPU granules was developed. A new combined energy parameter was introduced to evaluate the damping performance and weight-to-stiffness ratio. Experimental results show that the material in granular form provides up to 400% better vibration-damping performance as compared to the bulk material. Such improvement is possible by combining both the effect of the pressure-frequency superposition principle at the molecular scale and the effect of the physical interactions between the granules (force-chain network) at the macro scale. The two effects complement each other, with the first effect predominating at high prestress and the second at low prestress. Conditions can be further improved by varying the material of the granules and applying a lubricant that facilitates the granules to reorganize and reconfigure the force-chain network (flowability).

Public evaluations of four approaches to ocean-based carbon dioxide removal

ABSTRACT In the face of mounting global climatic pressures, negative emission technologies (NETs) for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) are increasingly proposed as necessary for meeting climate targets. While initial work has identified the potential of terrestrial NETs, a diverse set of marine/ocean-based NETs are gaining new and particular attention. Emerging studies on the feasibility of marine NETs are urgently needed, especially to explore the logics that public groups use to judge different approaches, and to ensure that design and governance of these technologies align with public values and priorities. This study explores factors of interest in understanding public views on four marine NETs, both perceptions of climate severity and urgency, and beliefs about marine environments. It uses a quantitative survey to explore how a representative sample of people in British Columbia, Canada and Washington state, United States evaluate four marine NETs: coastal restoration; ocean alkalinity enhancement; ocean fertilization; and offshore direct air carbon capture and storage. We find that perceived severity and urgency of climate change predicts greater comfort with all NETs studied, and views of marine environments as adaptable, fragile and manageable vary in predicting both greater and lesser comfort. Drawing upon these insights, the paper offers reflections on the conditional thinking linked with emerging views of marine NETs, concluding with methodological suggestions for future research on public perceptions as concerns the deployment of ocean-based CDR near and long term. Incorporating these insights into policy for ocean-based CDR will be important to ensuring responsible governance of these technologies. Key policy insights Incorporating research on public perceptions will be important to the design of marine NETs and accompanying policies. Public groups in both British Columbia and Washington expressed high levels of comfort with coastal restoration, some comfort with offshore direct air carbon capture and storage, and some discomfort with ocean alkalinity enhancement and ocean fertilization. Perceived severity and urgency of climate change predicted greater comfort with all approaches; this evidence aligns with a small but growing body of scholarship indicating openness to environmental intervention amongst public groups concerned with climate impacts. Beliefs about marine environments, namely whether they are ‘adaptable’, ‘manageable’ or ‘fragile’, also predicted comfort, suggesting that CDR in ocean contexts requires further examination regarding public perceptions.

Creation of programs for sustainable administration of low-rise housing construction programs in remote areas with special climatic conditions

Objective: The research is aimed at creation of programs for development of low-rise housing construction which are suitable for remote territories with special climatic conditions. They allow intensifying low-rise housing construction and contribute to the development of a natural resource base from local building materials. Methods: Authors used the methodology, which is based on the creation of regional programs for the development of low-rise housing construction (LRC) that aim to solve socio-economic problems through a new organizational and economic mechanism. Results: The procedure for creation of regional programs for development of low-rise housing construction has been developed. At a fundamental level of the created programs there is an organizational and economic mechanism which includes subject-object relations regarding implementation of low-rise housing construction development programs and is aimed at achieving the key outcome – construction of low-rise energy-efficient block-type houses for certain categories of citizens living in remote territories with special climatic conditions. The organizational and economic mechanism is based on taking into account interests of individual groups of subjects which makes it possible to achieve the highest level of efficiency in implementation of regional programs for the development of low-rise housing construction in remote territories with special climatic conditions. Suggestions: The proposed model of the Departmental special-purpose program offers solutions to the problem of providing low-rise housing with a high level of comfort and quality for certain categories of citizens employed in socially significant industries. The procedure developed in the article is recommended to be used by executive and state authorities for the creation of regional programs for the intensification of low-rise housing construction.

Overlapping Surgeries From the Patient's Perspective

IntroductionOverlapping surgery (OS) occurs when a single surgeon is concurrently caring for patients in multiple operating rooms (OR) but is present for all critical portions of each surgery. Although this is common practice, most studies have found public disapproval of OS. This study aims to better understand attitudes toward OS of patients who gave informed consent for OS. MethodsParticipant interviews covered topics including trust, OR personnel roles, and attitudes toward OS. Four representative transcripts were distributed among researchers for independent code identification. These were aggregated into a codebook, applied by two coders. Iterative and emergent thematic analyses were done. ResultsTwelve participants were interviewed to reach thematic saturation. Three themes shaped how participants felt about OS: trust in their surgeon, worries about OS, and understanding of OR personnel roles. Factors contributing to trust included personal research and the surgeon's experience. Frequently cited concerns were unpredictability of complications during operations and the surgeon's divided attention. Two participants inaccurately understood personnel roles, believing the surgeon did most or all the hands-on work while trainees were observers. Most participants felt a high or neutral level of comfort toward OS and indicated trust as the reason. ConclusionsIn contrast to prior research, this study found that most participants had a neutral or positive view of OS. This suggests that a trusting relationship with their surgeon and informed consent are important factors in increasing comfort for OS. Participants who misunderstood OR roles felt less comfortable toward OS. This highlights an opportunity for patient education on trainee roles.

Highly Stretchable Electronic‐Skin Sensors with Porous Microstructure for Efficient Multimodal Sensing with Wearable Comfort

AbstractWearable electronic skins have aroused extensive interest in health detection, human–computer interaction, and robotics. However, it remains a great challenge to realize the multifunctional electronic skin with a wide detection range, high sensitivity, multi‐stimulus response, and wearable comfort on a single device. Here, a flexible porous thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/carbon black (CB) multimodal sensor that perceives multiple stimuli of pressure, strain, and humidity is prepared by the water vapor‐induced phase separation method. The as‐prepared device exhibits a wide pressure detection range (up to 49 kPa), excellent sensitivity (0.21 kPa−1), fast response (150 ms), and recovery time (120 ms). Furthermore, as a strain sensor, it is not only highly stretchable (730%), but also can operate over a strain range of 0–240% with a sensitivity of up to 1485.2 and excellent durability. Moreover, the designed sensor can detect humidity changes from 35% to 90% and has a fast response time (1.2 s), while enabling non‐contact sensing of a fingertip. Importantly, the porous TPU/CB film presents excellent breathability, enabling it to achieve a high level of comfort. Therefore, the perfect integration of these features ensures the potential applications of porous TPU/CB sensors in human activity detection, exhale monitoring, and breathable wearable devices.

Field studies on the energy consumption and thermal comfort of a nZEB using radiant ceiling panel and open-loop groundwater heat pump system in a cold region

Field studies were conducted in an office building in a cold region equipped with a radiant ceiling panel (RCP) and open-loop groundwater heat pump (GWHP) system. First, the indoor thermal comfort in a target office was evaluated based on the results obtained from the physical measurements and survey questionnaire. The results showed that the suspended RCP system could achieve comfortable indoor thermal conditions throughout the year. The indoor temperature was maintained within the range of 22–26 °C, the humidity was within 30–60%, and CO2 concentration was mostly below 1000 ppm. Second, the energy performance was tested simultaneously, and intermittent and continuous operation methods were compared. Under the continuous operation method, a stable indoor environment was maintained, and the COP of the GWHP system increased by 10%. The results showed the potential to further reduce energy consumption and maintain a high level of thermal comfort through the optimization of system operations. Finally, the annual energy consumption was calculated based on the recorded measurements. The results illustrate that this building can reach the ZEB-ready level in Japan. The primary energy consumption can be decreased by approximately 67% compared to the reference by applying the combined system.

Prediction of Shrinkage Behavior of Stretch Fabrics Using Machine-Learning Based Artificial Neural Network

Stretch fabric provides good formability and does not restrict the movement of the body for increased tension levels. The major expectations of a wearer in an apparel fabric are a high level of mechanical comfort and good aesthetics. The prediction of shrinkage in stretch fabric is a very complex and unexplored topic. There are no existing formulas that can effectively predict the shrinkage of stretch fabrics. The purpose of this paper is to develop a novel model based on an artificial neural network to predict the shrinkage of stretch fabrics. Different stretch fabrics (core-spun lycra yarn) with stretch in the weft direction were manufactured in the industry using a miniature weaving machine. A model was built using an artificial neural network method, including training of the data set, followed by testing of the model on the test data set. The correlation of factors, such as warp count, weft count, greige PPI, greige EPI, and greige width, was established with respect to boil-off width.

Research on indoor thermal comfort and energy consumption of zero energy wooden structure buildings in severe cold zone

Indoor thermal comfort level not only affects the indoor thermal environment but also affects building energy consumption. Generally speaking, the higher the thermal comfort of the building, the greater its energy consumption. Therefore, in severe cold zone with the most stringent thermal engineering standards in China, how to reduce building energy consumption while improving building thermal comfort is of great significant for the building in this region to achieve zero energy consumption. In order to achieve this research goal, this paper designs two kinds of wooden structure buildings with water-passing wall in severe cold zone. Through combination of simulation and scale model experiments, the performance of water-passing wall, thermal comfort performance of wooden structure building, and building energy consumption were studied. The research results indicate that the water-passing wall of the wooden structure building has good thermal stability and thermal insulation performance, which can isolate outdoor cold in winter. Moreover, due to the function of water-passing wall, the two kinds of wooden structure buildings have high thermal comfort levels throughout the year, with occupants feeling uncomfortable for no more than 6% of the year. It is compared with the energy consumption before the water supplying to the wall, the total energy consumption of the two kinds of wooden structure buildings were reduced by 44.3% and 46.2% respectively. Therefore, these two kinds of wooden structure building can pursue higher thermal comfort with lower energy consumption, it has high energy-saving benefits.

Electromagnetic field for supramaximal muscle stimulation: A retrospective study of safety, efficacy, and patient satisfaction in Brazil.

Currently, even individuals who do physical activity regularly have some degree of dissatisfaction with their own bodies. The electromagnetic field for supramaximal muscle contraction has been the subject of research. High-intensity supramaximal muscle stimulation (HI-SMS) is a non-invasive technology used to strengthen, firm, and tone the abdominal muscles, arms, buttocks, and thighs and has been indicated for aesthetic purposes. The present study aimed to examine the safety and efficacy of HI-SMS used in the abdominal muscles of patients through the analysis of clinical evaluation, biochemical serum profile, and patient satisfaction with the procedure. This is retrospective non-randomized and non-controlled study collected in a private clinic; all data from healthy participants (n=25), aged between 18 and 55 years, were compiled and analyzed. All received eight 30 min sessions of electromagnetic field ONIX HI-SMS (intensity of the 90%-100%) located in abdominal, twice a week with intervals of 2-3 days. The results show that BMI, fat thickness, and waist circumference improved the body contour after the treatment. There was no statistical difference in the data referring to the values of AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine, cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C, glycemia, LDH, CK, and IL-6. However, there was a reduction of "non-esterified" free fatty acids when compared to baseline. This treatment provided high levels of tolerance, comfort, and high level of satisfaction. Thus, it can be suggested that the treatment with HI-SMS in abdominal muscles proves to be a safe technology with potential for non-invasive therapy for aesthetic purposes.

Analysis of temperature preference of guests from various countries/regions during summer and winter in a budget hotel in Kyoto, Japan

Energy consumption by air conditioning in hotels is significant and continues to be an important topic in the building energy sector, although hotels do require a high level of thermal comfort. This study focuses on the temperatures that people prefer in Japanese hotels after traveling long distances across countries or regions. We measured room temperature and surveyed 299 Japanese guests, and measured room temperatures on 7,435 nights by Japanese and foreigners. We investigated the transient responses when guests entered a room while resting, sleeping, and waking. Zero heating and cooling costs were directly paid by guests, who were allowed to freely set their preferred temperature. Five interesting findings have emerged from this study. First, there were no significant differences in the temperatures preferred in hotel guest rooms by the Japanese respondents who lived in different regions. Second, Japanese respondents preferred a “cool” environment in summer and a “warm” environment in winter. Third, Japanese respondents tended to prefer “dry” to “moist” in both summer and winter. Fourth, the preferred temperatures differed between summer and winter. Fifth, the preferred temperatures in the same hotel varied depending on the country or region of origin of the respondent, and were not necessarily higher in summer than in winter.

Migraine treatment in pregnancy: A survey of comfort and treatment practices of women's healthcare providers.

The objective of this study was to assess women's healthcare providers' treatment practices for pregnant women with migraine. Migraine is associated with several maternal and fetal complications during pregnancy, including preeclampsia and preterm birth. Migraine treatment during pregnancy can present significant challenges due to lack of controlled clinical trials and risks associated with specific medications. Women's healthcare providers were queried regarding practice patterns and comfort with use of acute and preventive migraine treatments during pregnancy. The survey was distributed online. The survey was completed by 92 women's healthcare providers (response rate 22.9% [92/402]), with most specializing in general obstetrics and gynecology (91% [83/92]). Approximately one-fourth (26% [24/92]) of respondents indicated they counseled women on migraine treatment in pregnancy as early as before pregnancy contemplation, while over one-third (35% [32/92]) counseled on migraine treatment once the patient became pregnant. The majority of respondents reported feeling somewhat or very comfortable with recommending (63% [58/92]) or continuing (64% [59/92]) acute treatments for pregnant patients with migraine, with highest comfort levels for acetaminophen (100% [92/92] for prescribing or continuing) and caffeine (94% [85/90] prescribing, 91% [82/90] continuing). Higher levels of discomfort were reported with triptans (88% [80/91] rarely or never prescribe during pregnancy). Survey respondents felt less comfortable with recommending preventive migraine treatments to pregnant patients (40% [37/92] somewhat or very comfortable), compared with a higher comfort level with continuing preventive medications (63% [58/92] somewhat or very comfortable). Highest comfort levels were reported with use of magnesium (69% [63/91] comfortable prescribing, 82% [75/92] comfortable continuing) and non-pharmacologic approaches (70% [62/89] comfortable prescribing, 84% [75/89] comfortable continuing). Nearly 40% (35/92) of respondents reported that they typically refer to neurologists or headache specialists for migraine treatment during pregnancy. This survey of women's healthcare providers revealed varying levels of comfort regarding migraine management during pregnancy, and highlights the need for additional education regarding migraine treatment safety data during pregnancy.