Highland Areas Research Articles

Determination of the most suitable indicator area and remote-sensing-based indices for early yield warning for winter–spring rice in the Central Highlands, Vietnam

Our study aimed to determine the most suitable indicator area and a remote sensing-based index (RSI) for warning winter–spring rice yield in the Central Highlands, Vietnam. Rice yield and RSIs, including vegetation condition index (VCI), temperature condition index, vegetation health index, and temperature-vegetation dryness index, in the period 2000 to 2020 were analyzed. Mann–Kendall nonparametric test and Sen’s slope were used to determine the trends of rice yield and RSIs. Meanwhile, multiple correlation coefficients were used to determine the most suitable indicator area and RSI for rice yield warning, and stepwise linear regression was used to evaluate the reliability of their warning ability. Research results showed that VCI was the most suitable RSI for early rice yield warning. The indicator area identified based on VCI occupied 5% of the area of the Central Highlands. This area had more difficult farming conditions than the rice-growing area and crops grown in it were also sensitive to water sources. Furthermore, the results also indicated that the VCI of the indicator area could predict rice yield from 1 to 3 months before harvest. The forecast accuracy depended on the sensitivity of rice yield to VCI and the stability of rice yield in each province.

The Direction of Papua Development: Is A New Autonomous Region the Answer?

This study aims to show what kind of problems and challenges occur in the middle of Papua Province development, as well as the extent of complexity of these development problems and the challenges of the New Autonomous Region to answer it. We use the systematic literature review method by showing a collection of literature from the Scopus database that discusses the development of Papua and analyzing the literature collection into several clusters. Bibliometric analysis is used to generate statistical models that show the relationship between each study. 151 literature sources were used in this study and produced three clusters namely development process, environment, and communication. From these aspects, several development efforts have been carried out by the government such as collaboration with the private sector, community capacity building through local value development, and the involvement of indigenous peoples. Moreover, there are several things that need to be considered such as land acquisition issues, the difficulty of access, planning and control functions, political intervention and interests, along with the communication system that has not been integrated. The New Autonomous Region can have a narrow span of control so it will optimize supervision and monitoring functions, but there are several things that need to be considered when implementing it such as planning, existing human resources capacity, and financial aspects. There are some limitations in this paper, where we cannot reach some highland areas to directly observe the challenges that occur there. Future research can develop discussions about Papua development through direct observations in those areas.

Heavy Metal Content and Resistance Gene Abundance and Related Properties in the Surface Soil around Qinghai Lake

Soil heavy metal pollution and the prevalence of resistance genes have been a global concern, and thus many studies have reported the content of heavy metals and resistance genes in soils; however, the contents of heavy metals and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil in highland areas is still unclear. In this study, the environmental residues and distribution of heavy metals and resistance genes in the soil in Qinghai were analyzed, and the relationship between the concentration of heavy metals and antibiotic resistance genes in the soil was explored. Among the soil samples, the content of heavy metal zinc was the highest ［mean: (50.27±19.88) mg·kg-1］, followed by the content of heavy metal cadmium ［mean: (30.27±9.45) mg·kg-1］, and the content of heavy metal mercury was the lowest ［mean: (0.027±0.019) mg·kg-1］. The subtypes of heavy metal resistance genes in soils were mainly czcA, merA, and merP, whose main function was to be responsible for developing mercury resistance. The relative abundance of β-lactamase resistance genes (0.1505) was the highest in soil, accounting for 47.54% of the total abundance of ARGs; tetracycline resistance genes accounted for 16.93% of the total abundance of ARGs, FCA accounted for approximately 14.56%, and MLSB accounted for approximately 8.77%. The diversity and relative abundance of movable genetic elements (MGEs) were low, and only the [STBX]tnpA01[STBZ] gene was detected; intl[STBX]1[STBZ] and intl[STBX]2[STBZ] were not detected. Correlation studies showed that Cu content (r=-0.533, P=0.006) and Hg (r=0.692, P=0.006) in soil were significantly negatively correlated with altitude, whereas other heavy metals were not significantly correlated with altitude. In addition, heavy metal content was significantly correlated with soil type (P<0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between heavy metal mercury content in soils and czcA (r=0.692, P=0.006), merA (r=0.816, P=0.007), and merP (r=0.594, P=0.02). The results of this study elucidated the occurrence and distribution of heavy metals and ARGs in the Tibetan Plateau region and found that the content of heavy metals in the soil was significantly related to resistance genes.

Traditional Knowledge on Termite Control in North Kerala, India and Their Preliminary Laboratory Screening

Termites are one of the most destructive insect pests of buildings across the world. Though chemical termiticides are widely used for controlling termites, it has many limitations for indoor use. Thus, an attempt was made to collect the traditional knowledge on termite control in Northern Kerala, and to test out the promising methods in the laboratory. Thirty houses each were surveyed in three geographical areas- Highland, Midland and Coastal area. Questionnaire survey was done for collecting information on the control methods adopted or known by the homeowners. The study showed that all the 90 homeowners are aware of at least one traditional method of termite control and 54 among them attempted controlling the termites using any of such methods. Ten traditional control methods were selected for preliminary screening in the laboratory of which seven were disproved. The three materials that gave positive results included Kerosene (undiluted), salt solution (1:1 in water) and Acrostichum aureum (The Golden Leather Fern). But these results only have indicative value and requires further detailed studies to understand better. The scope of present study was limited to collection of traditional knowledge and their preliminary screening mainly to falsify the ineffective methods.

An ecoregionalization of the Sierra Madre Occidental, México, based on non-volant, small mammal distributions

ABSTRACT The Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) is the largest mountain range in Mexico, spanning nearly 1,400 km from northwest to southeast. It is a region of high ecological complexity, yet, few attempts at ecoregionalization are available. Using Maxent and five high-resolution (30 m) physiographic layers, we generated niche models for 33 species of small, non-flying mammals. We generated a proposal of regions based on the proportion of overlap of all possible pairs of species niches (ordinated using PCoA) and environmental data. We compared the resulting ecoregionalization with the most detailed regionalizations of the SMO available, based on floristic, vegetational, and bird distribution data. PCoA revealed two major axes of variation related to elevation and humidity, and therefore to vegetational composition. Our regionalization is consistent with previous regionalizations in recognizing a tropical and a xerophilous region, but not a transitional Madrean Tropical. We identified the highlands as a north-south continuum, and a transitional region was identified between the xerophilous and highland areas. Differences in ecoregional patterns in taxa as different as mammals and plants, are evidence that the SMO’s complexity goes beyond the more traditional Nearctic-Neotropical subdivision.

Phenotypic of Varieties Chrysanthemum in Lowland Area Cultivation

The Chrysanthemum is a subtropical ornamental plant that is usually grown in highland areas. Indonesia is a tropical area consisting of highland and lowland areas. Chrysanthemum was growing well in highland areas in Indonesia but was not cultivated yet in lowland areas. The research objectives were to evaluate the phenotype of Chrysanthemum varieties in vegetative stadia and assess the survival abilities of the Chrysanthemum varieties in the low area. Four varieties were evaluated and assessed to be cultivated in lowland areas (187.6 meters above sea level). They were Jayani, Sabiya, Swarna Kencana, and Trissa varieties. The experimental design was using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), which consisted of 4 replications, with each replication consisting of 4 varieties, and each variety consisting of 20 plants. The parameters observed were the plant height (cm), number of leaves, leaves width (cm), leaves length (cm), total number of nodes, and internode length (cm). All varieties were adapted and grew well in the lowland area. There were many differences in morphological and quantitative characters in vegetative stadia. Chrysanthemum cv. Swarna Kencana showed the highest plant height in a low area. These varieties also showed the highest survival ability in the lowland area. Swarna Kencana was the Yellow Orange group as consumer preference. It was suggested that chrysanthemums be adapted in the lowland area. The implication of the research was Swarna Kencana could be a genetic resource and germplasm for breeding materials.

Comparison of novel coronavirus pneumonia combined with left heart failure and heavy neocoronary pneumonia in highland snowy areas

This paper collects clinical data from a patient with novel coronavirus pneumonia combined with left heart failure and a patient with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia living in a highland area. We analyzed the difference between the clinical treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia combined with left heart failure cardiogenic shock and the clinical treatment of severe novel coronavirus pneumonia. The results showed that patients with combined left heart failure presented with typical patchy shadows in both lungs, bilateral pleural effusion, increased BNP, and a minimum partial pressure of oxygen of 48 mmHg at rest, which was converted to negative nucleic acid after antiviral, oxygen therapy, and cardiac diuresis; patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia had hemoptysis, multilobar patchy shadows in both lungs, massive ground glass shadows, adjacent pleural adhesions, and no pleural fluid. After oxygen therapy, antiviral drugs and hormone therapy, the patient's SPO2 increased to more than 90%, the pulmonary ground glass shadow was absorbed, and the nucleic acid turned negative. Patients with high altitude severe novel coronavirus pneumonia compared to patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia combined with left heart failure because of more severe hypoxemia due to alveolar exudation, and novel coronavirus pneumonia combined with left heart failure aggravated the severity of the disease. The increased number of hematologic tests, imaging tests, rapid diagnosis and treatment early intervention can reduce mortality in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia.

Heart girth best predicts live weights of market-age pigs in Tanzania.

The aim of this study was to use linear body measurements to develop and validate a regression-based model for prediction of live weights (LW) of pigs reared under smallholder settings in rural areas in the southern highlands of Tanzania. LW of 400 pigs (range 7 to 91 kg) was measured, along with their heart girths (HG) and body lengths (BL). BL was measured from the midpoint between the ears to the tail base. HG was measured as chest circumference just behind the front legs. LW was determined using a portable hanging scale. An analysis of covariance was performed to test for differences in LW between male and female pigs, including age, HG and BL as covariates. LW was regressed on HG and BL using simple and multiple linear regressions. Models were developed for all pig ages, and separately for market/breeding-age pigs and those below market/breeding age. Model validation was done using a split-samples approach, followed by PRESS-related statistics. Model efficiency and accuracy were assessed using the coefficient of determination, R2, and standard deviation of the random error, respectively. Model stability was determined by assessing 'shrinkage' of R2 value. Results showed that HG was the best predictor of LW in market/breeding-age pigs (model equation: LW = 1.22HG-52.384; R2 = 0.94, error = 3.7). BL, age and sex of pigs did not influence LW estimates. It is expected that LW estimation tools will be developed to enable more accurate estimation of LW in the pig value chain in the area.

Improved Fine-Scale Tropical Forest Cover Mapping for Southeast Asia Using Planet-NICFI and Sentinel-1 Imagery

The accuracy of existing forest cover products typically suffers from “rounding” errors arising from classifications that estimate the fractional cover of forest in each pixel, which often exclude the presence of large, isolated trees and small or narrow forest clearings, and is primarily attributable to the moderate resolution of the imagery used to make maps. However, the degree to which such high-resolution imagery can mitigate this problem, and thereby improve large-area forest cover maps, is largely unexplored. Here, we developed an approach to map tropical forest cover at a fine scale using Planet and Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery in the Google Earth Engine platform and used it to map all of Southeastern Asia’s forest cover. The machine learning approach, based on the Random Forests models and trained and validated using a total of 37,345 labels collected from Planet imagery across the entire region, had an accuracy of 0.937 and an F1 score of 0.942, while a version based only on Planet imagery had an accuracy of 0.908 and F1 of 0.923. We compared the accuracy of our resulting maps with 5 existing forest cover products derived from medium-resolution optical-only or combined optical-SAR approaches at 3,000 randomly selected locations. We found that our approach overall achieved higher accuracy and helped minimize the rounding errors commonly found along small or narrow forest clearings and deforestation frontiers where isolated trees are common. However, the forest area estimates varied depending on topographic location and showed smaller differences in highlands (areas &gt;300 m above sea level) but obvious differences in complex lowland landscapes. Overall, the proposed method shows promise for monitoring forest changes, particularly those caused by deforestation frontiers. Our study also represents one of the most extensive applications of Planet imagery to date, resulting in an open, high-resolution map of forest cover for the entire Southeastern Asia region.

Modeled Implications of Global Warming Conditions on Precipitation Totals in Valley and Highland Areas of Nigeria

Modeled Implications of Global Warming Conditions on Precipitation Totals in Valley and Highland Areas of Nigeria

A herpetofauna de áreas serranas prioritárias para conservação da Caatinga no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, nordeste do Brasil

Abstract The Brazilian Caatinga has already lost extensive areas of original vegetation, thus it becomes imperative to perform fauna inventories within this region to fill geographical sampling gaps. Herein, we present a taxonomic list of the herpetofauna of a mountain chain located in the central zone of Rio Grande do Norte (RN) state whose region includes two priority areas for conservation of the Caatinga: “CA087 – Serra de Santana” in the west, and “CA078 – Nascente do Potengi” in the east. The sampling was carried out using methods of visual searching, pitfall traps with drift fences, specimens rescued during vegetation suppression activities in wind energy projects, occasional encounters, and third-party records. We recorded 19 amphibian species and 53 reptile species (23 lizards, 24 snakes, five amphisbaenians and one chelonian). About half of the recorded species have distributions entirely or mostly in the Caatinga. The mountain range sampled in this study harbors virtually all species found in nearby lowlands of the “sertaneja” depression of RN state, plus some relevant species with relictual distributions in the Caatinga, highlighting the importance of these highland areas for conservation of the Caatinga herpetofauna.

The extensive green facade as a means of production and recovery of biodiversity in urban highland areas of Ecuador

Green infrastructures have great potential to promote a productive system, which allows the development of a circular metabolism, as well as the protection and conservation of a biodiversity part. The present observation-based study seeks to analyze the potential productive and biodiversity benefits of a “traditional” extensive green wall located in Conocoto parish in Quitós city, Ecuador. For this purpose, the characteristics of the environment, the plant, and the conditions of its development are described in detail. The results provide recommendations for the design, maintenance, and application of extensive green walls in neotropical mountain climatic conditions, through the use of endemic Andean plants of a productive type, in this case the Passiflora mollisima, also commonly called “Taxo”.

Split Application of Lime on Acid Soil Amelioration and Bread Wheat Yield at Dember, SNNPR Ethiopia

Soil acidity is major yield-limiting factors for crop production in the highlands areas with heavy rainfall. Soil acidity affects the growth of crops due to high concentration of toxic acidic cations to plant. Field experiments was conducted under permanent plots to study the influence of splits application of recommended lime rate on yield and yield attributes of wheat in acidic soils during three main cropping seasons.

Evaluation and Selection of Improved Food Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) Varieties in the Highland Areas of Western Guji, Southern Oromia

The field experiment was conducted on six improved food barley varieties and one local check at Bule hora woreda, western Guji during 2017, 2018 and 2019 main cropping season

REAL AND POTENTIAL GEOTOURISM RESOURCES OF WESTERN UKRAINE

The article analyzes real and potential geotourism resources and geotourism sites and products on the example of the region of Western Ukraine (8 administrative regions). From the point of view of theory and methodology, regional analysis of geotourism is based on the scientific and practical aspects of geotourism as a form of activity based on geoheritage exploration. The research algorithm assumed the allocation of geotourism regions taking into account the geological and geomorphological component and the study of their real geotourism resources, presented in the form of geotourism sites and products. Geomorphological taxa at the level of regions and subregions for plain, highland, and mountainous areas are considered as geotourism regions of Western Ukraine. The main geotourism sites in the region are represented by rock and cave formations, residual hills and mountain peaks, unique geological outcrops and morphological landscapes, ancient and modern mine tunnel, specialized museums and educational centers. The paper characterizes the main types of geotourism services and products that are provided on the basis of the main groups of geotourism sites. The main functions performed by geotourism sites for their visitors were highlighted: from scientific-educational and aesthetic-educational to cultural-historical and sports and health functions. The geotourism potential of the main selected geotourism regions was also considered. The conducted research resulted in a developed typification of geotourism sites of Western Ukraine by specialization, level of tourist facilities and service, degree of attendance. According to the nature of specialization, geotourism sites were classified as follows: mainly geotourism, ecotourism-geotourism, cultural geotourism, mountainous geotourism, industrial geotourism. Evaluation of geotourism sites was carried out on the possibility of arranging individual and group tours with the appropriate informational and educational services. Karst caves of Podillia, canyon-like sections of the Dniester and its tributaries, rock complexes of the Carpathians and the Chornohora range with alpine relief have been identified as promising geotourism sites and territories of international importance. The national and regional parks of the region, which are characterized by remarkable geoheritage, have significant potential for the geotourism development. The region of Western Ukraine is favorable for the introduction of innovative forms of geotourism as territorial tourist destinations. The creation of national geoparks and theme parks on the basis of reserves, national and landscape parks and historical and cultural reserves with significant geoheritage is justified. It is essential to further develop geotourism routes of local, regional, national and international importance. Necessary for the prospective development of geotourism in the region is scientific, educational and organizational support for the development and implementation of geotourism projects. Key words: geotourism; resources; sites; attractions; products; geoheritage; region.

Full-Scale investigation on inclined ballastless cant track using concrete slab panel at high temperature setting

The topography condition in the mountainous region has limited the construction of high-speed railways. Therefore, the proposed research aims to develop a new cant track model which is designed at a maximum inclination of 180 mm to simulate the curved sections on these highland areas. This construction methodology incorporates the advantages of the strong stress-bearing property of concrete slab panels and the robust stress distribution ability of the asphalt concrete trackbed. The installment of concrete slab and optimized asphalt concrete mixture were also used to counter the negative impact of the high temperature during summer in South Korea on the asphalt concrete layer. In this research, the performance of the cant track system was analyzed by using the Rail Load System built by the Korea Railroad Institute. There are two featured loading stages including the static load and cyclic load. The static load was designed in the loading and unloading process between 0 and 210kN with an amplitude of 30kN. Concerning the dynamic behavior on the testbed section, 3 million cyclic train loads were applied at a frequency of 7 Hz to simulate the train speed of 350 km/h. The thermal air blow system was installed surrounding the cant track to keep the temperature at the core asphalt concrete at a constant value. Overall, the full-scale testbed results confirm the positive applicability of the cant track since stress can be homogenously distributed along the track substructure. Moreover, the rail plastic displacement and tensile strain of asphalt concrete roadbed were noticeably reduced compared to the conventional long sleeper ballastless track.

SOCIOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES OF STUNTING FAMILIES STUNTING IN MALANG REGENCY

Stunting is a failed growth in toddlers as a result of chronic nutritional deficiency occurring during the first 1000 days of life making children too short for their age. Toddlers stunting prevalence nationally in 2013 was 37.2%, increasing from 2010 (35.6%) and 2007 (36.8%). In Malang Regency, toddlers stunting prevalence had an increase in the first three years and a decrease in the last two years of 2012—2016 periods, with highest prevalence 30.6% in 2014 and lowest 22.9% in 2016. The current study aimed to analyze the sociological and anthropological characteristics of families with stunted toddlers in Malang Regency. Applying qualitative research design, 33 participants from 3 stunting locus villages of Ngawonggo, Dilem and Karangsari in Malang Regency were involved to represent the urban, highland and coastal areas. Participants for focused group discussion were 15 authoritative figures from the villages. The majority of 26 (78.7%) pregnant mothers ate 3 times per day, but only 8 mothers (24.2%) had complete variety of food consumption during pregnancy. Some food mothers were restricted to eat during pregnancy prescribed by their old belief system were sea fish, kelotok fish, stink beans, pineapples, durians. The majority of 93% toddlers received breast milk feeding. Regarding toddlers’ energy consumption, 69.7 had excess protein intake, 39.39 had severe deficit fat intake, 87.88 had severe deficit carbohydrate intake. On mothers’ nutritional knowledge, 15.1% participants were in good level, 30.3% adequate, and 45.5% inadequate. Regarding hygiene and sanitation, 81.82% observed households had home toilets, but 18.18% had not. 18.82 households consumed boiled tap water for drinking, and 18.18% bought gallon packaged. Sociological and anthropological factors, namely mothers’ eating habits during pregnancy, dietary restrictions, nutritional knowledge, toddlers eating patterns, home hygiene and sanitation, influenced toddlers stunting incidents.

Determinants of Agropastoralist Households’ Fodder Accessibility and Rangeland Conservation in Magu District, Tanzania

The availability and accessibility of adequate and quality fodder is a huge challenge for pastoral and agropastoralist communities in Tanzania. Fodder scarcity, primarily driven by rangeland degradation, population growth, and climatic changes, limits livestock productivity and deepens rural poverty. This study assessed factors influencing agropastoralists’ access to fodder and their willingness to conserve fodder sources in Magu District, Tanzania. A total of 210 agropastoralist households were surveyed in three wards covering six villages. The results show that access to fodder during the wet season is positively influenced by a household's income, land size, number of livestock, and physical capital. Dry season fodder accessibility is negatively influenced by households’ land size, physical capital, and the number of livestock. Results also show that more than 60% of the agropastoral households accessed fodder sources formally (legally) in open areas, while 35% accessed fodder informally (illegally) in traditionally reserved highland areas, people's farms, and restricted urban areas. Conservation of rangelands and fodder sources is positively influenced by a head of households’ level of education and income, and only 40% of households participated in conservation of rangelands and fodder sources. Improved land tenure, education, and income diversification can improve households’ access to fodder and their willingness to conserve fodder sources.

2353. Distance and Time to Clinic Are Associated with Increased Risk of Detectable HIV-1 Viral Load at a Peripheral Health Center in Rural Western Uganda

Abstract Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the health of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and reduces HIV transmission. While availability and efficacy of ART have improved in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), access remains a challenge. Travel burden, measured as travel time, distance, and cost, has been posited as a potential barrier to ART. For example, a previous study at a large, urban referral center in Uganda showed GPS-measured distance was associated with clinic absenteeism. However, others suggest that PLHIV are willing to travel farther for HIV care because of stigma or for higher quality care. Less is known about the effect of travel burden in rural settings where transportation infrastructure is sparse, and there are few transportation options. Therefore, the objective of this study funded by the IDSA GERM Program was to explore potential associations between distance- and time-to-clinic in a highland area of rural western Uganda with HIV outcomes including viral suppression. Methods We enrolled 129 adult participants receiving care at the Bugoye ART clinic. Using a handheld GPS device, we mapped routes between participants’ home and clinic recording trip distance, time, and mode of transportation. We abstracted clinical outcomes from participant medical records. Modified Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate risk ratios of associations between main exposures (e.g., distance to clinic, time to clinic) and primary outcomes (e.g., detectable viral load, missed an ART dose, and history of opportunistic infection [OI]). Results Distance and time to clinic were significantly and positively associated with probability of detectable viral load. In adjusted analyses, for every 10-km increase in distance, participants were almost twice as likely to have detectable viral loads (PR: 1.95 [95% CI 1.12, 3.41]). For every 10 additional minutes spent traveling, risk of viral non-suppression increased by almost 40% (PR=1.39 [95% CI 1.08, 1.78]). Neither distance nor time to clinic was associated with increased risk having missed an ART dose or history of OI. Conclusion These results suggest travel burden may adversely affect achievement of 90/90/90 goals, and novel, decentralized ART distribution mechanisms may be required. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Spatiotemporal variation characteristics of hourly soil temperature in different layers in the low-latitude plateau of China

Soil temperature change has considerable impact on land surface energy and water balances, and hence on changes in weather/climate, surface/subsurface hydrology, and ecosystems. However, little is known regarding the spatiotemporal variations and influencing factors of changes in hourly soil temperature (depth: 5–320 cm) in low-latitude highland areas. This study analyzed the hourly soil temperature at each hour during 2004–2020 and at 08:00, 14:00, and 20:00 (Beijing Time) during 1961–2020. The results revealed the following. 1) As soil depth increased, average soil temperature increased in autumn and winter, and decreased annually and in spring and summer. It exhibited significant increase during 00:00–23:00 annually, seasonally, and monthly, especially at depths of 40–320 cm during 2004–2020. Average soil temperature increased at 08:00 and decreased at 14:00 and 20:00 with increasing soil depth, but the opposite trend was found annually, seasonally, and monthly at 08:00, 14:00, and 20:00 during 1961–2020. 2) With increasing elevation, average soil temperature decreased at 08:00, 14:00, and 20:00 at depths of 5–20 cm, and showed significant increase trend at 08:00 and 14:00 at depths of 10–20 cm (except at 14:00 at 10-cm depth). 3) At 5-cm depth, the critical accumulated soil temperature of ≥12°C and 14°C extended the potential growing season during 1961–2020. 5) Significant uptrend of hourly soil temperature annually, seasonally, and monthly potentially leads to additional release of carbon to the atmosphere and increased soil respiration, reinforcing climate warming. These findings contribute to better understanding of the variation of shallow soil temperatures and land–atmosphere interactions in low-latitude highland areas.