High Isolation Research Articles

Vibration isolation performance of silica aerogel blankets and boards, fumed silica, polymer aerogel and nanofoams

Buildings are often constructed on a continuous layer of vibration isolation to reduce vibrations and structure-borne noise. There are many vibration isolation products (rubber mats, textiles, polymer foams), but none fulfils all requirements in terms of load-bearing capacity, performance, and cost. In previous work, we have shown that silica aerogel particle beds display a low resonance frequency and correspondingly high vibration isolation performance. Loose silica aerogel granules are not a practical vibration isolation solution. In order to guide the future development of dedicated vibration isolation products based on aerogels, we determine the vibro-acoustic properties of a variety of existing commercial and R&D stage mesoporous composites, that have been developed for thermal insulation applications. The sample set includes monolithic aerogels (polyurethane), silica aerogel composites (aerogel – fibers, aerogel impregnated foams, aerogel bound with polymer foam), glued fumed silica-fiber boards, and nanoporous polymer foam composite boards. The silica aerogel and fumed silica composites display low resonance frequencies (down to 8 Hz for 40 mm, strongly dependent on composite type) and a low dynamic stiffness and loss factor over a wide range of static loads. The polymer aerogel, nanoporous foam and polymer-bound silica aerogel granule board all display higher resonance frequencies, consistent with their higher static stiffness. Although optimized for thermal insulation rather than vibration isolation, many of the tested silica aerogel and fumed silica composites are competitive with the best vibration isolation products on the market in terms of vibration isolation performance. The diversity of materials tested informs on which approaches, materials, and materials combinations are most promising to target vibration isolation.

Analysis, Design, and Experimental Validation of a High-Isolation, Low-Cross-Polarization Antenna Array Demonstrator for Software-Defined-Radar Applications

In a software-defined radar (SDR) system, most of the signal processing usually implemented in hardware is implemented by software, thus allowing for higher flexibility and modularity compared to conventional radar systems. However, the majority of SDR demonstrators and proofs of concept reported in the open literature so far have been based on simple antenna systems. As a result, the full potentialities of an SDR approach have not been completely exploited yet. In this work, we propose a flexible antenna module to be integrated into an active electronically scanning array (AESA) with controlled sidelobe level over a wide angular range, exhibiting polarization reconfigurability with a low cross-polarization level and high isolation. For this purpose, analytical and numerically efficient techniques for the synthesis of the aperture distribution and the correct evaluation of the radiating features (e.g., beamwidth, pointing angle, sidelobe levels, etc.) are presented in order to grant real-time control of the digital beamforming network. A sub-array module demonstrator is fabricated and measured to corroborate the concept.

Quad ports flexible MIMO antenna with connected ground and high isolation for UWB applications

Quad ports flexible MIMO antenna with connected ground and high isolation for UWB applications

Development and analysis of small Multi Input Multi Output antenna with better isolation for Frequency Range‐2 5th Generation band applications

SummaryA simple planar wideband four‐port MIMO antenna of size 2.75𝜆l × 2.75𝜆l × 0.04𝜆l (𝜆l is the wavelength when fl is 24.26 GHz) with high isolation that offers the 24.26 to 30.2 GHz bandwidth covering the 5G FR‐2 spectrums is proposed in this work. Total fractional bandwidth of 21.8% has been achieved that covers the n257 (26.5 to 29.5 GHz), n258 (24.25 to 27.5 GHz), and n261 (27.5 to 28.35 GHz) 5G spectrums. Popular rectangular radiator‐based 4‐port MIMO antenna with symmetric stubs loaded parallel to feed line and tapered semi‐circular cut in the lower corners of patch is incorporated that exhibits an excellent isolation that is below −27 dB through the entire spectrum and the extreme realized separation is −40 dB. The projected MIMO radiator is premeditated on RT/duroid 5880 of 0.508 mm depth and permittivity (εr) of 2.2. The maximum radiation efficiency and gain of the proposed antenna are 93.07% and 6.48 dBi, respectively. The MIMO antenna parameters such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) were achieved lesser than 0.003, diversity gain (DG) was achieved around 10 dB, channel capacity loss (CCL) was achieved lower than 0.15 bits/s/Hz, and mean effective gain (MEG) was achieved between −3.6 dB and −3 dB throughout the impedance band, which exhibit the excellent MIMO properties, and thus, the projected antenna is appropriate for 5G/beyond 5G wireless technologies.

High‐isolation single‐layer dual‐mode substrate‐integrated waveguide diplexers for millimetre‐wave applications

AbstractNew coupling scheme substrate‐integrated waveguide (SIW) diplexers based on dual‐mode cavities are proposed for millimetre‐wave applications. Dual‐mode SIW cavities are simultaneously employed in common input and coupling cavity to produce filtering transmission poles and transmission zero (TZ). A common input SIW cavity with two orthogonal modes is employed instead of the traditional T‐junction for circuit miniaturisation, insertion‐loss reduction, and intrinsically high isolation. A critical dual‐mode SIW cavity with diagonally distributed modes has been employed in each channel to realise a controllable stopband TZ for high selectivity of passband's skirt. To further improve channel isolation and passbands' selectivity, a SIW diplexer based on dual‐ and single‐mode cavities is proposed, and four‐pole responses for each passband channel are designed. For the verification, two millimetre‐wave diplexers have been fabricated and tested.

Nonreciprocal Pancharatnam-Berry metasurface for unidirectional wavefront manipulations.

Optical metasurfaces employing the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) geometric phase, called PB metasurfaces, have been extensively applied to realize spin-dependent light manipulations. However, the properties of conventional PB metasurfaces are intrinsically limited by the Lorentz reciprocity. Breaking reciprocity can give rise to new properties and phenomena unavailable in conventional reciprocal systems. Here, we propose a mechanism to realize nonreciprocal PB metasurfaces of subwavelength thickness by using the Faraday magneto-optical (FMO) effect of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) material in synergy with the PB geometric phase of spatially rotating meta-atoms. Using full-wave numerical simulations and multipole analysis, we show that the metasurface composed of dielectric cylinders and a thin YIG layer can achieve high isolation of circularly polarized lights, attributed to the enhancement of the magneto-optical effect by the resonant Mie modes and Fabry-Pérot (FP) cavity mode. In addition, the metasurface can enable unidirectional wavefront manipulations of circularly polarized lights, including nonreciprocal beam steering and nonreciprocal beam focusing. The results contribute to the understanding of the interplay between nonreciprocity and geometric phase in light manipulations and can find applications in optical communications, optical sensing, and quantum information processing.

Novel-shaped expandable quad-port MIMO antenna using FR4 material with features of high isolation and band width for 5G networks, Wi-Fi, and satellite communication applications

Novel-shaped expandable quad-port MIMO antenna using FR4 material with features of high isolation and band width for 5G networks, Wi-Fi, and satellite communication applications

Isolation enhancement of compact co‐polarized circular patch antennas using embedded series resonator

AbstractAn embedded series resonator for compact co‐polarized circular patch antenna pairs is presented in this paper. With a compact center spacing (CS) of 0.32λ0 and edge spacing (ES) of 0.03λ0 (λ0 is the free‐space wavelength at the center frequency), strong mutual coupling inevitably arises. However, by introducing a cross‐shaped fence and two quarter‐wavelength open‐ended slots onto a circular patch, port isolation of the first proposed antenna pair is significantly enhanced by 25.2 dB within a bandwidth of 6.2%. Moreover, the effectiveness of the embedded series resonator is demonstrated by achieving a wider 20‐dB decoupling bandwidth of 10.4% for the second proposed compact bandwidth‐enhanced antenna pair. For validation, both proposed prototypes are fabricated and measured, showing good agreement between measurements and simulations. To demonstrate the universality, a 1 × 8 patch array with an embedded series resonator can achieve a beam scanning angle of ±70◦ with a gain attenuation of 2.6 dB. Benefiting from compact size, high isolation, and enhanced decoupling bandwidth, the proposed designs hold promising potential for application in multiple‐input multiple‐output system and antenna array.

Broadband Hybrid Decoupling Method for a Dual-Polarized Antenna With High Isolation

Broadband Hybrid Decoupling Method for a Dual-Polarized Antenna With High Isolation

Apoptotic Extracellular Vesicles from Supernumerary Tooth-Derived Pulp Stem Cells Transfer COL1A1 to Promote Angiogenesis via PI3K/Akt/VEGF Pathway.

Angiogenesis is a tightly controlled process that initiates the formation of new vessels and its dysfunction can lead to life-threatening diseases. Apoptotic extracellular vesicles (ApoEVs) have emerged as a proangiogenic agent with high safety and isolation efficiency profile, and ApoEVs from supernumerary tooth-derived pulp stem cells (SNTSC-ApoEVs) have their unique advantages with an easily accessible parental cell source and non-invasive cell harvesting. However, the detailed characteristics of SNTSC-ApoEVs are largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the proangiogenic capacity and function molecule of SNTSC-ApoEVs. SNTSC-ApoEVs were isolated and characterized. In vitro effects of SNTSC-ApoEVs on the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were evaluated by CCK-8, wound healing, transwell, and tube formation assays. The mRNA and protein levels of proangiogenic genes were quantified by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence analysis. A Matrigel plug model was established in 6-week-old male nu/nu mice for one week, and the in vivo impact of SNTSC-ApoEVs on micro-vessel formation was assessed by histological analysis. Proteomic analysis and RNA sequencing were performed to explore the active ingredients and underlying mechanisms. SNTSC-ApoEVs enhanced the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs in vitro. In the Matrigel plug model in vivo, SNTSC-ApoEVs promoted CD31-positive luminal structure formation. Apart from expressing general ApoEV markers, SNTSC-ApoEVs were enriched with multiple proteins related to extracellular matrix-cell interactions. Mechanistically, SNTSC-ApoEVs transferred COL1A1 to HUVECs and promoted endothelial functions by activating the PI3K/Akt/VEGF cascade. SNTSC-ApoEVs can promote angiogenesis by transferring the functional molecule COL1A1 and activating the PI3K/Akt/VEGF pathway, making SNTSC-ApoEVs a promising strategy for the treatment of angiogenesis-related diseases.

Novel resistance control scheme for mitigating current sharing mismatches in parallel dual active bridge converters for DC fast charging stations

Abstract Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converters have gained popularity in electric vehicle charging stations due to their high efficiency and electrical isolation. As the demand for high-powered devices and large-capacity energy storage systems grows, charging systems that integrate multiple interconnected DAB modules are emerging as a promising solution. However, prolonged operation of these modules at high power levels can cause parameter deviations from the initial DAB circuit, resulting in power variations between modules. To overcome parameter deviations, this study presents an enhanced power control approach based on output resistance adjustment, intending to achieve consistent output capacity for multiple DAB modules. In the proposed enhanced power control method, the output resistance of the DAB module is considered to be controllable, and the current-sharing mismatches among DAB modules are fed back to tune the converter output resistance for mitigating current mismatches between modules. Thanks to the proposed control method, each DAB module can operate autonomously and balance the charging current between modules. When one DAB module is suddenly cut out of the system, the other DAB modules still maintain their stability with fully guaranteed load capacity. To demonstrate the feasibility of the enhanced control approach, the small signal model of the DAB system with three modules is derived together with its frequency-amplitude diagram. Then, the effect of virtual resistance on current balancing is comprehensively tested, and the proper control signal with virtual resistance is added to the DAB voltage control loop. The simulation results have demonstrated the reliability of the proposed control method with the ability to balance the charging current between modules and stabilize the system when a single DAB module fails.

Poster 352: Histopathological Etiology of Mucoid Degeneration of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Objectives: Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an uncommon clinical condition with reported prevalence below 0.5%. There is a paucity of histopathological description in the literature, which has limited our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Such limited understanding has resulted in treatment options limited to mechanical debridement rather than biologic interventions to prevent development or progression of mucoid degeneration. The purpose of this study is to define the histopathology of mucoid degeneration of the ACL to better guide future biologic and surgical management options. Methods: This is a case control study where a retrospective series of 10 patients were identified to have mucoid degeneration of the ACL from 2002 to 2023. They were evaluated and treated by two senior attending orthopedic sports medicine surgeons. Magnetic resonance images (MRI) were evaluated for multiple anatomic and morphometric measures. Tissue samples were obtained at the time of arthroscopic partial debridement of the ACL for all patients. Intra-operative ACL samples and cadaveric control tissues were prepared for histologic examination of microstructure and composition, and gene expression using multiplex transcriptional profiling. For the gene expression analysis RNA was isolated from archived formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections. Three consecutive 6mm sections were pooled to generate one RNA sample and total RNA was extracted using a High Pure FFPET RNA Isolation Kit per the manufacturer’s protocol and stored at -80°C until further analysis. RNA concentration and integrity was evaluated using an Agilent BioAnalyzer 2100 and a corrected input of 50ng of total RNA was used for NanoString analyses using the NanoString nCounter® Human Fibrosis V2 Panel for multiplex molecular analysis of 770 genes. Analysis was performed using nSolver 4.0 Software and only probes with counts above background were included following the manufacturer instructions. Results: All 10 patients reported pain and limited knee flexion. MRI exhibited a bulbous appearance of the ACL. There was an increased posterior tibial slope (PTS), narrow notch width index, and increased signal intensity of the ACL. Medial meniscus tear and cartilage degeneration were reported with high prevalence. The histological analysis showed significant differences in the architecture of the tissue compared with normal ACL controls, with disorganized collagen matrix and increased glycosaminoglycan content. NanoString analysis demonstrated a total of 155 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the mucoid degeneration and control groups after adjustments for multiple comparisons (p<0.05), with the top 20 DEGs summarized in Table 1. Among all the DEGs identified the 5 most upregulated ones include Fibronectin 1 (FN1), COL5A1, COL6A3, COL3A1 and COL1A2. There were also significant differences in the pathway scores for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), Extracellular matrix Degradation and Synthesis, Collagen Biosynthesis, Focal Adhesion Kinase, PDGF Signaling and PI3K-Akt (Fig. 1). The histology findings demonstrate distinct changes in the structure and composition of the ACL, and we hypothesize that repetitive microtrauma of the ACL may lead to cumulative damage that ultimately results in mucoid degeneration. Increased posterior tibial slope and narrow notch width index may contribute to cumulative loading of the ligament and subsequent mucoid degeneration. Identification of biomechanical risk factors may help to identify high risk patients. Associated injury of the medial meniscus and medial compartment cartilage also suggests that mucoid degeneration of the ACL may be part of an early degenerative process in the knee. Conclusions: Mucoid degeneration of the ACL is an uncommon condition that may represent the result of repetitive microtrauma to the ligament. Current interventions address the condition after it has progressed to an irreversible biological state. By defining the cellular and molecular mechanism(s) of the condition, we aim to broaden treatment options to potentially identify biologic interventions. The association of mucoid degeneration and medial compartment osteoarthritis suggests that patients may benefit from earlier interventions. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text]

A Power Combiner–Splitter Based on a Rat-Race Coupler for an IQ Mixer in Synthetic Aperture Radar Applications

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a powerful tool in remote sensing applications that can produce high-resolution images and operate in any weather condition. It is composed of many RF components, such as the IQ mixer, which mixes the base chirp signal (IF) with the carrier signal (LO) and increases the bandwidth of the transmitted signal to twice the maximum frequency of the base chirp signal, reducing the workload of Programmable Field Gate Arrays (FPGA) and increasing the resolution of the SAR system. This research proposes a power combiner–splitter design that will be used as a supporting component to construct the IQ mixer in SAR applications based on a rat-race coupler. The measurement results show that the coupler has good S-parameter values. S11, S22, and S33 have a low reflection value below −17 dB, S13 has a high isolation value below −22 dB, and S21 and S31 have a low attenuation value below −4 dB with amplitude unbalance below 0.1 dB and phase unbalance below 1∘. The 150 MHz requirement bandwidth for the RF signal is also achieved.

Enhancing connectivity/mobility in WBAN applications through detachable wearable multi-band MIMO antenna

The connectivity and mobility of a miniaturized multi-band four-port textile leaky wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna designed on a layer of denim (εr = 1.6, tanδ = 0.006) is enhanced by integrating it with two detachable spiral buttons designed on circular PTFE substrate (εr = 2.1, tanδ = 0.001). The connectivity and mobility enhancement of the proposed antenna is evaluated in terms of radiation and diversity parameters. Nested hexagonal split rings behind the buttons, U-shaped slots on textiles, a comb-shaped neutralization network, and an aperture-coupled feed technique are utilized. The unique structure of the buttons on a rigid substrate and the leaky wave antenna on the textile and their integration, the periodic nested elliptical and circular split ring resonators (CSRRs) slots on the aperture coupled to ground, are to expand the connectivity and mobility of the proposed MIMO antenna by offering multiple bands, higher isolation, broadside radiation, and low specific absorption rate (SAR). The leaky wave and button antennas have dimensions of 40 × 30 × 1 mm3 and a diameter of only 13 mm, respectively. The operational bands are 0.86–2.75 GHz, 2.9–4.85 GHz, 5.75–6.15 GHz, and 8–9.85 GHz, covering the L, C, S, and X bands. Additionally, diversity performance is evaluated by defining the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), Channel Capacity Loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG). The simulation and measurement findings are in good agreement. Following that, it offers a maximum gain of 8.25 dBi, low SAR (<0.05), an ECC below 0.05, DG above 9.85 dB, CCL< 0.25 bits/s/Hz, MEG <−3 dB, Circular polarization (CP), and strong isolation (>22 dB) between every two ports. These features make the proposed antenna an ideal option for MIMO communications and suitable for wireless local area network (WLAN) and fifth-generation (5G) communications.

A four-port self-multiplexing tunable graphene based dielectric resonator antenna with defective ground structure for high isolation and MIMO capabilities

Objectives and designA novel self-multiplexing terahertz antenna with four tunable ports is proposed in this work. The configuration comprises four rectangular dielectric resonators (DRs) affixed to a substrate, which are excited through L-shaped microstrip-fed slots positioned beneath them. To guarantee efficient isolation among the tunable antenna components, periodic unit cells are introduced into the ground plane, forming a defective ground structure (DGS). Each L-shaped slot element is equipped with a graphene strip to regulate the tunability of each DR element. Results and applicationsThis antenna can operate in various modes with resonant frequencies at 4.01, 4.23, 4.37, and 4.57 THz. It holds potential for future terahertz wireless applications that require the utilization of adjacent channels with distinct communication frequencies. Furthermore, a four-port antenna design is implemented, offering tunable MIMO capabilities with self-quadruplexing ability. The MIMO parameters, specifically the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and diversity gain (DG), have been assessed and found to fall within acceptable limits across the operating frequency bands. Additionally, an equivalent circuit model (ECM) is analysed to shed light on the antenna's working principle and verify the obtained results.

Cluster analysis of social isolation in gynecologic cancer patients: A cross-sectional survey.

To identify the distinct clusters of social isolation among gynecologic cancer patients and analyze the predictive factors associated with each cluster. A total of 463 patients diagnosed with gynecologic cancer were recruited from three tertiary hospitals between November 2021 and March 2023. Using a two-step cluster analysis, participants were categorized into clusters based on social isolation scales. Multinomial logistic regression was then employed to predict factors influencing the identified clusters. Social isolation in gynecologic cancer patients manifested in four distinct clusters: mild social isolation subgroup (13.8%), moderate social isolation subgroup (32.0%), severe isolation subgroup (33.5%), and high social isolation (20.70%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that cognitive emotional regulation, social support, negative emotions, endometrial cancer, and disease recurrence or metastasis were significant predictive factors for the identified social isolation clusters (P < 0.05). The study underscored the heterogeneity in the social isolation characteristics of gynecologic cancer patients. Consequently, healthcare professionals should prioritize the identification of potential high-risk groups and devise personalized interventions to prevent and mitigate the occurrence of social isolation.

Isolation enhancement of the F-shaped four-port MIMO antenna for WiMAX, Wi-Fi, WLAN and ISM band applications using dielectric material

In this article, an F-shaped four-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is designed and analyzed. In the designed antenna for achieving high isolation, we introduced a novel isolation technique that appears like plus-shaped wall placed in between the antenna elements. The antenna is designed on a low-cost FR-4 epoxy substrate with total dimensions of 0.61 λ 0 × 0.61 λ 0 × 0.03 λ 0 (31 mm × 31 mm × 1.58 mm) where λ 0 is the free space wavelength at 5.8 GHz and experimentally verified. This MIMO antenna design covers operating the range of frequencies 5.47–6.20 GHz ( | S 11 | < − 10 dB) which provides a bandwidth of 730 MHz. In terms of performance, the proposed antenna achieves high isolation of < − 45.52 dB with an improved reflection coefficient of − 30.44 dB, a peak gain of 3.77 dBi and a radiation efficiency more than 82% across the entire operating band. Moreover, the achieved MIMO diversity parameters of the proposed antenna are envelope correlation coefficient < 0.005, diversity gain < 9.99 dB, mean effective gain < − 3 dB and total active reflection coefficient < − 10 dB in the operating band of frequency. The simulated and measured results show a good agreement between them. Finally, after analyzing the performance of the proposed MIMO configuration, we can say that this antenna is suitable for C-band, WiMAX, Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Wireless Local-Area Network (WLAN), Bluetooth and Industrial, Scientific, & Medical (ISM) bands applications.

Development and investigation of a compact band-notched MIMO antenna attaining wideband isolation for UWB applications

The sequential layout of a portable ultra-wideband (UWB) monopole antenna, transforming into a compact band-notch (3.15–4.3 GHz rejecting the Wi-Max and the C-Band) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is described in this paper. The diversity layout is designed within a compact size of 39 (l) × 18 (W) mm2. Due to the opposite orientation of the two radiators in the diversity configuration and the use of a rectangular parasitic strip near the feed lines, high and wideband isolation (of >20 dB) is attained over the entire UWB spectrum. The proposed layout depicts a stable omnidirectional radiation pattern and a maximal gain of 1.82 dB. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is found to be below 0.18 for the entire UWB spectrum. Empirical verifications in terms of vital diversity parameters and analogy with competing layouts strengthen the candidature of the intended MIMO layout for UWB wireless portable applications.

Broadband Quad-Element MIMO Antenna with Enhanced Isolation for Sub-6 GHz and Sub-7 GHz 5G Applications

In this manuscript, a broadband quad-element MIMO antenna with enhanced isolation for n77, n78, and n79 bands of Sub-6 GHz and the n46 and n96 bands of Sub-7 GHz under 5G applications is designed. The designed antenna element is a rectangular monopole antenna comprising a semi-circular cut and a semi-circle embedded to obtain a wide bandwidth. These four-element antennas are aligned orthogonally to achieve the compact size and high isolation features of MIMO performance. The overall area of MIMO antenna is 40×40x1.6 mm3. MIMO antenna has a high isolation of &lt;- 21 dB, an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC&lt;0.002), a high diversity gain (DG&gt; 9.99), an MEG gain of -3 dB, and a peak gain of 5.08 dBi.The results of the experiment are satisfactory with the S-parameter simulation results According to the results, a broadband quad-element MIMO antenna is a suitable candidate for Sub-6 GHz and Sub-7 GHz 5G applications.

An Input-Series Output-Parallel DC–DC Converter Based on Fuzzy PID Three-Loop Control Strategy

In order to achieve high and low voltage isolation transformation in DC transmission and distribution networks, a multi module input-series output-parallel (ISOP) system consisting of a buck/boost converter and a CLLLC resonant converter as submodules was studied. This system can ensure that the CLLLC converter operates in the optimal state during frequency changes, achieves a soft switching function, and maintains a high conversion efficiency. This article establishes a mathematical model of a cascaded converter, analyzes its gain characteristics, and proposes a fuzzy PID three-loop control strategy to achieve good input voltage and output current sharing in the ISOP system. A simulation model is built on the MATLAB(R2023a)/Simulink platform to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control strategy. Finally, by building a prototype platform, the feasibility of the ISOP system and the effectiveness of fuzzy PID three-loop control were verified through experiments.