High Internal Phase Emulsion Research Articles

Unique Crystallization Characteristics of Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsion Templated Porous Constructs.

To study the crystallization behavior of polymeric chains under the influence of porosity, the thermal properties of various nonporous and porous poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) based constructs were investigated. Porous cross-linked PCL nanocomposite constructs were fabricated utilizing in situ polymerization of CL-based surfactant-free Pickering high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs), stabilized using modified fumed silica nanoparticles (mSiNP) at a minimal concentration of 0.6 wt %. The corresponding nanocomposite constructs exhibited polyhedral pore morphology with significant pore roughness due to the presence of mSiNP. DSC thermograms of nonporous constructs illustrated diminished crystallization temperature and kinetics upon cross-linking and inclusion of mSiNP which confirmed suppressed mobility of polymer chains. Further introduction of porosity led to substantial supercooling, resulting in crystallization temperatures as low as -24 °C. Changes in the crystal structure of various nonporous and porous constructs were also studied using XRD. The crystallization behavior of porous constructs was finally evaluated using Jeziorny, Ozawa, and Mo theories under nonisothermal conditions. Significant deviation from the theoretical model, as observed in the case of porous constructs, implied a complex crystallization mechanism that eventually was not only controlled by the chain immobility due to cross-linking but also heterogeneity present in the wall thickness of the constructs. The unique melting-crystallization phenomenon observed in such constructs may further be expanded to other systems of high heat capacity for utilization as energy storage materials.

Development of porous materials via protein/polysaccharides/polyphenols nanoparticles stabilized Pickering high internal phase emulsions for adsorption of Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions

The porous materials (PM) were prepared by the Pickering high internal phase emulsion (PHIPE) template. Firstly, the nanoparticles named as ZHMNPs or MZHMNPs were fabricated based on zein, Hohenbuehelia serotina polysaccharides and Malus baccata (Linn.) Borkh polyphenols without or with Maillard reaction, the average particle sizes and zeta potentials of which were distributed in a range of 718.1–979.4 nm and −21.6–25.2 mV. ZHMNPs possessed the relatively uniform spherical morphology, while MZHMNPs were irregular in shape. With ZHMNPs or MZHMNPs serving as the stabilizers, the PHIPEs were prepared, and exhibited the good viscoelasticity and excellent storage and freeze–thaw stabilities. Based on above PHIPEs template, the constructed PM possessed the large specific surface area and uniform pore structure. Through the investigations of adsorption performances, PM showed the outstanding adsorption capacities on Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions regardless of dissolving in deionized water or simulated gastrointestinal digestive fluid. Furthermore, the results also showed that the pH, temperature and adsorbent dosage had certain impacts on the adsorption performances of PM on Pb2+ and Cu2+ ions.

Physicochemical synergistic adsorption of CO2 by PEI‐impregnated hierarchical porous polymers

AbstractAmine‐functionalized porous polymers have been considered as a prominent chemical adsorption material for carbon capture and storage (CCS) process, because of their large adsorption capacity and high selectivity. By comparison, the low energy‐consumption for desorption and high recyclability are the advantages of the physical adsorption approach. In this work, an amine‐functionalized hierarchical porous polymer was prepared by HIPE (high internal phase emulsions) template and amine impregnation strategy, and applied as CO2 adsorbent to realize chemical adsorption and physical adsorption simultaneously. First, a hierarchical porous matrix of poly(styrene‐glycidyl methacrylate) was prepared by the HIPE method. The formed meso/micropores in the typical porous polymer matrix could attract CO2 molecules, where the physical adsorption was achieved. Subsequently, PEI (polyethyleneimine) was impregnated into the porous polymer with abundant macropores, and the numerous of amino groups provided the reaction sites, where the chemical adsorption was achieved. As a result, an effective CO2 adsorption material was obtained via controlling the porous structure by changing the volume fraction of dispersive phase, impregnation condition and amine loading. Aided by the chemical adsorption of amino groups, the CO2 adsorption capacity of the obtained adsorbent reached 3.029 mmol/g. Moreover, the CO2 adsorption thermodynamics confirmed the physicochemical synergistic adsorption, and then the Qst reduced to 31–42 kJ/mol and a good cyclic stability was obtained. As conclusion, the porous adsorbent showed a good industrial application prospect. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Preparation and characterization of protein-antioxidant complex pickering particles for high internal phase emulsions

Herein, novel Pickering particles were fabricated by integrating tannic acid (TA) into Spirulina protein isolates (SPI) to enhance the oxidative stability of Pickering high internal phase emulsions (Pickering-HIPEs). The interactions between SPI and TA were examined using molecular docking simulation, attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The interfacial properties of SPI-TA (ST) complex particles with different ratios of SPI to TA were characterized, and their emulsifying performances were also investigated with different oil volume fractions. The results revealed that hydrogen bonds may play a key role in the formation of ST complex particles. The presence of TA improved the wettability of SPI, and the resultant ST complex particles displayed a better emulsifying capacity, with the ability to emulsify up to 85 vol% of oil. Especially, ST complex particles stabilized Pickering-HIPEs exhibited a narrower size distribution, a stronger gel network, better stability upon long-term storage and UV exposure. Additionally, the oxidative stability of embedded oil and lipophilic bioactive compounds in Pickering-HIPEs was significantly improved regardless of exposure to room temperature or UV irradiation. Our research findings are expected to provide novel antioxidant Pickering particles for food-grade Pickering-HIPEs.

Carboxymethyl tamarind seed polysaccharide/chitosan complexes through electrostatic interaction stabilize high internal phase emulsions: Roles of the mass ratio and oil-water interfacial activity

In this research, a novel polysaccharide-based complex system was developed through self-assembly driven by electrostatic interactions between carboxymethyl (CM)-modified tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) and chitosan (CS). First, the carboxymethylation of TSP was confirmed successfully. Then, the relationships among the morphology, physicochemical properties and interfacial activity of CMTSP/CS complexes with different mass ratios (1:5, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 and 5:1) were systematically investigated. The turbidity of the complex solution gradually increased with higher mass ratios (CMTSP:CS) and pH values. The size of the complex initially decreased and then increased as the proportion of CMTSP increased. The CMTSP/CS complex at 1:1 displayed the smallest particle size, supreme surface wettability and strongest interfacial activity. The microstructure and rheological properties of emulsions stabilized by CMTSP/CS complexes were characterized. CMTSP/CS complexes at 1:1 and 1:3 exhibited enhanced emulsifying capacity and better viscoelastic attributes. Remarkably, stable high internal phase emulsions with 85% oil concentration could be formed using very low concentration (only 0.05 wt%). These findings suggest that CMTSP/CS complex-stabilized emulsions have great application potential as a new oil-in-water system.

Preparation of flame retardant and thermal insulation polystyrene foams via high internal phase emulsion template

AbstractExpanded polystyrene foam (EPSF), valued for its excellent insulation properties, faces a significant flammability challenge due to its cellular structure. Traditional flame retardant methods such as physical blending and layer‐by‐layer assembly have poor applicability to EPSF. Therefore, it is necessary to find other more effective methods for synthesizing flame‐retardant EPSF. The high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) template is one of the simplest and most commonly used methods for synthesizing porous materials, which have features such as adjustable pore structures and high porosity. In this work, ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/starch was added to the dispersed phase of the HIPE to prepare the flame‐retardant EPSF by one‐pot method. The morphology, thermal stability and flame retardancy of the foams were investigated. When the addition of APP/starch (the weight ratio is 1:1) reached 30 wt.%, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke release (TSR) of the composite foam decreased by 74.7%, 65.9%, and 24.7%, respectively, compared to the pure PS foam. Meanwhile, its limiting oxygen index (LOI) value reached 25.8%, and the UL‐94 rating reached V‐1 level, indicating significant improvement in flame retardancy. This study provides an effective strategy for synthesizing flame‐retardant porous materials.

Coalescence kinetics of high internal phase emulsions observed by a microfluidic technique

Coalescence kinetics of high internal phase emulsions observed by a microfluidic technique

Linear and nonlinear rheological characterization of capillary protein oleogels as potential fat replacers: Comparison with high internal-phase emulsions

The rheological behavior of fats or fat replacers is shaped by the interaction among colloidal assemblies giving rise to a specific structural network. We hypothesize that the capillary protein oleogels formation we proposed, in which colloidal protein particles are used as initial building blocks to form space-spanning networks, has linear and nonlinear rheological behaviors similar to fat crystal networks as represented in fractal rheo-mechanical models. Capillary protein oleogels and repulsive high internal-phase emulsions (HIPEs) differing in microstructure categories were therefore assembled for a systematic comparison, as both serve as motivating exemplars for fat replacement. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were employed to distinguish the structural characteristics. By employing both small- (SAOS) and large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) rheology via Chebyshev polynomial analysis, we examined the linear and nonlinear responses of capillary oleogels and HIPEs under relevant deformations. Differing from the caging effects of droplets within HIPEs, the hierarchical networks with attractive protein particles of capillary oleogels are responsible for interpreting the rheological characteristic parameters in SAOS rheology, and for enhancing resistance to deformation in LAOS due to the coexistence of interparticle interactions and cluster characteristics. The capillary oleogels with attractive protein particles show a similar behavior to that of the fat self-assembled fractal flocs or aggregates in the fractal rheo-mechanical models. These results give us hope that by tailoring the nano- and mesoscale structural organization within a fat replacer in a specific way, there is potential for achieving proper functionality in food products, such as plastic flow behavior.

Electroactive 4D Porous Scaffold Based on Conducting Polymer as a Responsive and Dynamic In Vitro Cell Culture Platform.

In vivo, cells reside in a 3D porous and dynamic microenvironment. It provides biochemical and biophysical cues that regulate cell behavior in physiological and pathological processes. In the context of fundamental cell biology research, tissue engineering, and cell-based drug screening systems, a challenge is to develop relevant in vitro models that could integrate the dynamic properties of the cell microenvironment. Taking advantage of the promising high internal phase emulsion templating, we here designed a polyHIPE scaffold with a wide interconnected porosity and functionalized its internal 3D surface with a thin layer of electroactive conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to turn it into a 4D electroresponsive scaffold. The resulting scaffold was cytocompatible with fibroblasts, supported cellular infiltration, and hosted cells, which display a 3D spreading morphology. It demonstrated robust actuation in ion- and protein-rich complex culture media, and its electroresponsiveness was not altered by fibroblast colonization. Thanks to customized electrochemical stimulation setups, the electromechanical response of the polyHIPE/PEDOT scaffolds was characterized in situ under a confocal microscope and showed 10% reversible volume variations. Finally, the setups were used to monitor in real time and in situ fibroblasts cultured into the polyHIPE/PEDOT scaffold during several cycles of electromechanical stimuli. Thus, we demonstrated the proof of concept of this tunable scaffold as a tool for future 4D cell culture and mechanobiology studies.

Carbon nanotubes in high internal phase emulsion polymer composite for packed-cartridge micro-solid-phase extraction of fluoroquinolones in urine

Aim of this study stands in the evaluation of a carbon nanotubes-based polymerized high internal phase emulsion composite (CNT/polyHIPE) as sorptive phase in biological sample preparation. A micro-solid-phase extraction procedure (µSPE) was developed for trace fluoroquinolone (FQ) antimicrobials, namely Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Norfloxacin and Sparfloxacin, in human urine samples. PolyHIPEs modified by incorporation of different concentrations of nanotubes (0.2–0.8 wt %) were one-pot synthesized and applied in the packed-cartridge setting. The sorption affinity for the drugs was investigated in tap water and buffered aqueous solutions, demonstrating the key role of the nanotubes embedded in the polymer. The 0.5 wt % CNT composite was selected to develop a straightforward µSPE procedure directly in raw urine (1 mL sample), followed by HPLC-MS/MS. Targets were retained on the sorbent at near neutral pH and, after an aqueous washing (0.1 % v/v formic acid), eluted in a single-step with 4 % v/v ammonia aqueous solution (15 % v/v acetonitrile), thus combining extraction and clean-up. The method allowed accurate quantification of FQs, as evidenced by the recoveries (74–116 %, n = 3) obtained on blank pooled urine samples spiked with 40, 75, 150 µg L−1, accompanied by good inter-day precision (RSD < 14 %, n = 3). To confirm the applicability of the analytical method, some real-life blind samples were processed as a proof of concept.

Roles of NaCl in Enhancing the Stability of Water-in-Oil High Internal Phase Emulsions

Roles of NaCl in Enhancing the Stability of Water-in-Oil High Internal Phase Emulsions

One-step fabrication of microfluidic W/O/W droplets as fat-reduced high internal phase emulsions: Microstructure, stability and 3D printing performance

High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) have been served as effective fat replacements, but they still remain calorie-dense. Herein, we described microfluidic fabrication of W/O/W mononuclear high internal phase double emulsions (MHIPDEs) with a reduced oil fraction ranging from 38 vol% to 53 vol%. These emulsions were composed of oil drops (∼170 μm) that contained smaller water droplets (117.22–136.33 μm). The incorporation of gellan gum in the internal water droplets and palm oil in the oil phase facilitated the stabilization of MHIPDEs. All the emulsions demonstrated favorable stability during storage at both 4 °C and 25 °C, maintaining their intact structure for a duration of 90 days. This feature enabled the emulsions to effectively protect lipids from oxidation, resulting in a notable two-thirds reduction in the production of MDA during stored at 4 °C. All of these emulsions maintained a uniform appearance after undergoing freeze-thaw processing eight times, and MHIPDEs with the highest oil content (62 vol%) remained structurally intact. Additionally, the apparent viscosity and elastic modulus of MHIPDEs increased with higher oil content, suggesting the formation of a stiffer lipid crystal shell surrounding the water droplet. MHIPDEs with a moderate oil fraction (54 vol%) possessed optimal 3D printing performance due to their appropriate viscoelasticity and high yield stress (6.3%). These findings propose a fresh perspective on the design and manufacturing of fat-reduced high internal phase emulsions with desirable physicochemical properties.

Composite Bioprinted Hydrogels Containing Porous Polymer Microparticles Provide Tailorable Mechanical Properties for 3D Cell Culture.

The mechanical and architectural properties of the three-dimensional (3D) tissue microenvironment can have large impacts on cellular behavior and phenotype, providing cells with specialized functions dependent on their location. This is especially apparent in macrophage biology where the function of tissue resident macrophages is highly specialized to their location. 3D bioprinting provides a convenient method of fabricating biomaterials that mimic specific tissue architectures. If these printable materials also possess tunable mechanical properties, they would be highly attractive for the study of macrophage behavior in different tissues. Currently, it is difficult to achieve mechanical tunability without sacrificing printability, scaffold porosity, and a loss in cell viability. Here, we have designed composite printable biomaterials composed of traditional hydrogels [nanofibrillar cellulose (cellulose) or methacrylated gelatin (gelMA)] mixed with porous polymeric high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) microparticles. By varying the ratio of polyHIPEs to hydrogel, we fabricate composite hydrogels that mimic the mechanical properties of the neural tissue (0.1-0.5 kPa), liver (1 kPa), lungs (5 kPa), and skin (10 kPa) while maintaining good levels of biocompatibility to a macrophage cell line.

A double-network porous hydrogel based on high internal phase emulsions as a vehicle for potassium sucrose octasulfate delivery accelerates diabetic wound healing.

Diabetic wounds are a difficult medical challenge. Excessive secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in diabetic wounds further degrades the extracellular matrix and growth factors and causes severe vascular damage, which seriously hinders diabetic wound healing. To solve these issues, a double-network porous hydrogel composed of poly (methyl methacrylate-co-acrylamide) (p(MMA-co-AM)) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was constructed by the high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) technique for the delivery of potassium sucrose octasulfate (PSO), a drug that can inhibit MMPs, increase angiogenesis and improve microcirculation. The hydrogel possessed a typical polyHIPE hierarchical microstructure with interconnected porous morphologies, high porosity, high specific surface area, excellent mechanical properties and suitable swelling properties. Meanwhile, the p(MMA-co-AM)/PVA@PSO hydrogel showed high drug-loading performance and effective PSO release. In addition, both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that the p(MMA-co-AM)/PVA@PSO hydrogel had good biocompatibility and significantly accelerated diabetic wound healing by inhibiting excessive MMP-9 in diabetic wounds, increasing growth factor secretion, improving vascularization, increasing collagen deposition and promoting re-epithelialization. Therefore, this study provided a reliable therapeutic strategy for diabetic wound healing, some theoretical basis and new insights for the rational design and preparation of wound hydrogel dressings with high porosity, high drug-loading performance and excellent mechanical properties.

Synergistic effect of egg white protein particles and rhamnolipid on improving the bioavailability of curcumin carried in high internal phase emulsions

SummaryHigh internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) are potential carriers of fat‐soluble nutrients due to their high loading capacity. In this study, egg white protein particles (EWPP) and rhamnolipid (Rha) were used to co‐emulsify oil/water HIPEs to carry curcumin (Cur). The results showed that the Cur loading efficiency, microstructure, protein composition, molecular distribution of protein hydrolysates, protein interfacial adsorption rate and Cur bioavailability were measured. The results showed that, incorporation with Rha was unhelpful for improving loading efficiency of Cur, which decreased from 80.8% to 73.7% at pH 3.8 after incorporation with Rha, due to the decreased viscosity and destroyed continuous interface membrane, while beneficial for restricting coalescence of oil droplets. As studied, Rha could effectively reduce the droplet size to slow down the speed of coalescence and form EWPP–Rha complex to inhibit proteolysis. Finally, Cur bioavailability in EWPP–Rha co‐emulsified HIPE was the highest (40.3%), indicating the synergistic effect of EWPP and Rha promoting the effective adsorption of Cur, related to the increased coalescence stability during digestion and participation of Rha in the micellisation reaction. In comparison, fibrous (pH 3.8) and granular (pH 7.0) EWPP stabilised HIPEs, showed no obvious difference in Cur bioavailability, due to the balance between the interfacial adsorption ability and the digestion resistance of EWPP with various morphologies. This study has important significance for the construction of lipid soluble nutrient ‘carriers’ with high load and high bioavailability.

Does protein deamidation enhance rice protein concentrate’s ability to produce and stabilize high internal phase emulsions?

Rice is one of the most consumed grains in the world. Rice protein has great nutritional value as a hypoallergenic protein and due to its high lysine content, a limiting amino acid in several other plant protein sources. However, rice protein has low solubility, hampering its use in many applications in the food industry. In this context, alkaline deamidation (0.5 h, 343 K, and pH 11) was applied to modify the protein structure of rice protein concentrate (RPC). After deamidation, two protein powders were produced: (i) one containing the whole protein fraction recovered after RPC deamidation (DT) and (ii) another containing only the soluble fraction recovered after RPC deamidation (DS). Protein dispersions were characterized by SDS-PAGE, zeta potential, solubility, surface hydrophobicity, and capacity to hold water and oil. RPC could not structure canola oil into a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) due to its low solubility. DT and DS dispersions displayed solubility much higher than RPC and enabled the structuration of HIPEs with 75 % (w/w) canola oil and 25 % of DT or DS dispersions (2, 4, and 6 % w/w). HIPEs were characterized regarding particle size, microstructure, Turbiscan and oil loss stabilities, and rheological behavior for 60 days. Turbiscan analysis and oil loss measurements showed high stability, and the thixotropy tests showed high recovery in all HIPEs. Higher protein concentrations and DS dispersions produced HIPEs with smaller particle sizes. However, rheological measurements indicate that HIPEs produced with DT dispersions had better results, maintaining their structure over the 60 days. Furthermore, DT is cheaper to produce; therefore, DT 4 and 6 % w/w were the most promising for producing HIPEs. The HIPEs produced in this study displayed great potential as fat replacers.

Structure-property relationship of pea protein fibrils in stabilization of HIPEs and the encapsulation, protection, controlled release and oral delivery of carotenoids for alleviating intestinal inflammation.

Increasing attentions are paid to high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) due to their unique properties. In this study, pea protein-based fibrils were used as emulsifier to stabilize HIPEs. We demonstrated that the molecular assembly pathway and interfacial behavior of pea protein-based fibrils are affected by ionic strength. And the increased abundance of highly flexible worm-like nanofibrils facilitated their adsorption and packing on oil droplets, resulting in improved emulsion properties to stabilize the HIPEs with the internal phase volume fraction as high as 90%. Based on this, high loading content of carotenoids up to 0.05 wt% in the prepared HIPEs, protection of their stability against heating, UV and iron ions, and significantly increased bio-accessibilities of the carotenoids were realized. Animal studies using a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis revealed that carotenoid loaded HIPEs can alleviate the colon injury, by downregulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and promoting intestinal barrier function. This work will deepen the understanding of the formation of pea protein fibrils and provide a reference for the rational use of carotenoid loaded HIPEs in IBD management.

Ring-opening polymerization of emulsion-templated deep eutectic system monomer for macroporous polyesters with controlled degradability.

Biodegradable polyesters with interconnected macroporosity, such as poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), have gained significant importance in the fields of tissue engineering and separation. This study introduces functional macroinitiators, specifically polycaprolactone triol (PCLT) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), both OH-terminated, in the solventless ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of a liquid deep eutectic system monomer (DESm) composed of LLA and CL at a 30 : 70 molar ratio, respectively. The macroinitiators selectively initiate the organocatalyzed ROP of LLA in the DESm during the first polymerization stage, thereby modifying the PLLA architecture. This results in the formation of either branched or linear PLLA copolymers depending on the macroinitiator, PCLT and PEG, respectively. In the second stage, the ROP of the CL, which is a counterpart of the DESm, produces PCL that blends with the previously formed PLLA. The insights gained into the PLLA architectures during the first stage of the DESm ROP, along with the overall molecular weight and hydrophobicity of the resulting PLLA/PCL blend in bulk, were advantageously used to design polymerizable high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) oil-in-DESm. By incorporating a liquid mixture of DESm and macroinitiators (PCLT or PEG), stable HIPE formulations were achieved. These emulsions sustained the efficient organocatalyzed ROP of the continuous phase at 37 °C with high conversions. The resulting polymer replicas of the HIPEs, characterized by macroporous and interconnected structures, were subjected to a degradation assay in PBS at pH 7.4 and 37 °C and remained mechanically stable for at least 30 days. Notably, they exhibited the capability to sorb crude oil in a proof-of-concept test, with a rate of 2 g g-1. The macroporous and interconnected features of the polyHIPEs, combined with their inherent degradation properties, position them as promising degradable polymeric sorbents for efficient separation of hydrophobic fluids from water.

Facile fabrication of hydrophobic porous monoliths from charge-driven assembled polymers-stabilized high internal phase emulsion for oil spills reclamation

Oil leakage/spillage and discharge of organic liquids pose severely threat to ecological environment and human health. Herein, hydrophobic porous monolith was fabricated via the polymerization of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) stabilized from charge-driven assembled polymers and the introduction of butyl methacrylate (BMA), and the water contact angle is up to 129 ± 2°. The monolith was hierarchical porous, leading to absorb various oils and organic solvents. The absorption capacity of monolith for different solvents ranges from 17.3 to 53.0 g/g, demonstrating excellent absorption. Meanwhile, the monolith shows excellent oil/water separation effect and high cycle efficiency. Therefore, the novel sponge might be an ideal candidate in dealing with oil contamination.

Improvement of flavor and gel properties of silver carp surimi product by Litsea cubeba oil high internal phase emulsions

In this study, high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) using casein as stabilizer and soybean oil and Litsea cubeba oil (LCO) as internal phase were prepared and added into silver carp surimi. The effects of LCO-HIPEs on the gel and flavor properties of surimi product were studied. After chopping, heating and storing, LCO-HIPEs showed emulsion droplets with particle size of 11 μm and remained solid structure. Compared with Oil-added surimi gels, HIPEs-added groups exhibited higher gel strength, water holding capacity and whiteness. Low-field NMR analysis revealed that HIPEs-added gels had higher proportion of bound water and immobilized water. Microstructure observation showed that LCO-HIPEs emulsion droplets in gel were smaller and evenly distributed. Moreover, SDS-PAGE showed that myosin heavy chain band in HIPEs-added gel were more attenuated than that of their Oil-added counterparts after 40 °C or 90 °C heating. HIPEs-added groups also showed higher amount of volatile compounds but lower thiobarbituric acid reaction substances value than Oil-added ones. Thus, LCO-HIPEs could be applied in surimi products to fortify flavor feature and provide fairly good gel properties and lipid oxidation stability.