High Intensity Of Solar Radiation Research Articles

Study of the potential for solar power plant at At Taqwa Mosque Using PV Syst

Countries located on the equator have a relatively high intensity of solar radiation. The thing that is most needed in a solar power plant is the intensity of solar radiation. Based on this, Indonesia is very suitable for implementing solar power plants. The power produced by a solar power plant is directly pro-portional to the intensity of solar radiation received by the solar panels. To maximize electrical power production, it is necessary to design a series of solar panel units to be connected in series or parallel. Solar panels connected in parallel will increase the nominal total voltage, whereas when connected in series they will increase the nominal total current. This research discusses the effect of the series-parallel configuration of solar panel installation on the power production received in a building in the campus environment. The method used to obtain the most optimal energy production is to use a combination of series and parallel solar panels. Daily sunlight data is simulated via PvSyst. The research results show that the most optimal energy production is obtained by designing a series circuit of 20 panels combined with a parallel circuit of 5 panels. The more modules connected in series, the total voltage will increase. The more modules that are connected in parallel, the total current will increase.

Experimental investigation on the drying characteristics in a solar assisted ejector enhanced heat pump dryer system

A new designed solar assisted ejector enhanced heat pump dryer system (SE-HPD) with closed-loop drying chamber using the R134A refrigerant has been experimentally investigated. In the SE-HPD, a hot water cycle system has been designed to simulate the solar collector. The dynamic drying characteristic of SE-HPD and the conventional heat pump dryer system (CHPD) were compared. Further, various drying characteristic parameters and the ejector performances of the new system under different solar radiation intensities, valve opening (OP) of electronic expansion valves and by-pass return air ratios (BR) were studied. The experimental results revealed that the exergy efficiency and moisture extraction rate (MER) of SE-HPD were always better than those of the CHPD. The exergy efficiency and MER of SE-HPD were improved by 28.7% and 54.3% compared with those of CHPD under the given operating condition. It was found that higher solar radiation intensity could significantly improve the pressure lift ratio of the ejector and contributed to the higher heating performance of SE-HPD. The optimum OP and BR to obtain the maximum MER for SE-HPD were also found to be 50 % and 70 %, respectively. The performance advantages of the proposed system have been verified through this experimental research.

Heat-dissipation performance of photovoltaic panels with a phase-change-material fin structure

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation can directly convert solar radiation photons into electrical energy, but PV panels produce a large amount of waste heat during absorption of solar radiation, significantly increasing the working temperature and reducing the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the panels. In this study, a phase-change material (PCM) is used to cool the PV panels, and fins are added to enhance PCM heat transfer. Using numerical simulation, the effects of fin spacing, fin height, solar radiation intensity, and ambient temperature on the heat-dissipation performance of the PV/PCM system were then studied. The fin–PV/PCM structure showed a good cooling effect. With decreasing fin spacing, the increase in the panel temperature gradually decreased. Fin spacing of 6 mm exhibited the best cooling effect, with the battery plate temperature reduced by 31.9 °C compared with that of the natural convection condition without fins. The increase in the panel temperature gradually decreased with increasing fin height, and the cooling effect of the panel improved significantly when the fin height was increased from 30 to 70 mm. The heat-dissipation effect of the fin–PV/PCM system was better with higher solar radiation intensity and higher ambient temperature. The results of this study will have important reference value for performance improvement of PV panels.

Integrated life cycle assessment and emergy analysis of liquid dehumidification absorption refrigeration driven by solar energy

The cascade utilization of solar energy is significant in alleviating energy and environmental problems. A novel solar-driven liquid dehumidification cascade absorption refrigeration (SLDAR) system applied to hot summer and cold winter areas of China is proposed in this paper. In order to evaluate the environmental and economic sustainability of the system, an integrating life cycle assessment and emergy analysis (LCA-EmA) method is developed. Parameter sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the effects of solar radiation intensity, air temperature and relative humidity on the sustainability of the system. The results reveal that the total potential environmental impact of the system is 7.29E+03, of which the construction stage accounted for the most part of 65.36%. The total emergy input of the system is 1.61E+17 sej/yr, the operation stage accounted for the highest proportion of 73.29%. According to the integrated LCA-EmA, the emergy sustainability index of the system is 3.89, which reduces by 29.01% than the result of the emergy analysis. The parameter sensitivity analysis states that the system has higher resource use efficiency and emergy yield ratio in higher solar radiation intensity. And the emergy sustainability index of the system increases first and then decreases as the air temperature increases. The environmental load rate increases by 15.19% and the emergy sustainability index decreases by 44.50% as the increase of relative humidity. This study proves the feasibility and sustainability of the solar-driven cascade system.

Self-thermal storage integrated absorber-emitter to stabilize solar thermionic conversion

Solar thermionics is an appealing clean solid-state power technology, while it faces one of the major challenges for generating continuous and stable power on account of the temporal intermittency of solar radiation. This paper proposes a novel concept of self-thermal storage integrated absorber-emitter for solar thermionic conversion, which can store excess heat from the sun and generate remarkably stable day-night electricity. A transient 1-D energy transfer model is developed to investigate the impacts of various critical system parameters on the power performance of innovative thermionics. The results revealed that a maximum total energy density of 100.06 kW h/m2 is delivered at a cutoff wavelength of 1300 nm and a concentration ratio of 300. The thermionic power is not sensitive to the variation of solar radiation for low thermal diffusivity of substrate, while a thermionic converter with a high thermal effusivity substrate achieves superior discharge performance at night. A rather constant conversion efficiency of ∼31% is attained, regardless of the seasons, while a significantly lower discharge ratio of 11.69% is recorded in summer. The fluctuating with high intensity of solar radiation on cloudy days prompts a discharge ratio of ∼30% and a conversion efficiency of ∼45%.

Variable period sequence control strategy for an off-grid photovoltaic-PEM electrolyzer hydrogen generation system

For renewable energy driven off-grid hydrogen generation systems, the intermittent and instability nature significantly hinders the electrolyzers' service life and operation safety. Here a variable-periodsequence control strategy is developed for an off-grid photovoltaic-PEM electrolyzer hydrogen generation system via multi-layer DC-DC converters, which control power allocation for the PEM electrolyzer according to the accumulated operation durations under different operation states. The dynamic performance under the fixed and variable period sequence control strategies are systematically investigated. Under the fixed period sequence control strategy, less electrolyzer number contributes to deducing standard deviations of rated/fluctuating power operation durations. Under the variable period sequence control strategies, the standard deviations of the operation duration under the rated and fluctuating power state both are much smaller than those under the fixed period sequence control strategy. When longer sequence period employed at higher solar radiation intensity, the minimum standard deviations of the operation duration under the rated and fluctuating power states are decreased by 28.0% and 44.8%, respectively. When longer sequence period employed at lower solar radiation intensity, the minimum standard deviations are decreased by 49.7% and 51.3%, respectively. The variable sequence control strategy can better allocate electrolyzers’ operation states and improve the system operation conditions.

Design And Simulation Of Solar Power Generation On Rooftops Towards Clean Technology

Various efforts are continuously being encouraged and pursued in order to achieve the clean energy transition program. The clear goal is to reach a renewable energy mix target of 23% by 2025. The use of electrical energy is increasing each year, but the availability of fossil energy as the majority fuel used in power generation is becoming limited. Indonesia, being located near the equator, experiences high solar radiation intensity. This potential can be utilized for harnessing solar energy as a power source. Additionally, the utilization of solar energy as an alternative source is more environmentally friendly as it reduces emissions from fossil fuel-based power generation. In this research, the design and planning of a solar power plant are conducted to create clean and environmentally friendly energy. The technical aspects are discussed and simulated using software. The author utilizes the Helioscope application for analyzing the feasibility of installing a solar power plant and conducting simulations. Based on the research results, by utilizing a roof area of 13,725 m2 and installing 2,305 solar modules with a capacity of 550 Wp per module, the solar power plant's capacity amounts to 1,267.8 kWp. The performance ratio is calculated to be 80.6%, and the energy production over a year is estimated at 1,695,000 MW.<script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script><script id="stacks-wallet-provider" type="text/javascript" src="chrome-extension://ldinpeekobnhjjdofggfgjlcehhmanlj/inpage.js"></script>

Thermodynamic design and power prediction of a solar power tower integrated system using neural networks

In spite of the fact that the solar power tower system is considered as one of the most valuable power generation facilities, it still faces challenges such as insufficient utilization of the solar salt temperature range and the dependence on high solar radiation intensity. To address this issue, an integrated recompression Brayton cycle and trans-critical regenerative organic Rankine cycle in parallel layout is proposed. The comparison with other literature shows that the specific work of the integrated system (147.8 kW/kg) outperforms the partial cooling Brayton cycle (130.1 kW/kg) under the same solar salt temperature range. In order to forecast future electricity generation and serve as a reference for plant operation, a power prediction strategy using neural networks is developed. Findings indicate that the integrated system can increase power production and maximize solar salt temperature utilization by adjusting the physical constraint strategy based on the changing temperature interval. Its equivalent work and thermal efficiency reach 12.7 MW and 38.36%, respectively, and it can recover the cost in 8 years. These results suggest that the proposed integrated system is a promising solution to enhance the performance of solar power tower systems with significant economic benefits.

The energy saving potential of a new ventilation roof with stabilized phase change material in hot summer region

Roof is a weak part of the building envelope due to the high intensity of solar radiation in summer. Improving thermal performance of roof is crucial to reduce energy consumption. In this study, the thermal performance of a new ventilation roof with shape-stabilized phase change material (SPCM) is investigated. The dynamic heat transfer model for this roof is established by coupling the number of transfer units (NTU) heat exchange model with the resistance-capacity dynamic heat network model and used to analyse the heat transfer. The accuracy of the model is validated by experiment. The indoor air temperature, internal surface temperature of the roof, and cumulative cooling load in summer are simulated and analysed in Wuhan. The results show that PCM and night ventilation have great energy saving potential. When the 30 mm PCM is applied, the peak indoor air temperature and peak internal surface temperature decreased by 2.9 °C and 5.5 °C, respectively, and the cumulative cooling load of the building decreases by 19.2%. When night ventilation is applied (v = 3 m/s), the average latent heat utilization rate of the PCM layer increases, and the cumulative cooling load decreases by 22.9% and 37.5% compared with the PCM roof and the reference roof, respectively.

Simulation Study on Solar Single/Double-Effect Switching LiBr-H2O Absorption Refrigeration System

In this study, a solar single/double-effect switching LiBr-H2O absorption refrigeration system was investigated to make full use of solar energy and give full play to the advantages of solar refrigeration systems. A corresponding thermodynamic dynamic mathematical model was developed. The operation characteristics of the system operating continuously for one week were analyzed. In order to highlight the advantages of the solar single/double-effect switching absorption refrigeration system, it was compared with other forms of solar refrigeration systems and compression refrigeration systems. The practical application potential of the single/double-effect switching LiBr-H2O absorption refrigeration system was evaluated from the perspective of economy and environmental effect. The results showed that the system could achieve the switching operation between single-effect mode and double-effect mode under weather conditions of high solar radiation intensity, and the daily cooling efficiency on such days was relatively high. After an auxiliary heater was added, the primary energy savings of the solar single/double-effect switching LiBr-H2O absorption refrigeration system were 25–52%, depending on the area of the collector and the volume of the storage tank. The solar fraction of the system was about 71.99% for continuous operation during the whole refrigeration season. However, the initial investment cost of the system equipment accounted for 89.66% of the total cost. Compared with the traditional compression refrigeration system, the initial investment cost of the solar single/double-effect switching LiBr-H2O absorption refrigeration system was higher, but it had a better environmental protection effect.

Importance of the silvipastoral system on the animal health and welfare of dairy cattle

Brazil stands out for having one of the largest cattle herds in the world, being the first place in the commercial herd in the whole planet. Within bovine farming, dairy cattle raising stands out for its importance within the national economy because of the representativeness of small family farms, which develop a large part of the national milk production. However, despite the extensive area available for agricultural production, a large part of Brazil is located in the tropical area of the planet. This region is distinguished by high temperatures and high intensity of incident solar radiation. This condition tends to lead the animals to heat stress, thus leading to a decrease in the production of meat, but mainly milk, especially in properties that make use of european breeds. One of the alternatives to overcome the impact of heat stress in tropical regions is to cross european breeds with zebu dairy breeds, as well as seeking measures to reduce the incidence of solar radiation of these animals through integrated systems, such as silvipastoral systems. Thus, this review aims to show that the silvipastoral system is necessary to improve the animal welfare of dairy cattle.

Sombreamento melhora a produtividade de berinjela e pimentão em casa-de-vegetação no verão

ABSTRACT Shading is a way of cooling in hot and sunny areas to modify the microclimate and improve crop growth. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of shading treatments on eggplant and sweet pepper growth, under plastic house conditions, at the beginning of the summer, when there are high temperatures and solar radiation intensity. The plastic covers were lifted at the beginning of April and the shading nets used in May and June. The shading treatment improved the plant height, vegetative weight, number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, plant yield and total yield per plastic house for both crops, especially for the sweet pepper. The sweet pepper hybrid (Charisma) and the local variety of eggplant showed the highest values for most of the studied characteristics.

Effect of Temperature on the Electrical and Thermal Behaviour of a Photovoltaic/Thermal System Cooled Using SiC Nanofluid: An Experimental and Comparison Study

A photovoltaic/thermal system (PV/T) was investigated experimentally using silicon carbide nanofluid as a cooling fluid. A PV/T system was tested in Oman with 0.5 wt.% of nanoparticles in terms of thermophysical properties, performance parameters, and efficiencies. At 25 °C, it was found that there is an increase in the fluid’s thermal conductivity, density, and viscosity up to 6.64%, 13%, and 12%, respectively. When examining the effect of increasing the density and viscosity (by adding nanoparticles to the base fluid) on the pumping power, it was found that using turbulent flow reduces the required pumping force and vice versa for the case of laminar flow. The electrical efficiency was enhanced by up to 25.3% compared with the conventional PV module and the thermal efficiency by up to 98.6% compared with the water-cooling PV/T system. The results were compared with the literature in terms of cooling methods, nanoparticles, and similar studies that used SiC nanofluid. The results and comparison of this study are useful for engineers and researchers interested in nanofluid cooling of PV/T systems. The study aims to facilitate the task of engineers and designers of photovoltaic plants in Oman to obtain the best means to overcome the effects of high solar radiation intensity and high ambient temperatures and the best PV/T systems for this purpose.

Water desalination plant powered by solid oxide fuel cell technology in Egypt

The unique location of Egypt makes it very promising for obtaining freshwater from the sea. After applying suitable desalination techniques integrated with solar radiation photovoltaics (PVs), freshwater can be easily produced. Integrated desalination, including solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), PVs, and a reverse osmosis (RO) system is proposed in this work. To demonstrate the advantages and better improve the efficiency of the integrated system, a mathematical model was established for evaluation. In this work, the model was applied in two different locations with high intensity solar radiation (El-Zafrana and El-Arish). The RO system was applied and integrated with SOFC technology then simulated and modeled using MATLAB Simulink. Results demonstrate the ability to obtain 2000 t/d freshwater production capacity with consideration of SOFC devices. The expected annual income from this plant is 750,000 USD after its sixth year of construction. In addition, the desalination process is proposed for non-stop use, over an entire day, of the used seawater. The simulation results provided in this work will help further future commercialization of such a project.

Effects of temperature and light conditions during the late growth stage on delayed stem senescence and cytokinin levels in the xylem exudate of soybean

AbstractDelayed stem senescence (DSS) in soybean plants is defined as retarded leaf and stem maturity, even if pods mature normally. This phenomenon is a serious problem for the combine harvesting of soybean in Japan. Our previous research showed that DSS occurred more frequently in June sowing than in July sowing, and the plants sown in June were exposed to higher temperature and higher solar radiation intensity during reproductive growth stage as compared to those sown in July. We additionally observed higher levels of cytokinins, plant hormones with senescence inhibition activity, in xylem exudate after pod‐setting stage (R4) under the DSS‐induced condition. Thus, this study investigated the effects of the respective environmental factors, temperature and light intensity, after R4 on cytokinin levels in the xylem exudate and the occurrence of DSS. Pot experiments were conducted in the experimental field of Nihon University (Fujisawa‐city, Kanagawa, Japan). In temperature treatments, soybean plants grown in the field environment were moved to an air‐conditioned room at R4 stage, whereas control of light intensity was achieved by shading using cheese clothes under the field condition. The temperature control experiments revealed that high temperature after R4 promoted the DSS symptom, while low temperature after R4 inhibited the occurrence of DSS. On the other hand, decreased light intensity after R4 did not affect the severity of DSS. The cytokinin levels in the xylem exudate at R5 correlated with the severity of DSS in the temperature treatments, but the change in light intensity did not influence the cytokinin levels. These results indicated that high temperature after pod‐setting stage have a profound effect on the occurrence of DSS, and this effect is mediated by the increased cytokinin levels in the xylem exudate.

Occupant-centered evaluation on indoor environments and energy savings of radiant cooling systems with high-intensity solar radiation

Solar radiation has an overwhelming influence on indoor thermal and light environments, as well as building energy consumption. In this study, radiant cooling systems were applied to reduce the negative effects of solar radiation. The tests were carried out with the floor radiant cooling system (FRC), ceiling radiant cooling system (CRC), ·and conventional air conditioning system (AC), under typical warm days. An occupant-centered body model was presented to comprehensively evaluate the non-uniform thermal environment caused by solar heat. Besides, the effects on the cooling performance of cooling systems were evaluated by simulation and experiments. The results demonstrate that the cooling capacity rapidly increased with the intensity of the solar radiation. During beam-exposed period, cooling capacity of FRC system increased from 55.6 W/m2 to 210.0 W/m2 and the proportion of shortwave radiant heat flux qsr reached 84%. Furthermore, solar radiation also deteriorated the non-uniform thermal environment. The FRC system could reduce the mean radiant temperature by the maximum of 8.0 °C. Exposed to the beam solar radiation was the main reason that caused large vertical stratification of temperature and dissatisfaction. The FRC system effectively performed better with the maximum percentage dissatisfied value reduced by 14.76 %. Finally, the energy-saving potential of RC systems was analyzed. After the set-point temperature was corrected, the FRC system reduced the typical day’s energy consumption by 21.7% and annual energy consumption by 12.2%. Appropriate adoption of RC systems is an energy-saving method to improve thermal comfort of indoor environments with high-intensity solar radiation.

SOLAR WATER HEATERS MARKET READINESS & GROWTH INTERVENTIONS

Based on the 2030 Egyptian vision to move towards clean and renewable energy instead of fossil fuels, which are considered the main power source in Egypt. Utilizing solar energy in this transformation is essential as Egypt is awarded high solar radiation intensity. So, moving towards solar water heating is essential at this stage. In this research paper, the current market for water heating in Egypt is displayed. The Solar Water Heating (SWH) market is divided into three segments according to different end users’ applications. The three segments are residential, commercial, and industrial applications. To evaluate the Egyptian market readiness, the SWH Tech-Scope readiness tool is used concerning an international comprehensive benchmark framework. The SWH Tech-Scope readiness tool focuses on four main parameters: SWH support framework, national conditions, financing, and business climate. Moreover, the opportunities and the challenges of the SWH market in Egypt for different usages are identified and evaluated. The SWH market readiness is calculated on a scale of 0 – 5. The calculated overall score of the Egyptian SWH market readiness for the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors is 1.91, 2.05, and 2.14 respectively. Considering the residential, commercial, and industrial markets together, Egypt’s SWH market readiness can be seen as “emerging.” To improve the score, specific actions should be taken. Such as establishing a subsidy program for SWH installations, designing SWH loan programs, setting SWH targets on the national level, designing national outreach campaigns, setting building mandates in all sectors, developing system installer certification.

SOLAR WATER HEATERS MARKET READINESS & GROWTH INTERVENTIONS

Based on the 2030 Egyptian vision to move towards clean and renewable energy instead of fossil fuels, which are considered the main power source in Egypt. Utilizing solar energy in this transformation is essential as Egypt is awarded high solar radiation intensity. So, moving towards solar water heating is essential at this stage. In this research paper, the current market for water heating in Egypt is displayed. The Solar Water Heating (SWH) market is divided into three segments according to different end users’ applications. The three segments are residential, commercial, and industrial applications. To evaluate the Egyptian market readiness, the SWH Tech-Scope readiness tool is used concerning an international comprehensive benchmark framework. The SWH Tech-Scope readiness tool focuses on four main parameters: SWH support framework, national conditions, financing, and business climate. Moreover, the opportunities and the challenges of the SWH market in Egypt for different usages are identified and evaluated. The SWH market readiness is calculated on a scale of 0 – 5. The calculated overall score of the Egyptian SWH market readiness for the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors is 1.91, 2.05, and 2.14 respectively. Considering the residential, commercial, and industrial markets together, Egypt’s SWH market readiness can be seen as “emerging.” To improve the score, specific actions should be taken. Such as establishing a subsidy program for SWH installations, designing SWH loan programs, setting SWH targets on the national level, designing national outreach campaigns, setting building mandates in all sectors, developing system installer certification.

Structural Safety Analysis of Cantilever External Shading Components of Buildings under Extreme Wind Environment

The high intensity of solar radiation and long sunshine time in the Turpan area lead to the necessity of sunshade construction. Sunshade components can effectively block direct solar radiation and the secondary heating of buildings. Through the analysis of the importance and sensitivity of sunshade components, it was found that the importance of sunshade components accounts for the largest proportion of multi-parameters, and the sensitivity of sunshade components accounts for about 60% of the total. At the same time, the change in sunshade length has an important influence on the proportion of air conditioning energy consumption and space comfort when the sunshade length reached the 0.6 m–0.8 m range. The energy consumption curve of air conditioning no longer decreased and tended to be horizontal, which showed that a sunshade could effectively reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning, while the PMV comfort curve gradually increased and tended to be horizontal, indicating that a sunshade could effectively improve indoor comfort; therefore, a sunshade could reduce direct solar radiation, reduce the energy consumption of air conditioning and improve indoor thermal comfort. In view of the extremely harsh climate characteristics of Turpan, although Turpan needs to carry out shading design, as a typical wind-sensitive component, the structural safety of the visor under the action of an extreme wind environment is the primary focus of designers. The design requires wind loads as control loads. Based on the ANSYS Workbench platform, this study used the fluid–structure coupling technology to calculate and solve for the wind load stress and strain of a horizontal sunshade and a vertical sunshade in a cantilevered external sunshade of different buildings orientations. In this study, by solving for the maximum principal stress and maximum principal elastic strain under 10 working conditions, the results showed that the maximum principal stress of the sun visor under all working conditions was 0.39 MPa, which is much smaller than the tensile strength of C25 concrete. The calculated maximum principal elastic strain of the sun visor was 0.12 × 10−4, which is much smaller than the maximum strain value of concrete. Therefore, the wind load under this research condition had no great influence on the structural safety of the concrete sunshade, which proves the structural feasibility of the building sunshade member in the Turpan area, and provides a reference for the future practical engineering of cantilever members in the Turpan area.

Heat Pump Design for Simultaneous Cooling Space and Heating Water Coupled with Earth-Tube Heat Exchanger as Secondary Heat Sink

A heat pump for simultaneous heating and cooling (HPS) is more efficient in energy and beneficial
 in use than a reversible heat pump which works in either direction to provide heating or cooling. A HPS is usually coupled with a thermal storage tank for possibly operating in 3 modes: heating mode, cooling mode, and simultaneous heating and cooling mode. To improve the HPS performance in heating mode or cooling mode, the HPS should be installed an auxiliary equipment in order to reject overheat in the system or to absorb supplemental heat into the system. This paper proposed a design of a HPS for cooling space and hot water production coupled with a horizontally shallow earth-tube heat exchanger as secondary heat sink for Thai residences in which the main components in the design are composed of the condenser and the earth tube heat exchanger. The coefficients of performance (COP) of the HPS were evaluated by the experiments. The results showed that it could work the best performance when it worked in simultaneous cooling and heating mode at the water flow rate of 6.0 L/min with the coefficient of performance (COP) of 6.3±3.1 %. The HPS had high efficiency and it worked continuously in cooling mode when it operated in the nighttime with the average COP of 4.3±14.5 %. However, an efficiency of the HPS was declined when heat gain in the conditioned room is significantly increased by high intensity of solar radiation in the daytime with the average COP of 2.5±14.5 %.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 Energy used for cooling or heating systems such as air-conditioning and hot water production is predominantly effect to total energy use in residential sector in many countries including Thailand
 A heat pump for simultaneous heating and cooling (HPS) for cooling space and hot water production coupled with thermal storage tank and a horizontally shallow earth-tube heat exchanger as secondary heat sink were designed for Thai residences
 This HPS could work the best performance when it worked in simultaneous cooling and heating mode
 For only cooling mode, this HPS worked continuously with high performance when it operated in the nighttime but in the daytime it still worked continuously with lower performance
 
 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT