High-intensity Interval Training Program Research Articles

Exercise intervention as a protective modulator of dyslipidemia in men cigarette smokers

IntroductionTobacco smoking is a major avoidable cause of morbidity. Smoking is one of the important factors which can alter normal lipid profile and it is among the major risk factors in the genesis of coronary atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of high-intensity interval training on blood lipids and serum cotinine in Egyptian male smokers.MethodsOverall, 30 sedentary male smokers with dyslipidaemia, with mean age of 30.16 ± 3.22 years, were enrolled in a high-intensity interval training program calculated as 85–95% of their individualized maximum heart rate. The training program was applied for 30 minutes, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Serum cotinine, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol levels were measured before and after the intervention.ResultsAfter the training program, a significant improvement (decrease) was observed in cotinine, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and total cholesterol (by 39.94%, 7.13%, 5.09%, and 4.72%, respectively). Also, there was a significant improvement (increase) in high-density lipoprotein (by 17.07%).ConclusionsIt is recommended for smokers to participate in high-intensity interval training to improve their lipid profile and decrease cotinine. These factors can play a role in reducing the risk for atherosclerosis.

EFFECTS OF KETTLEBELL HIGH-INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING (HIIT) PROTOCOL ON UPPER-BODY POWER

Background: Upper body powers are the major fitness component of majorities of games which is necessary to improve. Kettle bell swing stimulus for upper body performance is little unique, that is sufficient to increase both maximum strengths with explosive execution. Objective: To evaluate the effects of kettlebell high-intensity interval training protocol on upper body power. Method: The randomized control trials (RCT) on amateur athletes were conducted at I-8 Active Gym at I-8 Markaz Islamabad Pakistan after approval from CEO. Data was collected through non probability convenience sampling technique. A total of n=40 volunteer amateur athletes were recruited without neuromuscular injury in the last 6 months and randomly divided experimental and control groups. The experimental group received Kettelbell Exercises and the participants in the control group, on the other hand, went about their regular lives without engaging in any fitness training. Subjects were assessed before and after 12 weeks using Medicine ball throw tests, measured by distance covered in centimetre (cm) for upper body explosive power. The medicine ball throw test was used to upper body strength. All statistical analyses were calculated by the SPSS statistical package. Result: The mean age of the study participants was 21.66 ±1.71. The mean weight and height were 62.55±4.04 kg and 5.78±0.14 feet respectively. All participants were in the normal BMI range (20.11±0.62). Both groups were comparable at the baseline (p≥0.05) in upper body strength. While after 8th week experimental group showed more significant improvement with large effect size (95.94±9.52 ver. 83.60±11.20, MD=12.34, p=0.001, d=1.07) in upper body power as compare to control group. Conclusion: The Kettle Bell High Intensity Interval Training (KB-HIIT) program is beneficial for enhancing upper body explosive strength. Keywords: High Intensity Interval Training, kettle bell exercises, power, strength.

Changes in serum brain derived neurotrophic factor following high intensity interval training among obese undergraduates

The study examined changes in Serum Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) following High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) programme among obese undergraduates. The pretest-posttest randomized experimental design was employed for the study. The population of the study comprised one hundred and twenty (120) obese undergraduates, out of which a total of twenty-four (24) obese undergraduates made up the sample for the study. Simple random sampling technique was employed to select the participants. The anthropometric profiles of the participants were descriptively analyzed using mean and standard deviation, while independent sample t-test was used to test the hypothesis. Statistical significance was accepted at p value of <0.05. The results obtained indicated an increase in Serum BDNF (1.05 1.4 vs 1.42 2.2) among HIIT group, with no statistical significant difference. It was therefore concluded that the HIIT protocol-initiated alterations in the serum BDNF concentration of the obese undergraduates. HIIT may represent an effective intervention for elevating BDNF levels, as well as potentially promoting brain health. It was recommended that further research with prolonged exercise duration and larger sample size is required to elicit statistical significance, as well as to confirm the finding that increased serum BDNF levels are associated with HIIT intervention among obese undergraduate population.

Effects of a Very Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet and High-Intensity Interval Training on Visceral Fat Deposition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Overfat Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Purpose: This randomized controlled parallel-group study examined the effects of a very low-carbohydrate high-fat (VLCHF) diet and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program over 12 weeks on visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level in overfat individuals.Methods: Ninety-one participants were randomly allocated to the HIIT (N = 22), VLCHF (N = 25), VLCHF+HIIT (N = 25), or control (N = 19) groups for 12 weeks. Body composition and CRF were analyzed before the experimental period and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and graded exercise test (GXT) to volitional exhaustion were used for the body composition and CRF assessments, respectively.Results: There were significant between-group differences in the VAT mass and body composition outcome changes. VAT mass decreased after 12 weeks only in the VLCHF and VLCHF+HIIT groups (p < 0.001, median [95% CI]: VLCHF: −142.0 [−187.0; −109.5] g; VLCHF+HIIT: −104.0 [−135.0; −71.0] g). Similarly, changes in body mass, total body fat, trunk fat mass, waist and hip circumferences were distinctly decreased in the VLCHF and VLCHF+HIIT groups, when compared to HIIT and Control groups. Total lean mass significantly decreased in the VLCHF and VLCHF+HIIT groups (−2.1 [−3.0; −1.6] kg and −2.5 [−3.6; −1.8] kg, respectively) after 12 weeks. While the HIIT program significantly increased total time to exhaustion in the GXT, peak oxygen uptake was unchanged.Conclusions: A VLCHF diet, either in isolation or in combination with HIIT, was shown to induce a significant reduction in VAT mass and body composition variables. HIIT alone did not cause such effects on body composition, but improved exercise capacity. Our findings indicate that the VLCHF diet and exercise training provoked different and isolated effects on body composition and CRF.Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03934476, identifier: NCT03934476.

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Rheumatoid Arthritis CD4+ T Cell Oxidative Metabolism

Persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have poor cardiorespiratory fitness and accelerated biological aging driven by systemic impairments in metabolism and inflammation. In this study of older RA participants, our goal was to identify the effects of a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program on cardiorespiratory fitness and peripheral CD4+ T cell metabolism. We isolated CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells in sedentary female RA participants (n=6; age=64.0+/-6.3 years) who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and phlebotomy before and after 10 weeks of HIIT. HIIT improved RA cardiorespiratory fitness by 6.5+/-6.0% (pre-HIIT VO2 peak=25.1+/-5.1 ml/kg/min, post-HIIT VO2 peak=26.7+/-5.0; p=0.05). As measured by Seahorse XF Mito Stress Test, there were no significant mean changes in CD4+ T cell oxidative (oxygen consumption rate (OCR); pmol/min) or glycolytic (extracellular acidification rate (ECAR); mpH/min) metabolism, however there was large interindividual variability. RA peripheral CD4+ T cells preferred glycolytic metabolism (pre-HIIT mean basal OCR/ECAR ratio=0.78+/-0.13 pmol/mpH), while HIIT non-significantly shifted cellular preference toward oxidative metabolism (post-HIIT mean basal OCR/ECAR ratio=0.86+/-0.16; p=0.30). Increases in RA cardiorespiratory fitness following HIIT were significantly associated with increases in RA peripheral CD4+ T cell OCR/ECAR ratio (Spearman’s rho=1.0, p<0.001) and basal and maximal respiration (rho=0.89, p=0.02 for both). Additionally, increases in CD4+ T cell mitochondrial ATP-linked respiration were significantly associated with increased quantities of circulating naïve CD4+CCR7+CD45RA+ T cells (rho=0.89, p=0.02). Our findings suggest that targeting cardiorespiratory fitness may be key in modulating T cell specific oxidative metabolism and function to prevent immunosenescence in older patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.

Comparison of high intensity interval training with standard cardiac rehabilitation on vascular function.

To compare the short- and long-term effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with usual care moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on systemic vascular function and stiffness in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing a cardiac rehabilitation program. Randomized controlled trial. Fifty-four patients (age=63±8years, 93% male) were randomized to complete 3sessions/week (2supervised, 1home-based) of either (1) 4×4-min HIIT or (2) 40-min MICT, for 4weeks. Patients then continued 3 unsupervised home-based sessions/week of their allocated training for 11months. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, pulse wave velocity, and blood pressure were measured at baseline, 4weeks, 3months, 6months, and 12months. Data were analyzed using linear mixed modeling and are presented as mean change from baseline (95% CI). HIIT showed a greater improvement in flow-mediated dilation compared to MICT after 4weeks [1.5% (0.9, 2.1) vs 0.1% (-0.5, 0.8); p=0.004) but not 12months [1.2% (-0.2, 2.5) vs 0.4% (-0.8, 1.7); p=0.153). There were no short- or long-term group differences for changes in pulse wave velocity, peripheral or central blood pressure between HIIT and MICT after 4weeks, or over 12months. A 4-week HIIT program was superior to MICT for improving vascular function, but not arterial stiffness or blood pressure. Over 12months, changes in vascular function, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness were similar for HIIT and MICT.

Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Quality of Life, Sleep Quality, Exercise Motivation and Enjoyment in Sedentary People with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

(1) Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) people’s health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is affected by glycemic control. Regular exercise is strongly recommended to these patients due to its cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. However, a large percentage of patients with T1DM people present a sedentary behavior because of the fear of a post-exercise hypoglycemia event, lack of time, lack of motivation and the complicated management of exercise, glycemic and insulin dose interaction. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an efficient and safe methodology since it prevents hypoglycemia and does not require much time, which are the main barriers for this population to doing exercise and increasing physical conditioning. (2) Methods: Nineteen sedentary adults (37 ± 6.5 years) with T1DM, were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of either HIIT (12-16-20 × 30-s intervals interspersed with 1-min rest periods) performed thrice weekly, or to the control group, which did not train. HRQoL, sleep quality, exercise motivation and enjoyment were measured as psychological variables. (4) Results: HRQoL improved in physical and social domains, PF (1.9%); PR (80.3%); GH (16.6); SF (34.1%). Sleep quality improved in the HIIT group by 21.4%. Enjoyment improved by 7% and intrinsic motivation was increased by 13%. (5) Conclusions: We suggest that the 6-week HIIT program used in the present study is safe, since no severe hypoglycemia were reported, and an effective strategy in improving HRQoL, sleep quality, exercise motivation and enjoyment which are important psychological well-being factors in T1DM people.

A Study Using Power Cycling on the Affective Responses of a Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Training to Male Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes in Different Physical Activity Status.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown in studies to enhance glucose management and cardiovascular well-being in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this study, we used power cycling to assess the physical activity levels of men with type 2 diabetes during a single low-volume HIIT session. First, fifty-six men with type 2 diabetes volunteered to take part in the study, and they were split into two groups based on the International Physical Activity Scale Short Form (IPA). To the first 1–4 labor bouts, both the sufficiently physically active and insufficiently physically active groups exhibited equal positive emotional reactions (p > 0.05). However, over time (about 5–10 times), both of them showed reduced emotional reactions, with a significant difference (p < 0.01). The insufficiently physically active group had lower mean emotional response, lowest effective response, and maximum effective response values than the sufficiently physically active group (p < 0.001), while the difference in RPE between the two groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). From the standpoint of emotional response, the proposed model shows that HIIT or reduced volume HIIT exercise prescriptions should be utilized with caution in physical activity programs for novices and less active and chronically sick persons. The frequency, intensity, and effects of low-volume HIIT on individuals' emotional reactions and health conditions in the T2DM group are also investigated. Furthermore, this low-volume HIIT program can be successfully applied in the real-world setting of people who are not physically active enough or who are chronically unwell.

High-intensity interval training in high-school physical education classes: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundSchool and Physical Education classes (PEC) are privileged spaces, promoters of positive changes for the rest of life. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is presented as a time-efficient alternative to aerobic training, as it leverages the number of exercise participants, resulting in improvements in health outcomes. Despite the widespread interest in the advantages that the HIIT methodology reveals, there is a lack of randomized controlled studies investigating the impact on adolescents, mainly adressing adolescents’ environment, such as schools. This study aims to evaluate the utility of a HIIT program integrated into high-school PEC, as a strategy that allows students to improve their Physical Fitness, Physical Activity (PA) level, and Motivation for Exercise. MethodsThis study is a two-arm randomized controlled trial design with adolescents from the 10th to 12th grades (15–17 years). The trial will aim to recruit 300 students from 1 secondary school. The HIIT sessions will be applied in the first 10–15 min of each PEC, twice a week, for 16 weeks, ranged from 14 to 20 all-out bouts intervals, adopting a 2:1 work to rest ratio. A cut-point of ≥ 90% of maximal heart rate will be a criterion for satisfactory compliance to high-intensity exercise. A rated perceived exertion scale will be measured in each exercise session to estimate effort, fatigue, and training load. The control group will continue the usual programmed PEC. Study outcomes will be measured at baseline and after the HIIT program. Cardiorespiratory fitness is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include: muscular fitness, PA and motivation for exercise. DiscussionHIIT protocols presents wide applicability in PEC and great adaptation to the facilities. The authors aim to provide novel HIIT protocols for schools.

Interval Training with Different Intensities in Overweight/Obese Adolescent Females.

To compare the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity interval training (MIIT) on hematological and inflammatory markers in youth females, 38 overweight/obese females (16.4±1.0 yrs.) were randomly assigned to HIIT (2×6-8 repetitions of 30 s at 100-110% maximal aerobic speed (MAS), with 30 s active recovery between repetitions at 50% MAS; n=13), MIIT (2×6-8 repetitions of 30 s at 70-80% MAS, with 30 s active recovery between repetitions at 50% MAS; n=13), and a control group (CG, no intervention; n=12). Body composition, blood pressure, maximal heart rate, hematological and inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP], and erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]) markers were assessed in all groups before and following the training program. Results revealed a significant (P<0.05) interaction effect for body composition, systolic blood pressure (SBP), MAS, maximal heart rate, and CRP. Within-group analyses for the HIIT and MIIT groups showed significant improvements in body mass (P=0.009 and P=0.025, respectively), BMI Z-score (P=0.011 and P=0.028, respectively), and MAS (P<0.001 and P=0.011, respectively). The HIIT program showed a significant decrease in body fat (P=0.002), waist circumference (P=0.002), maximal heart rate (P=0.003), SBP (P=0.001), and plasma CRP (P=0.004). In both groups, no significant changes were observed in ESR and hematological markers after intervention. No variable changed in CG. HIIT was the effective method to manage cardiometabolic health and inflammatory disorders in obese youth.

Feasibility and Provisional Efficacy of Embedding High-Intensity Interval Training Into Physical Education Lessons: A Pilot Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of generalist school teachers delivering curriculum connected high-intensity interval training in a school's physical education class time. Two schools volunteered to participate. A total of 84 students (11.9[0.5] y, M = 64 and F = 19) volunteered to participate. Four classes from 2 schools were randomized to either intervention (n = 53) or control (n = 31) for one school term (8 wk). Intervention class teachers participated in a 1-day workshop instructing them how to deliver twice weekly, high-intensity interval training sessions. The control classes continued with their usual physical education curriculum. Recruitment, intervention fidelity, and program satisfaction were assessed. Preliminary efficacy (primary outcome cardiorespiratory fitness) was quantified using generalized linear mixed models, expressed as effect size. A range of secondary outcomes was also assessed. The recruitment rate was 88%. About 84% of the sessions were delivered. The heart rate peak over all sessions was 89.6%(13%) of the predicted maximum. The intervention teachers reported high levels of satisfaction. Almost all student participants were positive about participating. No adverse events occurred. The adjusted between-group difference for cardiorespiratory fitness was trivial (effect size 0.02). This teacher-delivered high-intensity interval training program was feasible and acceptable to both teachers and student participants. It is therefore potentially scalable.

School-based high-intensity interval training programs in children and adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Schools are an opportune location for targeting health behaviour modification in children and adolescents. There is a growing desire to understand the role of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in promoting health and well-being due to recent evidence demonstrating the health benefits of vigorous physical activity. The aims of this systematic review were to examine 1) the effectiveness of school-based HIIT interventions in promoting health outcomes of children and adolescents compared with either a control group or other exercise modality; and 2) the intervention characteristics and process evaluation measures of published school-based HIIT interventions.

Training responsiveness of cardiorespiratory fitness and arterial stiffness following moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities.

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) prompts antiatherogenic adaptations in vascular function and structure. However, there is an extraordinary interindividual variability in response to a standard dose of exercise, wherein a substantial number of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) do not improve CRF. We (1) evaluated the effects of 12-month of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on CRF and arterial stiffness and (2) tested whether an additional 3-month of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) would add to improvements in CRF responsiveness and arterial stiffness. Fifteen adults with mild-to-moderate IDD (male adults=9, 30.1±7.5years old) met 3days per week for 30min MICT for 12months, after which the incidence of CRF responsiveness was calculated (≥5.0% change in absolute peak VO2 ). Thereafter, responders and non-responders started HIIT for 3months with identical daily training load/frequency. Peak VO2 , local and regional indices of arterial stiffness were assessed prior to and after each period. Sixty per cent of the participants were non-responders following MICT, but the incidence dropped to 20% following HIIT (P=0.03). Absolute peak VO2 values reached significant difference from pre-intervention (+0.38±0.08Lmin-1 , P=0.001) only when HIIT was added. Lower limb pulse wave velocity (PWV) decreased following MICT (-0.8±1.1ms-1 , P=0.049), whereas central PWV only decreased following HIIT (-0.8±0.9ms-1 , P=0.013). Cardiorespiratory fitness responsiveness and reductions in PWV to a 12-month MICT period in adults with IDD improved following a period of HIIT programme inducing higher metabolic stress.

Association Between Changes in Serum and Skeletal Muscle Metabolomics Profile With Maximum Power Output Gains in Response to Different Aerobic Training Programs: The Times Study.

Purpose: High heterogeneity of the response of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to standardized exercise doses has been reported in different training programs, but the associated mechanisms are not widely known. This study investigated whether changes in the metabolic profile and pathways in blood serum and the skeletal muscle are associated with the inter-individual variability of CRF responses to 8-wk of continuous endurance training (ET) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT).Methods: Eighty men, young and sedentary, were randomized into three groups, of which 70 completed 8 wk of intervention (> 90% of sessions): ET, HIIT, or control. Blood and vastus lateralis muscle tissue samples, as well as the measurement of CRF [maximal power output (MPO)] were obtained before and after the intervention. Blood serum and skeletal muscle samples were analyzed by 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy (metabolomics). Associations between the pretraining to post-training changes in the metabolic profile and MPO gains were explored via three analytical approaches: (1) correlation between pretraining to post-training changes in metabolites' concentration levels and MPO gains; (2) significant differences between low and high MPO responders; and (3) metabolite contribution to significantly altered pathways related to MPO gains. After, metabolites within these three levels of evidence were analyzed by multiple stepwise linear regression. The significance level was set at 1%.Results: The metabolomics profile panel yielded 43 serum and 70 muscle metabolites. From the metabolites within the three levels of evidence (15 serum and 4 muscle metabolites for ET; 5 serum and 1 muscle metabolites for HIIT), the variance in MPO gains was explained: 77.4% by the intervention effects, 6.9, 2.3, 3.2, and 2.2% by changes in skeletal muscle pyruvate and valine, serum glutamine and creatine phosphate, respectively, in ET; and 80.9% by the intervention effects; 7.2, 2.2, and 1.2% by changes in skeletal muscle glycolate, serum creatine and creatine phosphate, respectively, in HIIT. The most changed and impacted pathways by these metabolites were: arginine and proline metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism for both ET and HIIT programs; and additional alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate metabolism for ET.Conclusion: These results suggest that regulating the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates may be a potential mechanism for understanding the inter-individual variability of CRF in responses to ET and HIIT programs.

High-intensity Interval Training Improves Lipocalin-2 and Omentin-1 Levels in Men with Obesity.

We investigated the effects of 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on selected circulating adipokines and other cardiovascular diseases risks factors in men with obesity. Thirty men with obesity (age: 24.96±3.11 year, BMI: 30.92±1.04 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to HIIT and control groups. The HIIT group participated in a 12-week HIIT program (5×2 min interval bout at an intensity of 85-95% HRmax interspersed by 1 min passive recovery, three times per week), while the control group maintained their usual lifestyles. Blood lipids, insulin resistance, and select serum adipokines were assessed before and after 12 weeks of the intervention period. HIIT improved body composition and lipid profiles (p<0.05) and also decreased fasting insulin levels (p=0.001) and HOMA-IR (p=0.002) levels. Furthermore, HIIT increased levels of lipocalin-2 (p=0.002) while decreasing omentin-1 levels (p=0.001) in men with obesity. Changes in lcn2 and omentin-1 concentrations correlated with the changes in risk factors in the HIIT group (p<0.05). The results indicate that 12 weeks of supervised HIIT significantly improves both circulating concentrations of lcn2 and omentin-1, two recently described adipokines, and risk markers of cardiovascular diseases in men with obesity. Further research is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms involved with these changes.

Effect of Concurrent Training on Body Composition and Gut Microbiota in Postmenopausal Women with Overweight or Obesity.

Menopause tends to be associated with an increased risk of obesity and abdominal fat mass (FM) and is associated with lower intestinal species diversity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a high-intensity interval training and resistance training (HIIT + RT) program on body composition and intestinal microbiota composition in overweight or obese postmenopausal women. Participants (n = 17) were randomized in two groups: HIIT + RT group (3× per week, 12 wk) and control group without any training. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure whole-body and abdominal/visceral FM and fat-free mass. Intestinal microbiota composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing at baseline and at the study end, and the diet was controlled. Compared with sedentary controls, physical fitness (maximal oxygen consumption, peak power output) increased, total abdominal and visceral FM decreased, and segmental muscle mass increased in the training group. Although the HIIT + RT protocol did not modify α-diversity and taxonomy, it significantly influenced microbiota composition. Moreover, various intestinal microbiota members were correlated with HIIT + RT-induced body composition changes, and baseline microbiota composition predicted the response to the HIIT + RT program. HIIT + RT is an effective modality to reduce abdominal/visceral FM and improve physical capacity in nondieting overweight or obese postmenopausal women. Training modified intestinal microbiota composition, and the response to training seems to depend on the initial microbiota profile. More studies are needed to determine whether microbiota composition could predict the individual training response.

High-intensity Interval Training Improves Inflammatory Mediators in Obese Women: Based on the Study of the UCP2 Ala55Val Gene

Background: Increased inflammatory mediators in obesity are associated with metabolic syndrome. Exercise is an effective effort to reduce the incidence of obesity. The High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) program is an exercise which include combination of high-intensity exercise and rest periods. The decrease in body fat levels due to physical training will further affect inflammatory mediators such as IL6 and TNFα. Besides training factor, genetic also play a role on obesity. One of the genes that influence obesity is the UCP2 Ala55Val gene.&#x0D; Objectives: This research aims to see the effect of HIIT on the levels of inflammatory mediators in obese patients based on the study of the Ala55Val UCP2 gene.&#x0D; Methods: This study was a Quasi-Experimental Pre and Post Design Without Control Group. Thirty obese women (BMI≥25 kg/m2) were given High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) as an intervention by comparing the data before and after the intervention. The training intervention was conducted for 12 weeks, consisting of two weeks of adaptation and ten weeks of HIIT intervention. The body weight, BMI and inflammatory mediators (TNFα and IL 6) before and after the intervention were analyzed using the Dependent T-Test and Wilcoxon Test as a nonparametric test. Independent T-Test and Mann Whitney test used to determine the effect of the UCP2 Ala55Val gene on changes in body weight, BMI and the inflammatory mediator. The test results were considered significantly different if p&lt;0.05.&#x0D; Results: Bivariate analysis using Dependent T-Test showed that HIIT significantly improved Body Weight, BMI and IL6 with p=0.0001. Wilcoxon Test showed that HIIT significantly improved TNFα with p=0.0001. Independent T-Test showed no difference in body weight (p=0.719), BMI (p=0.663) and TNFα (p=0.264) improvement in the two genotypes of the UCP2 Ala55Val gene. Mann Whitney Test showed no difference in IL6 (p=0.288) improvement in the two genotypes of the UCP2 Ala55Val gene.&#x0D; Conclusion: The research concluded that the 12-week HIIT interventions improved inflammatory mediators by reducing IL6 and TNFα in obese women. There was no effect of genetic variation on the response to training intervention.

Effects of Low-Volume, High-Intensity Interval Training Compared with Continuous Training on Regional and Global Body Composition in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A post hoc Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on body composition in adults with metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods: This is a post hoc analysis of the randomized clinical trial Intraining-MET. Sixty adults (40–60 years old) were randomized to an MICT (n = 31) or HIIT (n = 29) supervised programme 3 days/week for 12 weeks. MICT sessions were conducted for 36 min at 60% of peak oxygen consumption (VO_2peak). HIIT sessions included 6 intervals at 90% VO_2peak for 1 min, followed by 2 min at 50% VO_2peak. Body composition was assessed with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: Body weight did not change from pre- to post-training in either MICT (78.9 ± 15.6 kg; 77.7 ± 16.5 kg, p = 0.280) or HIIT groups (76.3 ± 13.4 kg; 76.3 ± 13.7 kg, p = 0.964). Body fat percentage and fat mass (FM) decreased post-training in the MICT (−0.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.27 to −1.47 and −0.7 kg; 95% CI: −0.12 to −1.30) and HIIT groups (−1.0%; 95% CI: −0.32 to −1.68 and −0.8 kg; 95% CI: −0.17 to −1.47). Compared to the HIIT programme, MICT significantly reduced android FM (−0.14 kg; 95% CI: −0.02 to −0.26). Lean mass (LM) increased post-training in MICT (+0.7 kg; 95% CI: 0.01–1.41) and HIIT groups (+0.9 kg; 95% CI: 0.12–1.64), but only HIIT increased the trunk LM (+0.6 kg; 95% CI: 0.06–1.20). Conclusions: Both MICT and HIIT reduced FM without changing body weight in adults with MS. MICT had additional benefits by reducing the android FM, whereas HIIT seemed to increase LM. Given the characteristics of the post hoc analysis, further research is required to confirm these results.

INCLUSION OF HIGH INTENSITY INTERVAL TRAINING IN CARDIOVASCULAR REHABILITATION AFTER STROKE: A RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Standard exercise prescriptions recommend moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) for stroke patients. High intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a potentially effective method for increasing cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among clinical populations, but its effectiveness remains to be demonstrated after stroke. This study aimed to compare the effect of a 6-month exercise program with either MICT or a combination of HIIT and MICT and a control group in terms of CRF, cardiovascular risk factors, functionality, cognitive function, anxiety and depression markers with a 12-month follow-up in patients with prior ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). <h3>METHODS AND RESULTS</h3> This randomized controlled trial included 52 participants (mean age: 69.2 ± 10.7) divided into 3 groups: HIIT, MICT and control. Forty participants completed the 12-month follow-up. CRF and secondary outcomes were assessed at baseline after the 6-month intervention and at a 12-month follow-up. A significant interaction effect (p < 0.001) indicate that HIIT and MICT programs provide a similar increase of CRF as compared to the control group. Despite a slight decrease at the 12-month follow-up, this improvement persists 6 months post-exercise (p < 0.01). The two exercise programs also induced a comparable increase in self-reported physical activity and cognitive function as well as a decrease in anxiety and depression markers. Participants in both the HIIT and MICT programs declared a very good degree of acceptability. <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> This randomized control trial demonstrated that a 6-month combination of HIIT and MICT program or a standard MICT exercise program induced a similar improvement in CRF, self-reported physical activity, cognitive functions and anxiety and depression markers among patients prior ischemic stroke or TIA compared to with a control group, suggesting that a combination of HIIT and MICT may be an effective alternative to standard exercise recommendations.

High and Moderate Intensity Aerobic Training Effects on Galectin-3, Pentraxin-3, and Several Inflammatory Mediators Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Women, a Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Galectin-3 and pentraxin-3 are recognized as cardiovascular risk factors, levels of which change in the pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes. The aim of present research was to investigate the high and moderate intensity aerobic training effects on galectin-3, pentraxin-3, and some inflammatory mediators levels in type 2 diabetic women. Methods: Our study was a randomized clinical trial, conducted on the 36 type 2 diabetic women with an average age of 46.95±3.49 years old, randomly assigned to three equal groups, including control, continuous training with moderate-intensity (MICT), and high intensity interval training (HIIT) groups. Both MICT and HIIT program performed three sessions per week over a 12-week period. Training intensity in HIIT and MICT group was 90 and 60-70 percent of maximum heart rate, respectively. Blood samples at the baseline and after the 12-week training intervention were collected and the variables levels were measured via ELISA method. Repeated measures ANOVA test and Tukey post-hoc test were employed for data analysis. The research is documented in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (registration number: IRCT20200729048252N1). Results: Galectin-3 levels significantly decreased in HIIT and MICT groups (p <0.001). However, no significant differences were observed for Pentraxin-3 levels between different group (P=0.306), yet paired t test indicated that Pentraxin-3 levels significantly decreased in HIIT group (P=0.003). In addition, serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) significantly declined in HIIT and MICT groups (p <0.05). Conclusion: HIIT and MICT intervention results in a significant decrease in inflammatory mediators and HIIT protocol was not superior to MICT protocol for observed changes in inflammatory mediators.