High Incorporation Rate Research Articles

Essentialities of Digital Technology Incorporation in Research Tasks by Agro-Researchers in the Southwest Nigerian Farming Zone

The study examined the incorporation of digital technologies in the Nigerian agricultural research system and showed that digital technologies such as digital balance, digital pH meter, phone sensors, and the Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Geographic Information System (GIS), among others, had a high rate of incorporation in agro-research activities in the southwest farming zone of Nigeria. Determinants of such incorporation in agro-research activities were accuracy of data collection, enhancement of research task execution, improvement of research quality, usage convenience and portability of the devices, convenience of usage for data storage, and ease of data retrieval. The Spearman rho correlation test showed a significant correlation between the use of digital oven and its ready availability/accessibility (r = 0.168); digital pH meter and convenient of data storage on the device (r = 0.157); Spectrophotometer and convenient of data storage (r = -0.161); phone sensors and ready availability/accessibility of the device (r = 0.156); use of GPS/GIS and convenience of usage of the devices (r = -0.173) at p<0.05 level. It concluded that only a few of the digital technologies were readily incorporated in research activities by the Nigerian agro-researchers. It was also recommended that application of digital devices in agro-research activities should be intensified for agro-research development in the country.

Posterior glenoid bone grafting in total shoulder arthroplasty for osteoarthritis with severe posterior glenoid wear

Total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) in cases with posterior wear can be addressed by eccentric reaming of the anterior glenoid or by augmenting the posterior glenoid with bone grafting or augmented glenoid implants. We report the results of TSA with posterior glenoid bone grafting (PGBG) with humeral head autograft in patients with shoulder osteoarthritis and severe posterior glenoid wear. A retrospective review of cases from 2004 to 2014 revealed 34 patients. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs were evaluated for glenoid version and humeral head subluxation as well as component loosening. Patient-reported outcomes were compared preoperatively and postoperatively. Complications and reoperations were also evaluated. Of the 34 patients, 28 (82.4%) were available at a minimum of 2 years' follow-up. PGBG corrected glenoid retroversion from -28° ± 4° preoperatively to -4° ± 2° (P < .001). Humeral head subluxation also improved after PGBG with respect to the scapular axis and to the midglenoid face (P < .001). Radiographic analysis revealed all PGBGs had incorporated. Radiographically, 3 patients (10.7%) had a total of 5 broken or displaced screws. In addition, 3 patients (10.7%) had a broken metal marker in the center peg of the glenoid component. No patients required component revision surgery by final follow-up. Only 1 reoperation occurred for capsular release. Patients showed significant improvements in all patient-reported outcomes. Patients undergoing primary TSA with humeral head autograft PGBG showed significant improvements in glenoid version, humeral head subluxation, patient-reported outcomes, and range of motion at an average of 4 years' follow-up. There was a low revision rate and a high rate of graft incorporation.

Effect of physicochemical character differences on the genotoxic potency of kaolin

BackgroundKaolin is white clay mineral with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4, and many varieties of kaolins having different crystal structures are utilized in industrial, cosmetic and medical fields. To evaluate the effect of physicochemical character differences on the genotoxicity of kaolin, two types of kaolin, kaolin-S with smooth, sphere-shaped crystals, and kaolin-P with clusters of thin pseudohexagonal plates, were used in the study.ResultsICR mice were intratracheally instilled with the kaolins (0.05 and 0.2 mg/mouse), and comet assay was performed on their lungs. Both kaolins showed DNA damage in the lungs of the mice, however the DNA damaging potency was much higher with kaolin-P than that with kaolin-S.In order to clarify the mechanisms for the different genotoxic potency, we examined the incorporation rate and ROS generation of these two types of kaolin in alveolar epithelial A549 and macrophage-like RAW264 cells, using flow cytometric (FCM) analysis. Kaolin-P showed a higher incorporation rate into the mammalian cells and ROS generation than that of kaolin-S. Especially, RAW264 cells aggressively incorporated kaolins, and generated ROS, whereas almost no ROS generation was observed in A549 cells. In addition, inflammatory cytokines were quantified, using the ELISA method, to understand further genotoxic potency differences of kaolins. Concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the media were increased by exposure to both kaolins, but in the case of kaolin-P, these inflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated. Based on these findings, differences of genotoxic potency may contribute to incorporation rates into immune cells. Furthermore, it is likely that immune cells and epithelial cells might closely interact with each other for the appearance of genotoxocity in vivo. In order to clarify the interaction between epithelial and immune cells, A549 and RAW264 were co-cultured and RAW264 cells only were exposed to kaolins, then subsequently A549 was applied to FCM analysis and comet assay. DNA damage observed in the A549 cells markedly increased in the presence of kaolin-exposed RAW264 cells compared to the single culture.ConclusionFrom these observations, it is suggested that mechanisms of kaolin genotoxicity against epithelial cells are through the activation of macrophage cells. Therefore, it is thought that interactions between epithelial and immune cells would be very important for evaluation of the genotoxicity of fine particulate matter. We also showed here that co-culture models of epithelial and immune cells could be used as suitable models for evaluation of lung genotoxicity of fine particulate matter, including nanomaterials, as in vivo mimicking systems.

Incorporation of microplastics from litter into burrows of Lumbricus terrestris

Pollution caused by plastic debris is an urgent environmental problem. Here, we assessed the effects of microplastics in the soil surface litter on the formation and characterization of burrows built by the anecic earthworm Lumbricus terrestris in soil and quantified the amount of microplastics that was transported and deposited in L. terrestris burrows.Worms were exposed to soil surface litter treatments containing microplastics (Low Density Polyethylene) for 2 weeks at concentrations of 0%, 7%, 28%, 45% and 60%. The latter representing environmentally realistic concentrations found in hot spot soil locations. There were significantly more burrows found when soil was exposed to the surface treatment composed of 7% microplastics than in all other treatments. The highest amount of organic matter in the walls of the burrows was observed after using the treatments containing 28 and 45% microplastics. The highest microplastic bioturbation efficiency ratio (total microplastics (mg) in burrow walls/initial total surface litter microplastics (mg)) was found using the concentration of 7% microplastics, where L. terrestris introduced 73.5% of the surface microplastics into the burrow walls. The highest burrow wall microplastic content per unit weight of soil (11.8 ± 4.8 g kg-1) was found using a concentration of 60% microplastics. L. terrestris was responsible for size-selective downward transport when exposed to concentrations of 7, 28 and 45% microplastics in the surface litter, as the fraction ≤50 μm microplastics in burrow walls increased by 65% compared to this fraction in the original surface litter plastic. We conclude that the high biogenic incorporation rate of the small-fraction microplastics from surface litter into burrow walls causes a risk of leaching through preferential flow into groundwater bodies. Furthermore, this leaching may have implications for the subsequent availability of microplastics to terrestrial organisms or for the transport of plastic-associated organic contaminants in soil.

Non-Cyanide Electrodeposited Ag–PTFE Composite Coating Using Direct or Pulsed Current Deposition

The effects of FC-4 cationic surfactant on electrodeposited Ag–PTFE composite coating using direct or pulsed currents were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDS), optical microscope, and a linear tribometer. FC-4:PTFE in various ratios were added to a non-cyanide succinimide silver complex bath. Direct or pulsed current method was used at a constant current density to enable comparison between both methods. A high incorporation rate of PTFE was successfully achieved, with pulsed current being highly useful in increasing the amount of PTFE in the composite coating. The study of coating wear under sliding showed that a large majority of the electrodeposited coatings still managed to adhere to the substrate, even after 10 wear cycles of sliding tests. Performance improvements were achieved on all the samples with a coefficient of friction (CoF) between 0.06 and 0.12.

PSY20 - BUDGET IMPACT ANALYSIS OF THE INCORPORATION OF GOLIMUMAB AS AN ADDITIONAL TREATMENT OPTION FOR PATIENTS WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS IN THE BRAZILIAN PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM

Clinical guidelines are available at national level for the treatment of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in the Brazilian public health system (SUS). The present research aims to estimate the budget impact of the incorporation of golimumab (GOL) as an additional biological drug (biological) in these guidelines. A budget impact analysis (BIA) was developed using a three health states Markov model (new/first line, second line and discontinued) with annual cycle length. The budget impact of GOL incorporation was compared to the current scenario, from SUS perspective. Target population was patients either naïve to biological or receiving the first biological, estimated based on DATASUS database. A 5-year time horizon was employed and GOL adoption rate was assumed as 40% in naïve patients at the end of 5 years and 33,3% of patients switching the first biological. Patients discontinuing the second biological remained in ‘discontinued state’ until the end of the analysis. Only drug acquisition costs were considered and prices were gathered from the official government website. Annual treatment costs were calculated following doses/intervals defined in the guidelines. Deterministic sensitivity analysis (DSA) was carried to determine the impact of the assumptions on results. 4,029 naïve patients were eligible to start treatment with biological, 11,220 were receiving the first biological and 1,275 the second one. The BIA estimated that GOL incorporation would bring a saving of R$4.2 million in the first year of incorporation, reaching a total of R$57.5 million savings in 5 years. DSA confirmed the robustness of model and, regardless of the parameter altered, GOL would bring savings to the government budget, ranging from R$33.6 million to R$89.2 million in 5 years. Introduction of GOL in SUS as an option for patients with AS shows potential to bring significant savings to government budget. The higher incorporation rate, the greater the economy.

PSY21 - BUDGET IMPACT ANALYSIS OF THE INCORPORATION OF GOLIMUMAB AS AN ADDITIONAL TREATMENT OPTION FOR PATIENTS WITH PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS IN THE BRAZILIAN PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM

Clinical guidelines are available at national level for the treatment of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in the Brazilian public health system (SUS). The present research aims to estimate the budget impact of the incorporation of golimumab (GOL) as an additional biological drug (biological) in these guidelines. A budget impact analysis (BIA) was developed using a three health states Markov model (new/first line, second line and discontinued) with annual cycle length. The budget impact of GOL incorporation was compared to the current scenario, from SUS perspective. Target population was patients either naïve to biological or receiving the first biological, estimated based on DATASUS database. A 5-year time horizon was employed and GOL adoption rate was assumed as 40% in naïve patients at the end of 5 years and 33,3% of patients switching the first biological. Patients discontinuing the second biological remained in ‘discontinued state’ until the end of the analysis. Only drug acquisition costs were considered and prices were gathered from the official government website. Annual treatment costs were calculated following doses/intervals defined in the guidelines. Deterministic sensitivity analysis (DSA) was carried to determine the impact of the assumptions on results. 3,010 naïve patients were eligible to start treatment with biological, 7,767 were receiving the first biological and 886 the second one. The BIA estimated that GOL incorporation would bring a saving of R$2.4 million in the first year of incorporation, reaching a total of R$39.2 million savings in 5 years. DSA confirmed the robustness of model and, regardless of the parameter altered, GOL would bring savings to the government budget, ranging from R$24.4 million to R$61.9 million in 5 years. Introduction of GOL in SUS as an option for patients with PSA shows potential to bring significant savings to government budget. The higher incorporation rate, the greater the economy.

PSY15 - BUDGET IMPACT ANALYSIS OF THE INCORPORATION OF GOLIMUMAB AS AN ADDITIONAL TREATMENT OPTION FOR NAÏVE PATIENTS WITH PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS IN THE BRAZILIAN PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM

Clinical guidelines are available at a national level for the treatment of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in the Brazilian public health system (SUS). The present research aims to estimate the budget impact of the incorporation of golimumab (GOL) as an additional biological treatment option in these guidelines. A budget impact analysis (BIA) was developed using a two health states Markov model (new/first line and discontinued) with annual cycle length. The budget impact of GOL incorporation was compared to the current scenario, from SUS perspective. Target population was defined as patients naïve to biological treatment and estimated based on DATASUS database. A 5-year time horizon was employed, considering population growth according to IBGE statistics. GOL adoption rate was assumed as 40% at the end of 5 years, with annual discontinuation rate of 25%. Once discontinued, it was assumed patients remain in this state until the end of the analysis. Only drug acquisition costs were considered and prices were gathered from the official government website. Annual treatment costs were calculated following doses/intervals defined in the guidelines. Deterministic sensitivity analysis (DSA) was carried to determine the impact of the assumptions on results. 3,010 naïve patients were eligible to start treatment with biological drugs in the first year. Due to its lower annual treatment cost, the BIA estimated that GOL incorporation would bring a saving of R$633,000 in the first year of incorporation, reaching a total of R$17.7 million savings in 5 years. DSA confirmed the robustness of model and, regardless of the parameter altered, GOL would bring savings to the government budget, ranging from R$13.2 million to R$28.2 million in 5 years. Introduction of GOL in SUS as an option for patients with PsA shows potential to bring significant savings to government budget. The higher incorporation rate, the greater the economy.

Copolymers of Ethylene and Vinyl Amino Acidic Ester with High Molecular Weight Prepared by Non-metallocene Catalysts

Non-metallocene catalysts containing [N, Si, N, P]-type ligands based on diphenyl phosphorus-phenylamine and their derivatives were synthesized and characterized by H(13C) NMR, ESI–MS and micro analysis. They were able to catalyze copolymerization of ethylene with N-acetyl-O-(hex-5-enyl)-l-tyrosine ethyl ester after activated by methylaluminoxane (MAO). Effects of transition metal atoms (Ti, Zr and Hf), ligand structures and polymerization conditions were investigated. The structures and properties of the obtained polymers were characterized by FT-IR, 13C NMR, GPC and DSC. The results indicated that the obtained copolymers had high weight average molecular weight of 2.70 × 105 g/mol and high comonomer incorporation rate of 23.07 wt% within the copolymer chain. The melting temperature of the copolymer was up to 138.6 °C higher than that of the polyethylene.

Metabolic Conversion of Ceramides in HeLa Cells - A Cholesteryl Phosphocholine Delivery Approach.

Ceramides can be delivered to cultured cells without solvents in the form of complexes with cholesteryl phosphocholine. We have analysed the delivery of three different radiolabeled D-erythro-ceramides (C6-Cer, C10-Cer and C16-Cer) to HeLa cells, and followed their metabolism as well as the cell viability. We found that all three ceramides were successfully taken up by HeLa cells when complexed to CholPC in an equimolar ratio, and show that the ceramides show different rates of cellular uptake and metabolic fate. The C6-Cer had the highest incorporation rate, followed by C10-Cer and C16-Cer, respectively. The subsequent effect on cell viability strongly correlated with the rate of incorporation, where C6-Cer had the strongest apoptotic effects. Low-dose (1 μM) treatment with C6-Cer favoured conversion of the precursor to sphingomyelin, whereas higher concentrations (25–100 μM) yielded increased conversion to C6-glucosylceramide. Similar results were obtained for C10-Cer. In the lower-dose C16-Cer experiments, most of the precursor was degraded, whereas at high-dose concentrations the precursor remained un-metabolized. Using this method, we demonstrate that ceramides with different chain lengths clearly exhibit varying rates of cellular uptake. The cellular fate of the externally delivered ceramides are clearly connected to their rate of incorporation and their subsequent effects on cell viability may be in part determined by their chain length.

High Rate of Hydrogen Incorporation in Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes during Initial Stages of Growth Quantified by Elastic Recoil Detection

We quantified the amount of hydrogen in as-grown vertically aligned multiwall CNTs at different stages of growth using elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA). We suggest that hydrogen is associated with atomic defects and/or amorphous carbon impurities formed at earlier deposition stages. We found that the highest amount of hydrogen (2.3 wt %) was incorporated during the initial growth stage (15–20 s). Our results show a decrease of hydrogen content with increasing deposition time and/or with decreasing growth rate, which points to dynamical self-annealing of hydrogen-saturated defects. Consequently, the decrease of hydrogen-related defects leads to a higher quality of MWCNTs, which can be easily detected by ERDA. This research provides new insight into the nanotube growth mechanism and provides a new characterization approach for quantifying hydrogen-saturated atomic defects in MWCNTs.

Copolymerization of Ethylene and Vinyl Amino Acidic Ester Catalyzed by Titanium and Zirconium Complexes

A series of titanium and zirconium complexes with ligands based on di-isopropyl phosphorus-phenylamine and their derivatives were synthesized and characterized. These catalysts were utilized to catalyze the copolymerization of ethylene with N-acetyl-O-(dec-9-enyl)-L-tyrosine ethyl ester with high catalytic activity of 6.63 × 104 g P (mol Ti)−1 h−1 after activation by methylaluminoxane (MAO). The effects of ligand structure, metal atoms (Ti, Zr) and polymerization conditions were investigated in detail. The obtained polymers were characterized by 13C-NMR, DSC, FT-IR, and GPC. The results showed that the obtained copolymer had a high comonomer incorporation rate of 2.56 mol % within the copolymer chain. The melting temperature of the copolymer was up to 138.9 °C, higher than that of the obtained homopolyethylene.

Effects of straw incorporation on the stratification of the soil organic C, total N and C:N ratio in a semiarid region of China

The soil degradation caused by conventional tillage in rain-fed areas of northwest China is known to reduce crop yields because of major losses of soil organic carbon and nutrients. To evaluate the effects of straw incorporation on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (STN) sequestration capacity in loessial soil, we investigated the effects of straw incorporation on SOC, STN and crop yield in semiarid areas of southern Ningxia for a 4-year period (2007–2010). Four treatments were tested: (i) no straw incorporation (NA); (ii) incorporation of maize straw at a low rate of 4.5Mgha−1yr−1 (LA); (iii) incorporation of maize straw at a medium rate of 9.0Mgha−1yr−1 (MA); and (iv) incorporation of maize straw at a high rate of 13.5Mgha−1yr−1 (HA). In the final year (2010), the results showed that the mean soil bulk density in the 0–60cm depth had decreased with high, middle, and low straw incorporation rate treatment compared with no straw incorporation treatment (NA) by 3.7% (P<0.05), 3.4% (P<0.05), and 2.0%, respectively. Straw incorporation increased the concentration and storage of SOC and STN, which were ranked in order of increasing straw incorporation: high/middle straw incorporation rate treatment>low straw incorporation rate treatment>no straw incorporation treatment. The mean soil C:N ratio was significantly higher with straw incorporation, i.e., 6.9% higher than no straw incorporation treatment. Straw incorporation significantly (P<0.05) increased the stratification ratio of SOC, STN, and soil C:N ratio from the surface (0–10cm) to all depths compared with NA, i.e., the stratification ratio of SOC at the 0–10:20–40cm depth increased with HA, MA and LA by 11.3% (P<0.05), 10.7% (P<0.05), and 4.4%, respectively, compared with no straw incorporation treatment (NA).

Nucleotides with Altered Hydrogen Bonding Capacities Impede Human DNA Polymerase η by Reducing Synthesis in the Presence of the Major Cisplatin DNA Adduct

Human DNA polymerase η (hPol η) contributes to anticancer drug resistance by catalyzing the replicative bypass of DNA adducts formed by the widely used chemotherapeutic agent cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin). A chemical basis for overcoming bypass-associated resistance requires greater knowledge of how small molecules influence the hPol η-catalyzed bypass of DNA adducts. In this study, we demonstrated how synthetic nucleoside triphosphates act as hPol η substrates and characterized their influence on hPol η-mediated DNA synthesis over unmodified and platinated DNA. The single nucleotide incorporation efficiency of the altered nucleotides varied by more than 10-fold and the higher incorporation rates appeared to be attributable to the presence of an additional hydrogen bond between incoming dNTP and templating base. Finally, full-length DNA synthesis in the presence of increasing concentrations of synthetic nucleotides reduced the amount of DNA product independent of the template, representing the first example of hPol η inhibition in the presence of a platinated DNA template.

Further observations on the activity of Y chromosome heterochromatin in Rumex thyrsiflorus

Observation of premeiotic nuclei of plants containing different numbers (from one to five) of Y chromosomes reveal that is such plants prior to meiosis all Y chromosomes are in fuzzy state, while in nuclei of tapetal cells or nuclei from anther stalk the number of big chromocentres is directly correlated with the number of Y chromosomes in given plants. This finding provides a further indication of genetic activity of Y chromosomes in this particular stage of the life cycle (premeiosis). Another indication of genetical activity of Y chromosomes was obtained from analysis of the rate of RNA synthesis in premeiosis. It was found that PMC's in the last premeioitc interphase exhibit a high rate of 3H-uridine incorporation. Thus in PMC's the fuzzy appearance of Y chromosomes coincides with intensive RNA synthesis.

Effect of antimony on growth mode and properties of thick InGaN layers

A comprehensive study on the effect of antimony on growth mode and crystal properties of thick InGaN layers grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy is presented. Two growth regimes are identified by atomic force microscopy: while already minor antimony precursor flux induces the stabilization of {101¯1} facets, the application of increased fluxes leads to the growth of nanoscopic islands which suppresses the typically observed V-pit formation and thus decreases the layer roughness. Further on, high incorporation rates of antimony cause to concentrations of up to 0.74%, at standard InGaN growth conditions, are revealed. The obtained results on the impact of antimony incorporation provide evidence that the generally assumed true surfactant behavior of antimony for InGaN growth has to be reconsidered since it significantly affects structural and luminescence properties.

Production of Structured Triacylglycerols from Perilla Seed Oil and Tripalmitin Catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM

Unsaturated free fatty acids (UFFAs), which are rich inα-linolenic and omega-3 fatty acids, were obtained by alkali hydrolysis and urea complexation methods from perilla seed oil and used as the acyl donor to produce structured triacylglycerols (STAGs) catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM. The results indicated that the content ofα-linolenic acid was increased to 73.16 % after urea complexation methods. The highest incorporation rate ofα-linolenic acid was 58.78 %, which were achieved under the optimum conditions: a molar mass ratio of tripalmitin to UFFAs of 1:12, a reaction time of 48 h and a temperature of 60 °C.

Pogostol biosynthesis by the endophytic fungus Geniculosporium.

Six (13)C-labelled isotopomers of mevalonolactone were synthesised and used in feeding experiments with the endophytic fungus Geniculosporium. The high incorporation rates of (13)C-label into a sesquiterpene that was found in headspace extracts of the fungus enabled unambiguous identification of this volatile as pogostol without the need for compound purification, simply by collecting the volatile fraction with a closed-loop stripping apparatus followed by direct (13)C NMR analysis (CLSA-NMR). The feeding experiments also gave insights into the biosynthesis of pogostol, including stereochemical aspects of the terpene cyclisation reaction. The possible biological function of pogostol is discussed.

Principle Component and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Soil Properties following Biochar Incorporation

Soil degradation has become a major problem in agricultural systems worldwide. It is thus critical to develop new, effective soil amendments to improve soil properties. In this study, soil incubation experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of biochar on soil chemical and biochemical properties combined with the statistical techniques of principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Biochars derived from four types of feedstocks were added to Psammaquent, Plinthudult, and Paleudalf soils at rates of 1 and 3% for incubation. After 180 d, biochars increased the soil total C, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable base cations, and pH and decreased the exchangeable Al, while the changes in exchangeable inorganic N and the soil microbial biomass were complicated in different soils and biochars. The effect of biochars on soil properties were: swine manure biochar > pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] peel biochar = rape (Brassica campestris L.) straw biochar > reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.] straw biochar. The most susceptible parameters influenced by biochar addition in the Psammaquent soil were acidity-related properties, whereas it was both N species and acidity-related properties for the Plinthudult and Paleudalf soils. The higher incorporation rate caused large changes in soil properties and the overall properties of the Psammaquent soil were more easily influenced by biochars than the Plinthudult and Paleudalf soils. In conclusion, biochar appeared more appropriate to correct the acidity in the Psammaquent soil, whereas it also affected N species changes in the Plinthudult and Paleudalf soils. The swine manure biochar had the greatest amelioration effect on the properties of the three soils.

Fatty acid biosynthesis from glutamate and glutamine is specifically induced in neuronal cells under hypoxia

Hypoxia is involved in many neuronal and non-neuronal diseases, and defining the mechanisms for tissue adaptation to hypoxia is critical for the understanding and treatment of these diseases. One mechanism for tissue adaptation to hypoxia is increased glutamine and/or glutamate (Gln/Glu) utilization. To address this mechanism, we determined incorporation of Gln/Glu and other lipogenic substrates into lipids and fatty acids in both primary neurons and a neuronal cell line under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and compared this to non-neuronal primary cells and non-neuronal cell lines. Incorporation of Gln/Glu into total lipids was dramatically and specifically increased under hypoxia in neuronal cells including both primary (2.0- and 3.0-fold for Gln and Glu, respectively) and immortalized cultures (3.5- and 8.0-fold for Gln and Glu, respectively), and 90% to 97% of this increase was accounted for by incorporation into fatty acids (FA) depending upon substrate and cell type. All other non-neuronal cells tested demonstrated decreased or unchanged FA synthesis from Gln/Glu under hypoxia. Consistent with these data, total FA mass was also increased in neuronal cells under hypoxia that was mainly accounted for by the increase in saturated and monounsaturated FA with carbon length from 14 to 24. Incorporation of FA synthesized from Gln/Glu was increased in all major lipid classes including cholesteryl esters, triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, free FA, and phospholipids, with the highest rate of incorporation into triacylglycerols. These results indicate that increased FA biosynthesis from Gln/Glu followed by esterification may be a neuronal specific pathway for adaptation to hypoxia. We identified a novel neuronal specific pathway for adaptation to hypoxia through increased fatty acid biosynthesis from glutamine and glutamate (Gln/Glu) followed by esterification into lipids. All other non-neuronal cells tested demonstrated decreased or unchanged lipid synthesis from Gln/Glu under hypoxia. Incorporation of other lipogenic substrates into lipids was decreased under hypoxia in neuronal cells. We believe that this finding will provide a novel strategy for treatment of oxygen and energy deficient conditions in the neuronal system.