Higher Incidence Of Obesity Research Articles

Metabolic syndrome and cancer: holistic or reductionist?

Metabolic syndrome has become a major public health problem worldwide and represents a common clinical condition in countries with a high incidence of obesity and western dietary patterns. Metabolic syndrome associates with common cancers at many sites, including liver, colorectal, and bladder cancers in men, and endometrial, pancreatic, breast post-menopausal, and colorectal cancers in women. However, the role played by each single component of the syndrome on cancer risk is still unclear. For endometrial cancer, obesity and/or high circumference waist explain all the risk associated with the full metabolic syndrome, while for post-menopausal breast cancer, the risk conveyed by metabolic syndrome appears to be greater than its parts, as no single component explains the full risk associated with the syndrome. Future research should cover other avenues in order to elucidate the complexity of biological processes linking metabolic syndrome and cancer.

Reduced Work Capacity in Individuals with Down Syndrome

Low work capacity and V˙O2peak commonly are described phenomena in Down syndrome. This is accompanied by chronotropic incompetence and a high incidence of obesity. Although many causes of low work capacity in Down syndrome have been proposed, little scientific support exists. Our working hypothesis is that autonomic dysfunction is the major contributor to the low levels of work capacity in this population.

Disrupting rhythms: diet-induced obesity impairs diurnal rhythms in metabolic tissues.

Circadian rhythms are essential processes that coordinate the timing of basic organismal functions at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels. Oscillations are generated by the core molecular clock, which is composed of transcriptional activators (such as Bmal1 and Clock ) and repressors (such as the Period gene family). These activators are present in many types of central and peripheral tissues, including the liver (1) and adipose tissue (2). The oscillations of the core clock then regulate the rhythmic expression of other genes, such as those involved in insulin production (3), which in turn contributes to physiological rhythms in insulin secretion (4), as well as glucose and leptin levels (5,6). Under normal conditions, these rhythms are entrained by the 24-h cycles of light exposure and feeding behavior. However, a growing body of literature has begun to link circadian misalignment with human disease, including metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction. A study of polymorphisms in the Clock gene in humans revealed that the molecular clock may play a role in cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes (7). Indeed, misalignment of environmental and endogenous rhythms, as seen in nighttime shift-workers, has revealed that this population has a higher incidence of obesity and diabetes (8). Simulated circadian misalignment mimicking shift work in humans results in disturbed metabolism as exemplified by decreased leptin, increased glucose …

Role of Fat Feeding on the Diabetic Albino Rats

Aim of the work: The nutrition of developing countries are rapidly changed and associated with high incidence of obesity as well as the metabolic syndrome and type 2diabetes. There is an increased intake of high caloric foods rich in refined carbohydrates, fats and red animal proteins instead of low caloric foods rich in fibers and containing low fats. This study aimed at the evaluation of effect of animal fats on the diabetic rats. Material and methods: This study was performed on forty eight albino rats (their body weight was 190 ± 10 grams) divided equally into four groups. Two groups (III & IV) were given intravenous streptozotocin in a concentration of 60 mg /Kg. B.W. for three days in order to induce diabetes through the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells. Non-diabetic rats (group I) were given the laboratory diet (LD) while the non-diabetic second group of rats received an emulsion rich in fat. Third group diabetic animals were fed on the laboratory diet (LD) while group IV diabetic rats were received high-fat (HF) emulsion in the same dosage as group II. C-peptide (ng/ml), blood glucose (mg/ dl), serum triglycerides (TG; mmol/l) and total cholesterol (TC; mmol/l) were assessed before the beginning of this experiment and also once every two weeks for four months in non-fasted diabetic and non diabetic counterparts. Moreover, kidneys and liver were examined histopathologically to detect fatty intracellular accumulation and any other changes.

Prevalence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Benue State, Nigeria

To evaluate demographic variation in the prevalence of overweight (OW) and obesity (OB) among 3240 children and adolescents (girls: n = 1714; boys: n = 1526) aged 9-16 years attending primary and secondary schools in Benue State of Nigeria. Participants' anthropometric characteristics (body weight, stature, body mass index: BMI and lean body mass: LBM) were determined using standard protocols. OW and OB were estimated using International Obesity task Force diagnostic criteria. Data were analysed with one-way anova and binary logistic regression method. Overall, 88.5%, 9.7% and 1.8% of the adolescents had normal BMI and were OW and obese, respectively. Prevalence of OW was higher among girls (20.3%) than boys (16.2%), whereas a relatively higher incidence of OB was noted among the boys (3.5%). Girls in urban areas had a significantly higher BMI (t524 = 3.61, P = 0.002) than their rural peers, but the rural girls were more significantly OW than their urban counterparts (BMI: t1186 = 2.506). Logistic regression models assessing the influence of age, gender and location on OW/OB in children (α(2) (3, N = 1014) = 6.185, P = 0.103) and adolescents (α(2) (3, N = 2226) = 1.435, P = 0.697) did not turn up significant results. In the gender-specific analysis, the younger boys' model was also not significant (α(2) (2, N = 488) = 1.295, P = 0.523) in contrast to the girls' (α(2) (2, N = 526) = 15.637, P = 0.0005), thus discriminating between OW and healthy weight among the children. Overall, the model explained 2.9-4.4% of the variance in weight status and correctly classified 76.8% of the cases. Age wise, the model yielded a significant odds ratio of 1.49, suggesting that the likelihood of being OW increases by a factor of 1.5 with a unit increase in age. Also, the likelihood of an urban girl becoming OW or obese was 0.57 times that of a rural girl. In general, girls in urban areas had higher prevalence of OW and OB than girls in rural settings. Among the boys, similar but less marked trends were found, except that the rural boys tended to be more OW on average than their peers in urban areas. In view of its public health significance, it is important to periodically evaluate the prevalence of weight disorders in children and adolescents so that appropriate preventative strategies can be instituted.

Obesity in show dogs

Obesity is an important disease with a growing incidence. Because obesity is related to several other diseases, and decreases life span, it is important to identify the population at risk. Several risk factors for obesity have been described in the literature. A higher incidence of obesity in certain breeds is often suggested. The aim of this study was to determine whether obesity occurs more often in certain breeds. The second aim was to relate the increased prevalence of obesity in certain breeds to the official standards of that breed. To this end, we investigated 1379 dogs of 128 different breeds by determining their body condition score (BCS). Overall, 18.6% of the show dogs had a BCS >5, and 1.1% of the show dogs had a BCS>7. There were significant differences between breeds, which could be correlated to the breed standards. It warrants firm discussions with breeders and judges in order to come to different interpretations of the standards to prevent overweight conditions from being the standard of beauty.

Analysis Of The Metabolic Changes Occurring During The Development Of Metabolic Disorder Induced By A High‐Fat Diet

The high incidence of obesity and metabolic disorders are caused, principally, by a high fat diet (HFD) and a high‐sweetened beverage consume. The characterization of the metabolic changes that appear during the development of metabolic syndrome are subjected to numerous studies but they are not completed. It is important to investigate these biochemical and metabolic changes, those results would identify metabolites that could be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. For our studies, we used an animal model, the obesity was induced by feeding a commercial diet (nu3Lab 22‐5) supplemented with 15% saturated fat and 15% fructose. Physical and biochemical data were registered monthly and every three months blood samples were withdrawn. The serum from the samples was analyzed by HPLC using a non‐focused metabolomic analysis. Since the six months, it was observed that the animals had a considerable gain of body weight with a high relationship with different metabolic alterations, such as an increased level of basal glucose, an extended glucose tolerance curve and high amount of serum triglycerides. We also observed differences in the metabolic profile for the animal model. It is expected to identify through a focused metabolomic analysis, the metabolites that could be possible obesity and metabolic disorders biomarkers. (A.V.R. and I.S. received a CONACYT and COFAA‐IPN scholarships; the financial support came from SIP‐IPN and QRO‐2008‐CO2‐10090, CONACYT, Mexico).

Gemistocytic Astrocytoma With PNET Tumor Arising Within a Mature Ovarian Teratoma and Seeding Metastasis in a Premenarchal Girl

AYAW who underwent a 2-hour OGTT showed normal glucose levels at fasting and 2 hours, but a mean average fasting insulin and mean average 2 hour insulin level above published normative values. Conclusions: There is a significantly higher incidence of obesity in those undergoing surgery for PBCs in a pediatric gynecologic practice compared to other gynecologic surgery. Furthermore, there may be an association with these women having hyperinsulinemia. The mechanism(s) responsible for the association between obesity, hyperinsulinemia and developing PBCs in these patients has yet to be determined. Awareness of this association may prompt physicianswho operate on these youngwomen to evaluate them for risk of diabetes and/or development of worsening obesity in the future.

Lymphatic Complications after Varicose Veins Surgery: Risk Factors and how to Avoid Them

Lymphatic complication (LC) after varicose veins (VVs) surgery is an annoying event with a variable frequency in the literature. Retrospective study reviewing all surgeries carried out for VVs from January 2000 to October 2010. Postoperative LC we reported: lymphatic fistula, lymphocele including the minor ones and lymphoedema. During the period studied, 5407 surgical procedures for VVs were performed in 3407 patients (74.7% women) with a mean age of 53.4 years. A postoperative LC occurred in 118 cases (2.2%): lymphocele on limb in 1.3%, inguinal LC (fistula or lymphocele) in 0.7% and a lymphoedema in 0.2%. The population with a LC was older (59.6 vs. 53.3 years, P < 0.05), had a higher frequency of C4-C6 (22.0% vs. 6.5%, P < 0.05), a higher incidence of obesity (31.4% vs. 5.4%, P < 0.05) and was more often treated by a redo surgery or a crossectomy stripping (48.3% vs. 13.4% and 38.1% vs. 21.8%, respectively, P < 0.05). We have observed a dramatic decrease in incidence of LC after January 2004 (1.3% vs. 5.3%, P < 0.05) corresponding to a new surgical practice for the treatment of VVs: stripping, crossectomy and redo surgery at the groin were less frequent (74.6% vs. 7.7%, 74.6% vs. 0.2% and 11.3% vs. 0.1%, respectively, P < 0.05), while isolated phlebectomy was more often performed during this period (78.4% vs. 8.4%, P < 0.05). LC after VVs surgery is not rare but frequently limited to lymphocele on limbs. Older age, more advanced clinical stage and obesity were associated with a higher frequency of LC. A mini-invasive and selective surgery has significantly reduced the occurrence of LC.

Markers of Recurrence and Long-Term Morbidity in Craniopharyngioma: A Systematic Analysis of 171 Patients

Craniopharyngiomas are often associated with an unfavorable prognosis, but data on their long-term consequences are sparse. The aim of the study was to identify markers of recurrence and factors associated with compromised social rehabilitation and altered quality of life in a large cohort of patients with either childhood-onset (CO) or adult-onset craniopharyngioma. Retrospective analysis was performed for 171 patients treated for craniopharyngioma in two academic centers in France between 1972 and 2009. For each subject, data were collected concerning clinical presentation, imaging features, visual sequelae, endocrine and metabolic impact, treatment modalities (surgery, radiotherapy), recurrence-free survival rate, and social insertion, as well as answers to the WHO-QOL BREF questionnaire. A total of 65 CO and 106 adult-onset patients were reviewed. If CO was diagnosed before the age of 10 yr, this was associated with a higher incidence of obesity, blindness, and panhypopituitarism, and only 40.7% of subjects had adequate work or school attendance compared to 72.4% of patients with later disease onset. Initial symptoms of intracranial hypertension (SIHT), pterional surgery, and multiple surgery were associated with obesity and poorer social insertion. No determinant of quality of life was identified. In the subgroup of patients treated in the 1990s and later, the progression rate was 59.4% in patients with residual tumor on magnetic resonance imaging compared with a 19.8% recurrence rate in the group with apparently complete resection. Recurrence/progression correlates significantly with male gender, early onset (before 10 yr), and SIHT, but only SIHT at presentation remained a significant predictor with multivariate analysis. Craniopharyngioma continues to be associated with severe outcomes. Higher morbidity rates are found in patients with early-onset disease (before 10 yr), initial SIHT, or in whom pterional surgery was required. Markers of recurrence are difficult to identify, with SIHT being the most powerful predictor.

Phytochemicals with potential effects in metabolic syndrome prevention and therapy

Metabolic syndrome represents a clustering of risk factors related to an elevated danger of cardiovascular diseases and type 2. diabetes. The high incidence of obesity, the key risk factor in metabolic syndrome, and the lack of safe pharmaceutical agents have fuelled an increase in research related to anti-metabolic syndrome drugs. Phytochemicals have biological properties such as antioxidant, modulation of detoxification enzymes, stimulation of the immune system, reduction of platelet aggregation and modulation of hormone metabolism. These compounds include vitamins, comprising of vitamin C, D and E, flavonoids, phenolic acids, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Furthermore, the latest discoveries and studies on the molecular mechanism of these phytochemicals suggested their potential positive effect in the prevention and treatment of obesity and other risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. They should be incorporated in food ingredients, dietary supplements, or drug preparations. The main focus of this article is to review the available information on various aspects of phytochemicals, with special reference to their effectiveness in risk reduction of the metabolic syndrome and obesity-related diseases.

P2-16-12: Skin Reducing Nipple Sparing Mastectomy – A Treatment Option for Patients with Significant Ptosis or Macromastia.

Abstract Background: With new data showing the oncologic safety of nipple sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction - nipple sparing mastectomies are now offered to an increasing number of mastectomy patients. Unfortunately cosmetically acceptable reconstruction of nipple sparing mastectomies is technically limited to women with perfect breast anatomy - where the skin envelope shows no or little redundancy and where the nipple areolar complex is located in the perfect location on the breast mount. Especially in countries with a high incidence of obesity and associated macromastia only a small percentage of women fall into this category. A high percentahge of patients who would otherwise be good candidates for nipple sparing procedures are excluded based on their unfavorable breast anatomy. We describe a surgical technique that reduces the redundant mastectomy skin envelope in a breast reduction pattern and places the native nipple areolar complex as a free skin graft into proper anatomical position. This technique in conjunction with implant or autologous reconstruction combines the benefits of shorter better vascularized skin flaps with the cosmetic and emotional benefits of preserving the nipple areolar complex even in the anatomically difficult cases. Methods: To investigate the safety and efficiency of this method we reviewed medical records of 40 patients who underwent 60 nipple preserving skin reducing mastectomies over the last 4 years. All procedures were performed by the senior author and follow up ranged from 4 weeks to 50 months. The charts were analyzed for the occurrence of complications such as infection, seroma, hematoma, mastectomy flap necrosis, nipple-areolar loss and loco regional recurrence. All patients were asked to rate their reconstruction on a scale of poor- good - excellent. Results: In 60 reconstructed breasts we encountered one case of seroma, four cases of limited mastectomy flap necrosis treated with local wound care and one case of partial areolar necrosis treated with local excision. No loco regional recurrences, hematomas or infections were encountered. Out of the group of 40 patients, 31 patients rated their result as excellent, 8 as good, and one as poor. Conclusion: Our results compare favorably with data published in the literature. Patient satisfaction rates are high and complication rates are low in a patient population that historically has been a challenge for the breast surgeon, as well as, the plastic surgeon. The use of a skin reducing mastectomy in conjunction with a free nipple graft enables the breast surgeon to offer nipple sparing procedures for all patients who are good oncological candidates regardless of their breast anatomy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-16-12.

ELSa interventional portuguese health program to promote physical activity

The aim of the communication was to present the baseline data from incidence of obesity, eating habits, physical activity and sedentary behaviour, before ELSa, interventional Portuguese health program. The sample was composed of 496 children (238 girls and 258 boys) with an average 7.7 (± 2.5) years of age. Thinness, overweight and obesity were calculated by using the BMI and the cut off of Cole et al., 24 h dietary recalls and a general questionnaire was completed by the parents to provide information about eating habits, sedentary behaviour and physical activity. The results indicated high incidence of overweight and obesity, many hours in screen activities and low level of physical activity. The eating habits seemed healthy, but our children's lifestyles were sedentary. To combat the high incidence of obesity it is very urgent to design a multi-level intervention aimed to modify key behaviours: physical activity, screen time and nutrition.

Clinical and biochemical presentation of polycystic ovary syndrome in women between the ages of 20 and 40

The clinical features and metabolic complications of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may change with age. This study was designed to investigate the clinical and biochemical characteristics of PCOS patients between the ages of 20 and 40. The study included 781 Taiwanese women, of whom 453 were diagnosed with PCOS and 328 were non-PCOS controls. Anthropometric components, androgens, endocrine, insulin resistance, and metabolic components were measured and correlated with age. Above parameters were compared between younger and elder women with PCOS. Age had significant negative correlations with androgens (total testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate), the modified Ferriman-Gallwey score and the prevalence of acne and hirsutism. Age had significant positive correlations with fasting glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein. The 453 women who fulfilled diagnostic criteria for PCOS were classified by age into two groups: Group A (20-29 years old, n= 294) and Group B (30-40 years old, n= 159). Group A had significantly higher total testosterone levels than Group B. Group B had higher fasting insulin and glucose levels, triglycerides, body mass index and waist measurements and a higher incidence of obesity than Group A. The average ovarian volume was not significantly different among the two groups. Increased age is accompanied by a decrease in the prevalence of both clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism in women. Hyperandrogenism is the important factor for young women with PCOS; however, abdominal obesity and certain metabolic disturbances became major concerns for older women with PCOS.

High incidence of obesity co‐morbidities in young children: A cross‐sectional study

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children is a public health problem because of future morbidity. However, the prevalence of medical complications in overweight and obese primary school children in Australia is not well documented. As part of the larger, prospective cohort Growth and Development Study, this report aimed to identify the medical complications of obesity in a population-based community sample of primary school-aged children. Two groups of primary school children were studied: a random community sample of overweight/obese children (not seeking treatment) and a matched community sample of normal weight children. Demographics, medical history, family history and symptoms of complications of overweight were collected. Children had a physical examination, oral glucose tolerance tests with insulins, fasting lipid profiles and liver function tests. Data from 283 children are presented (6.1-13.4 years, mean 9.8 years). There were no differences in birth data, family composition, parental age or socio-economic status between groups. Overweight and obese children were more likely to complain of musculoskeletal pain, depression, anxiety and bullying, and had more adverse examination findings than control children. They also had more abnormal investigations: overweight children: impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) 1.3%, hyperinsulinism 19.5%, dyslipidaemia 63.8%, raised alanine transaminase (ALT) 9.0%; obese children: IGT 5.3%, hyperinsulinism 38.9%, dyslipidaemia 73.7%, raised ALT 31.6%. Overweight and obese primary school-aged children have significant medical complications of their weight status. Overweight children, in addition to obese children, should be screened for complications. A secondary finding is a high proportion of normal weight children with lipid levels outside desirable healthy ranges.

Antidiabetika

The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the last years is mainly attributable to an increase in life expectancy and the high incidence of obesity. Nearly 90% of all type 2 diabetic patients in Germany are overweight or obese. The attributable risk of obesity in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus is approximately 70%. Oral anti-diabetic drugs like sulfonylurea, glinides, and glitazones as well as insulin increase body weight within years by up to 8 kg with damaging side effects on cardiovascular organs. Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors do not affect body weight and metformin as well as glucagon like peptid 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists decrease it. A reduction in body weight by changes in life style is effective but only a few overweight patients achieve the therapeutic goals. By using anti-diabetic drugs as monotherapy or in combination with other anti-diabetic compounds body weight, glycemic control and other cardiovascular risk factors may be influenced favorably.

Obesity and craniopharyngioma

An epidemic of pediatric obesity has occurred across the world in recent years. There are subgroups within the population at high-risk of becoming obese and especially of having experience of precocious cardiovascular and metabolic co-morbidities of obesity. One of these subgroups comprises patients treated for childhood cancers and namely survivors of craniopharyngioma. The high incidence of obesity in this group makes these patients an important disease model to better understand the metabolic disturbances and the mechanisms of weight gain among cancer survivors. The hypothalamic-pituitary axis damage secondary to cancer therapies or to primary tumor location affect long-term outcomes. Nevertheless, the aetiology of obesity in craniopharyngioma is not yet fully understood. The present review has the aim of summarizing the published data and examining the most accepted mechanisms and main predisposing factors related to weight gain in this particular population.

Brown adipose tissue growth and development: significance and nutritional regulation

The last decade has witnessed a profound resurgence in brown adipose tissue (BAT) research. The need for such a dramatic increase stems from the ever-growing trend toward global obesity. Indeed, it is currently estimated that rates of obesity in developed countries such as the United States exceed 35% of the population (1). The higher incidence of obesity is associated with increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome including diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease, among others (1, 2). BAT holds great promise in combating obesity given its unprecedented metabolic capacity. Leading the way has been recent studies, which conclusively demonstrate significant quantities of functional BAT in adult humans (3-7). These findings have been complimented by elegant studies elucidating the developmental origin of the brown adipocyte and the transcriptional regulation involved in its differentiation. This review will attempt to meld the wealth of new information regarding BAT development with established literature to provide an up to date synopsis of what is known and thus a framework for future research directions.

Clinical features, reproductive endocrine and metabolic abnormalities of adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome

To investigate the clinical features, reproductive endocrine and metabolic abnormalities in adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A total of 325 adolescent girls with normal menstruation, 18 obese (OB-CON) and 307 non-obese (NOB-CON), were enrolled as controls from multiple middle schools in Shanghai, China. A total of 167 adolescent girls with PCOS, 90 obese (OB-PCOS) and 77 non-obese (NOB-PCOS), were also recruited. All cases were evaluated for their clinical manifestations, reproductive endocrine and metabolic parameters. Hyperandrogenism was determined by serum testosterone (T), free androgen index (FAI) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S). Insulin sensitivity was measured by fasting insulin (FINS) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). (1) Menarche was significantly earlier in adolescent PCOS than in controls. The incidence of obesity was significantly higher in adolescent PCOS than that in control group. (2) T, FAI and DHEA-S were significantly higher in adolescent PCOS group than those in control group. FAI was higher in OB-PCOS group than in NOB-PCOS group. LH and LH/FSH were higher in PCOS groups than those in controls. LH and LH/FSH were also much higher in NOB-PCOS group than those in OB-PCOS group. (3) HOMA-IR and FINS were significantly higher in PCOS group than those in control group. Incidence of acanthosis nigricans, FINS, HOMA-IR and triglyceride were significantly higher in OB-PCOS group than those in NOB-PCOS group. (4) 95.21% PCOS girls presented with an ultrasonic morphological evidence of polycystic ovarian. The essential features of adolescent PCOS are an earlier onset of menarche, a persistent menstrual disorder over 2 years after menarche, a higher incidence of obesity, marked hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance and disorderly gonadotropin secretion in comparison with control subjects. Hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance are much more severe in obese adolescent PCOS.

A Brief Understanding of Hunger and its Resolution

Food is one of the most primal ways to transmit culture and traditions and thus has vital and even cross-generational importance for us. Nevertheless, many of us have gone beyond relating to food as a primal need. So, in this age of abundance, food is either under-appreciated as epitomized by our fast-food fueling or become a fashion obsession with the indulgence of chic gourmet or even fetishized as exemplified in food eating contests (there is actually an International Federation of Competitive Eating). This short paper offers concise facts and data about hunger. For example: we actually produce enough food to comfortably feed everyone on the planet while aid and charity make only a modest impact on hunger in developing nations. Even the US, with the world’s highest incidence of obesity has tens of millions of undernourished people and 12 million that are regularly hungry according to the USDA.