Higher Fat Mass Research Articles

Distinct infant feeding type-specific plasma metabolites at age 3 months associate with body composition at 2 years

Early life is a critical window for adiposity programming and metabolic profile may affect this programming. We investigated if plasma metabolites at age 3 months were associated with fat mass, fat free mass and abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat outcomes at age 2 years in a cohort of healthy infants and if these associations were different between infants receiving exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and those with exclusive formula feeding (EFF). In 318 healthy term-born infants, we determined body composition by Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and visceral fat by abdominal ultrasound at 2 age years. High-throughput metabolic profiling was performed on blood samples collected at age 3 months. Tertiles were generated for each body composition outcome and differences in plasma metabolite levels at age 3 months between infants with high and low body composition outcomes at age 2 years were evaluated in general, as well as separately in EBF- and EFF-infants. Distinct plasma metabolite variables identified at age 3 months were associated with body composition at 2 years. These metabolites included several classes of lyso-phospholipids. Associations between the metabolites at age 3 months and fat mass index, fat mass percentage, fat free mass index and visceral fat at 2 years were predominantly found in EBF-infants. Associations between plasma metabolite levels at age 3 months and high body fat mass at 2 years depend on infant feeding type. These findings contribute to our insight into the importance of infant feeding on adiposity programming in early life.

RNA N6-methyladenosine demethylase FTO promotes pancreatic cancer progression by inducing the autocrine activity of PDGFC in an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner

RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an emerging regulator of mRNA modifications and represents a novel player in tumorigenesis. Although it has functional significance in both pathological and physiological processes, the role of m6A modification in pancreatic ductal cancer (PDAC) remains elusive. Here, we showed that high fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) expression was associated with a poor prognosis in PDAC patients and that suppression of FTO expression inhibited cell proliferation. Here, m6A sequencing (m6A-seq) was performed to screen genes targeted by FTO. The effects of FTO stimulation on the biological characteristics of pancreatic cancer cells, including proliferation and colony formation, were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results indicate that FTO directly targets platelet-derived growth factor C (PDGFC) and stabilizes its mRNA expression in an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner. m6A-methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-qPCR (MeRIP-qPCR), RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), and luciferase reporter assays were employed to validate the specific binding of FTO to PDGFC. PDGFC upregulation led to reactivation of the Akt signaling pathway, promoting cell growth. Overall, our study reveals that FTO downregulation leads to increased m6A modifications in the 3ʹ UTR of PDGFC and then modulates the degradation of its transcriptional level in an m6A-YTHDF2-dependent manner, highlighting a potential therapeutic target for PDAC treatment and prognostic prediction.

Adiposity-Related Predictors of Vascular Aging From a Life Course Perspective-Findings From the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study.

The main objective of this study was to study predictors of vascular health with focus on adiposity-related factors. Glucose metabolism, blood lipids, inflammatory markers and body composition were assessed 15 years before assessment of vascular health which was assessed with pulse wave velocity (PWV) in 660 subjects born 1934–44. In a univariate analysis in women the strongest association with PWV was seen for age, systolic blood pressure, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, inflammatory markers and body fat percentage measured in late midlife and PWV measured 15 years later. In men age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, dysglycemia, and body fat percentage in late midlife were associated with PWV. One novel finding was that adiposity-related factors were strong predictors of vascular health, something not fully encapsulated in BMI, lean body mass or body fat percentage alone. A higher fat mass index was associated with worse vascular health, which was not ameliorated by a higher lean mass index. Our findings stress the importance to study body composition and fat and lean body mass simultaneously because of their close interaction with each other also in relation to vascular health.

THE URGENCY TO IDENTIFY LOW MUSCLE MASS AMONG ELDERLY: COMMUNITY SERVICE IN NURSING HOME

Introduction: Decreased muscle mass in the elderly often occurs due to the aging process. Identification of muscle mass needs to be done to optimize the health status of the elderly. So, this article will identify muscle mass in the elderly. Methods: Community service was carried out to 54 elderly people in a nursing home. For the elderly, health checks are carried out including body composition measurements, especially muscle mass, as well as nutrition education and counseling. The inclusion criteria for the elderly who take part in the activity include (1) healthy and able to stand; (2) fully aware; (3) not bed rest; (4) able to communicate and cooperative. The data presented include age, length of stay, body mass index, and body composition, namely muscle mass. Results: About three-quarters of the elderly are women and have lived in a nursing home for approximately 3 years. The average nutritional status of the elderly is normal (21.6 ± 4.5 kg/m2). As many as 96.3% of the elderly have a low muscle mass index and 53.7% of the elderly have a high fat mass. The muscle mass of older men was higher than that of women (26.2 ± 2.8 vs 21.9 ± 1.9). Conclusion: Almost all the elderly has low muscle mass due to the physiological aging process and decreased activity of the elderly in using muscles. . Elderly women were observed to have lower muscle mass index than that of men. Identification of muscle mass strength is also needed to find out more about sarcopenia in the elderly.

Fetal Exposure to Cannabis and Childhood Metabolic Outcomes: The Healthy Start Study.

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of fetal exposure to cannabis on adiposity and glucose-insulin traits in early life.Research Design and MethodsWe leveraged a subsample of 103 mother-child pairs from Healthy Start, an ethnically diverse Colorado-based cohort. Twelve cannabinoids/metabolites of cannabis (including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) were measured in maternal urine collected at ~27 weeks’ gestation. Fetal exposure to cannabis was dichotomized as exposed (any cannabinoid > limit of detection [LOD]) and not exposed (all cannabinoids < LOD). Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured via air displacement plethysmography at follow-up (mean age: 4.7 years). Glucose and insulin were obtained after an overnight fast. Generalized linear models estimated the associations between fetal exposure to cannabis with adiposity measures (fat mass [kg], fat-free mass [kg], adiposity [fat mass percentage], body mass index [BMI], and BMI z-scores) and metabolic measures (glucose [mg/dL], insulin [uIU/mL], and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]).ResultsApproximately 15% of the women had detectable levels of any cannabinoid, indicating fetal exposure to cannabis. Exposed offspring had higher fat mass (1.0 kg; 95% CI, 0.3-1.7), fat-free mass (1.2 kg; 95% CI, 0.4-2.0), adiposity (2.6%; 95% CI, 0.1-5.2), and fasting glucose (5.6 mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.8-10.3) compared with nonexposed offspring. No associations were found with fasting insulin (in the fully adjusted model), HOMA-IR, BMI, or BMI z-scores.ConclusionsWe provide novel evidence to suggest an association between fetal exposure to cannabis with increased adiposity and fasting glucose in childhood, a finding that should be validated in other cohorts.

Sex-specific associations of fat mass and muscle mass with cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes living with overweight and obesity: secondary analysis of the Look AHEAD trial

BackgroundDistinguishable sex differences exist in fat mass and muscle mass. High fat mass and low muscle mass are independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in people living with type 2 diabetes; however, it is unknown if the association between fat mass and CVD risk is modified by muscle mass, or vice versa. This study examined the sex-specific interplay between fat mass and muscle mass on CVD risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes living with overweight and obesity.MethodsDual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures were used to compute fat mass index (FMI) and appendicular muscle mass index (ASMI), and participants were separated into high-fat mass vs. low-fat mass and high-muscle mass vs. low-muscle mass. A two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA: high-FMI vs. low-FMI by high-ASMI vs. low-ASMI) was performed on CVD risk factors (i.e., hemoglobin A1C [A1C]; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglycerides; systolic and diastolic blood pressure; cardiorespiratory fitness, depression and health related-quality of life [HR-QoL]) at baseline and following a 1-year intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) for females and males separately, with a primary focus on the fat mass by muscle mass interaction effects.ResultsData from 1,369 participants (62.7% females) who completed baseline DXA were analyzed. In females, there was a fat mass by muscle mass interaction effect on A1C (p = 0.016) at baseline. Post-hoc analysis showed that, in the low-FMI group, A1C was significantly higher in low-ASMI when compared to high-ASMI (60.3 ± 14.1 vs. 55.5 ± 13.5 mmol/mol, p = 0.023). In the high-FMI group, there was no difference between high-ASMI and low-ASMI (56.4 ± 12.5 vs. 56.5 ± 12.8 mmol/mol, p = 0.610). In males, only high-FMI was associated with higher A1C when compared to low-FMI (57.1 ± 14.4 vs. 54.2 ± 12.0 mmol/mol, p = 0.008) at baseline. Following ILI, there were significant fat mass by muscle mass interaction effects on changes in the mental component of HR-QoL in males.ConclusionConsidering that A1C predicts future CVD, strategies to lower A1C may be especially important in females with low fat and low muscle mass living with type 2 diabetes. Our results highlight the complicated and sex-specific contribution of fat mass and muscle mass to CVD risk factors.

Association between fat mass by bioelectrical impedance analysis and bone mass by quantitative ultrasound in relation to grip strength and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in postmenopausal Japanese women: the Unzen study

BackgroundWhether fat mass or lean mass affects bone mass in postmenopausal women is controversial. This study aimed to explore the association between body composition measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and bone mass measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) in postmenopausal women in Japan.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study, The Unzen Study, on 382 community-dwelling postmenopausal Japanese women (mean (standard deviation) age: 68.2 (7.2) years) who participated in periodic health examinations. The stiffness index (SI) was measured using QUS, and body composition (e.g., fat mass and muscle mass) was measured using BIA. Grip strength was measured. Fasting blood samples were collected, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b (TRACP-5b), and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were measured. Data on current smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and any comorbidities (heart disease, lung disease, stroke, or diabetes mellitus) were collected.ResultsThe SI increased with increasing quartiles of fat mass and muscle mass (both p for trend < 0.001), respectively. There were positive correlations between SI and log (25(OH)D) or grip strength. Fat mass significantly correlated with grip strength. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that higher fat mass was independently and significantly associated with higher SI after adjusting for age, height, comorbidity, current smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, log (25(OH)D), log (TRACP-5b), log (PTH), and grip strength (p = 0.001). In contrast, no association was observed between muscle mass and SI.ConclusionsFat mass, but not muscle mass, was a significant determinant of SI in community-dwelling postmenopausal Japanese women.

Association of Body Mass Index With Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis

The prevalence of overweight (body mass index [BMI] = 25-29.9 [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared]) and obesity (BMI ≥30) is increasing among patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, it is unclear whether there is a benefit associated with increasing weight compared with the reference range (ie, normal) in CF. To evaluate the association of altered BMI or body composition and clinical outcomes in patients with CF. For this systematic review and meta-analysis, the literature search was conducted November 2, 2020, of 3 databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Patients older than 2 years diagnosed with CF with altered body composition or BMI were compared with patients having the measured parameters within the reference ranges. Records were selected by title, abstract, and full text; disagreements were resolved by consensus. Cohort studies and conference abstracts were eligible; articles with no original data and case reports were excluded. Two authors independently extracted data, which were validated by a third author. Studies containing insufficient poolable numerical data were included in the qualitative analysis. A random-effects model was applied in all analyses. Pulmonary function, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (PI), and CF-related diabetes (CFRD) were investigated as primary outcomes. Odds ratios (ORs) or weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% CIs were calculated. The hypothesis was formulated before data collection. Of 10 524 records identified, 61 met the selection criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis. Of these, 17 studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. Altogether, 9114 patients were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Overweight (WMD, -8.36%; 95% CI, -12.74% to -3.97%) and obesity (WMD, -12.06%; 95% CI, -23.91% to -0.22%) were associated with higher forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration compared with normal weight. The odds for CFRD and PI were more likely in patients of normal weight (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.10 to 2.00) than in those who were overweight (OR, 4.40; 95% CI, 3.00 to 6.45). High heterogeneity was shown in the analysis of pulmonary function (I2 = 46.7%-85.9%). The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that the currently recommended target BMI in patients with CF should be reconsidered. Studies with long-term follow-up are necessary to assess the possible adverse effects of higher BMI or higher fat mass in patients with CF.

Determinants of Undernutrition and Associated Factors of Low Muscle Mass and High Fat Mass among Older Men and Women in the Colombo District of Sri Lanka.

Undernutrition is a health challenge due to an expanding older population. The aims of the study were to assess the prevalence and determinants of undernutrition and, associated factors of low muscle and high fat mass among older men and women in the Colombo district of Sri Lanka. A cross sectional study was conducted using a multistage cluster sampling technique. Undernutrition was defined based on anthropometry and body composition assessed using bio-electrical impedance. Sex-specific multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Of 800 participants (30.6% men), 35.3% were undernourished. The factors significantly associated with undernutrition among older women were hypertension with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (1.97; 1.36–2.88) and musculoskeletal disabilities aOR (2.19; 1.36–3.53). Among women, age ≥ 70 (1.79; 1.18–3.34) and diabetes (1.77; 1.10–2.84) were associated with low muscle mass and age ≥ 70 (2.05; 1.21–3.47), diabetes (2.20; 1.35–3.59) and disability in chewing (2.39; 1.30–4.40) were associated with high fat mass. Among men, age ≥ 70 years, no/up to grade 5 education, diabetes, visual disability, little/no responsibility in food shopping and not getting nutritional advice from media were associated with reduced odds of low muscle mass and no/up to grade 5 school education, disability in chewing and little/no responsibility in food shopping were associated with reduced odds of high fat mass. Undernutrition among older people is common in Sri Lanka. We have identified key factors associated with low muscle mass and high fat mass in this setting. Given the potential consequences of these conditions, our study provides potential targets for prevention of undernutrition and sarcopenic obesity.

BODY COMPOSITION IN PERSONS OF THE FIRST PERIOD OF ADULTHOOD WITH DIFFERENT AGING RATES

The aim of the study was to find out the body composition features in persons of the first period of adulthood with different aging rates.&#x0D; Methods. The 2404 patient (607 men and 1797 women) of the first period of adulthood were observed. Body length, body weight, waist and hip circumferences were recorded according to generally accepted methods. The body composition was studied by the bioimpedance measurement. The biological age and the aging rate were calculated using the formulas of A.G. Gorelkin and B.B. Pinkhasov.&#x0D; Results. The majority of men (57.5%) had an accelerated aging rate, the majority of women (51.2%) had a delayed aging. The biological age of 19.1% men and 15.2% women coincided with the calendar age. Body composition differed statistically significantly in group with different aging rates and sex groups. The content of the relative fat mass increased and the relative lean, musculoskeletal, active cell masses decrease with increasing aging rate. The proportion of men and women with accelerated aging in the group with increased fat mass was 92.5% and 98.4% respectively. Excess fat mass increases the chances of premature aging by 5.5 times in men and 1.3 times in women in compared to individuals with optimal fat mass.&#x0D; Conclusion. The aging rate in men was highly correlated with fat, musculoskeletal masses and total body water, in women - with fat mass and total body water. High fat mass contributed to premature aging.

Profile of Cachexia Parameters and Dietary Intakes in Advanced Stage of Nasopharyngeal Cancer Patients: Study inThree Hospitals in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

Background: Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) patients have high risk of cachexia. It is important to notice cachexia parameters in the beginning of their treatment in order to predict and anticipate unexpected outcomes. This study aimed to describe the profile of advanced stage NPC patient receiving first chemotherapy, especially in cachexia parameters and dietary intakes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving advanced stage of NPC patients who would receive their first chemotherapy aged 20-70 years. Subjects with distant metastatic, acute infection, history of past chemotherapy or radiotherapy, were excluded. Parameters of cachexia being studied were inflammation markers (NLR and CRP level), anorexia and fatigue scores, body composition (fat and muscle mass) and hand grip strength (HGS), meanwhile dietary intakes were energy and protein. Frequency distribution, descriptive statistic, and Pearson correlation test were used in data analyses. Results: Forty-three subjects were participated. Average age was48.1±9.8 years old and 63% were males. NLR and CRP level were high, i.e.4.8±5.0 and 13.3±20.6 mg/dL, respectively. Anorexia and fatigue scores were 32.4±9 and 35.9±11.8, respectively, with 70% subjects were anorexic and 30% subjects experienced severe fatigue. Less than 20% were malnourished but 35% subjects had central obesity and 37% subjects classified to have very high fat mass. Most subjects had low muscle mass (77%) and classified to have weak HGS (77%). Energy and protein intakes were 26.7±8.9 kcal/kgBW/d and 1±0.4 g/kg BW/d respectively. Some variables had strong correlation (r≥0.80), i.e. BMI with visceral fat (r=0.94), fat with muscle mass (r=-0.89), energy with protein intakes (r=0.80), and moderate correlation (r=0.60–0.79) between anorexia and fatigue scores. Conclusions: Advanced stage of NPC patients receiving first chemotherapy had high inflammation status, anorexia and fatigue. Many subjects had low muscle mass and weak HGS. BMI with visceral fat, fat with muscle mass, energy with protein intake, were strongly correlated. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 02 April’22 Page : 302-310

Abstract P1-04-10: Breast cancer survivors exhibit an accumulation of CD4+ central memory T cells, a fall in CD8+ naïve T cells and higher activation of CD4+/CD8+ memory T cells in blood, which is positively correlated with age and fat mass index

Abstract Introduction: T cells are important for tumour control and surveillance, but it is not well known how breast cancer treatment impacts their characteristics in blood. Methods: Healthy women (n=38, age 45 ± 11 y), breast cancer survivors (n=27, age 56 ± 6 y) and breast cancer patients (n=5, age 44 ± 9 y) took part. Survivors comprised women who had received any form of treatment for breast cancer within 1-2 years and were considered free from disease by their oncologist. Patients were recently diagnosed women scheduled to undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy within 2 weeks. Using flow cytometry, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, including Naïve (NA), Central memory (CM) and Effector cells (EM and EMRA) were identified using CD27/CD45RA. Activation was measured by HLA-DR expression. Age, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition were assessed. Statistical analyses were conducted between healthy women and survivors. Data for patients enabled a qualitative interpretation of immune profiles at the time of diagnosis. Results: Lymphocyte, monocyte and neutrophil counts were not different between groups. However, compared to healthy women, CD4+ CM T cells were +Δ21% higher among survivors (cells/l: 417 ± 110 vs 346 ± 161, p=0.028) and CD8+ NA T cells were −Δ25% lower (cells/l: 106 ± 46 vs 142 ± 83, p=0.034). The proportion of activated (HLA-DR+) CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets was +Δ31% higher among survivors compared to healthy women: CD4+ CM (+Δ25%: 35 ± 16 % vs 28 ± 6 %), CD4+ EM (+Δ32%: 54 ± 17 % vs 41 ± 9 %) and CD4+ EMRA (+Δ43%: 53 ± 21 % vs 37 ± 11 %), total CD8+ (+Δ30%: 43 ± 18 % vs 33 ± 9 %), CD8+ EM (+Δ30%: 57 ± 18 % vs 44 ± 13 %) and CD8+ EMRA T cells (+Δ25%: 55 ± 21 % vs 44 ± 12 %) (p&amp;lt;0.046). Compared to healthy women, survivors were older (56 ± 6 y vs 45 ± 11 y), had lower cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max mL•kg-1•min-1: 29.0 ± 5.1 vs 36.2 ± 8.5), had lower lean mass (42.3 ± 5.1 kg vs 48.4 ± 15.8 kg), had higher body fat (36.2 ± 5.4 % vs 32.7 ± 6.4 %) and higher fat mass index (FMI kg/m2: 9.5 ± 2.3 vs 8.1 ± 2.7) (all p&amp;lt;0.034). Among all participants, age positively correlated with activation levels of CD4+ EMRA and CD8+ EMRA T cells and FMI positively correlated with the proportion of activated CD4+ EMRA and CD8+ EM and EMRA T cells (Pearson r&amp;gt;0.277 p&amp;lt;0.036). CMV serostatus was not different between groups and did not influence results. Compared to healthy women and survivors, patients were younger (44 ± 9 y), had lower cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max 27.3 ± 2.2 mL•kg-1•min-1), higher body fat (40 ± 5.8%) and higher FMI (11.2 ± 3.8 kg/m2). Lean mass (44.3 ± 4.4 kg) was higher than survivors but lower than healthy women. Patterns exhibited by survivors (compared to healthy women) tended to be present among patients (e.g. an accumulation of memory T cells and a decline in NA T cells). T cell activation was closer to the levels exhibited by healthy women. Conclusion: Breast cancer survivors exhibited signs of immunosenescence, including a decline in naïve T cells and accumulations of memory T cells, which exhibited higher activation levels. Among all participants, T cell activation was positively correlated with age and fat mass index, potentially contributing to systemic inflammation and a decline in immune competency. Citation Format: Ainhoa Arana Echarri, Lauren Struszczak, Mark Beresford, John P Campbell, Robert H Jones, Rachel Butler, Dylan Thompson, James E Turner. Breast cancer survivors exhibit an accumulation of CD4+ central memory T cells, a fall in CD8+ naïve T cells and higher activation of CD4+/CD8+ memory T cells in blood, which is positively correlated with age and fat mass index [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-04-10.

Relationship between frailty, nutrition, body composition, quality of life, and gender in institutionalized older people

Our aim was to explore the relationship between frailty, nutrition, body composition, and how gender modifies this relationship among long-term care facility residents. We further investigated how body composition correlates with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in both genders. In all, 549 residents (> 65 years of age) were recruited from 17 long-term care facilities for this cross-sectional study. Demographic information, diagnoses, use of medications, and nutritional supplements were retrieved from medical records. Participants’ frailty status, cognition, nutritional status, HRQoL, and body composition were determined. Energy, protein, and fat intakes were retrieved from 1- to 2-day food diaries. The final sample consisted of 300 residents (77% women, mean age 83 years). The majority of participants, 62% of women and 63% of men, were identified as frail. Frail participants in both genders showed lower body mass index (p = 0.0013), muscle mass (MM) (p < 0.001), poorer nutritional status (p = 0.0012), cognition (p = 0.0021), and lower HRQoL (p < 0.001) than did prefrail participants. Women had higher fat mass, whereas men exhibited higher MM. The HRQoL correlated with the MM in both women, r = 0.48 [95% CI 0.38, 0.57] and men r = 0.49 [95% CI 0.38, 0.58]. Interventions aimed at strengthening and retaining MM of long-term residents may also support their HRQoL.

Association of physical activity level with body composition in 12-14 years old children: A pilot study

Objective: The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents increased dramatically. Reduced regular physical activity (PA) is considered one of the major factors behind this worldwide epidemic and related health problems. This study aimed to determine the association between PA level and body composition components in 12-14 years old girls and boys living in Altındağ district, Ankara. Materials and methods: A total of 234 boys and 224 girls aged 12-14 years participated in this study. PA level was assessed by the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) and body composition was measured by bioelectric impedance. Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test and Pearson Correlation Coefficient tests were used in data analysis. Results: Findings of the study showed that children aged 12 years had higher total PA score than aged 13 and 14 years (p&lt;0.05), showing decreased PA level with age. Boys had significantly higher total PA score in all age groups than girls (p&lt;0.05). Girls with healthy weight and overweight showed significantly higher total PA score than girls with obesity. Girls had higher fat mass and body fat percentage than boys in all age groups (p&lt;0.05). Fat mass was inversely associated with total PA score in all age groups (12 years old r=-0.28; p&lt;0.001, 13 years old r=-0.16; p=0.047, 14 years old r=-0.21; p=0.007). Conclusions: PA participation of children declines with age. Reduced PA level is significantly associated with increased fat mass, indicating the importance of PA in maintaining a healthy weight in this age group.

Maternal excess adiposity and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D\u2009

BackgroundVitamin D status of pregnant women is associated with body composition of the offspring. The objective of this study was to assess whether the association between maternal vitamin D status and neonatal adiposity is modified by maternal adiposity preconception.MethodsHealthy mothers and their term appropriate weight for gestational age (AGA) infants (n = 142; 59% male, Greater Montreal, March 2016-2019) were studied at birth and 1 month postpartum (2-6 weeks). Newborn (24-36 h) serum was collected to measure total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] (immunoassay); maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was obtained from the medical record. Anthropometry, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and serum 25(OH)D were measured at 2-6 weeks postpartum in mothers and infants. Mothers were grouped into 4 categories based on their vitamin D status (sufficient 25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/L vs. at risk of being insufficient < 50 nmol/L) and pre-pregnancy BMI (< 25 vs. ≥25 kg/m2): insufficient-recommended weight (I-RW, n = 24); insufficient-overweight/obese (I-OW/O, n = 21); sufficient-recommended weight (S-RW, n = 69); and sufficient-overweight/obese (S-OW/O, n = 28). Partial correlation and linear fixed effects model were used while adjusting for covariates.ResultsAt birth, infant serum 25(OH)D mean concentrations were below 50 nmol/L, the cut-point for sufficiency, for both maternal pre-pregnancy BMI categories; 47.8 [95%CI: 43.8, 51.9] nmol/L if BMI < 25 kg/m2 and 38.1 [95%CI: 33.5, 42.7] nmol/L if BMI ≥25 kg/m2. Infant serum 25(OH)D concentrations at birth (r = 0.77; P < 0.0001) and 1 month (r = 0.59, P < 0.0001) were positively correlated with maternal postpartum serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Maternal serum 25(OH)D concentration was weakly correlated with maternal percent whole body fat mass (r = − 0.26, P = 0.002). Infants of mothers in I-OW/O had higher fat mass versus those of mothers in S-OW/O (914.0 [95%CI: 766.4, 1061.6] vs. 780.7 [95%CI: 659.3, 902.0] g; effect size [Hedges’ g: 0.42]; P = 0.04 adjusting for covariates) with magnitude of difference of 220.4 g or ~ 28% difference.ConclusionsMaternal and neonatal vitamin D status are positively correlated. In this study, maternal adiposity and serum 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L are dual exposures for neonatal adiposity. These findings reinforce the importance of vitamin D supplementation early in infancy irrespective of vitamin D stores acquired in utero and maternal weight status.

Clinical characteristics of geriatric patients with non-specific chronic low back pain

A comprehensive analysis of clinical information in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) was performed to clarify the clinical characteristics of geriatric LBP from the perspective of body composition, spinal alignment, and blood findings related to senescence. We enrolled 203 patients with an average age of 79.0 years (77 men and 126 women), with non-specific CLBP as a single-center prospective cohort study, the patients were compared with age- and sex-matched controls without CLBP using a propensity score-matching. We performed laboratory analysis, radiographic evaluations for global spinal parameter and lumbar degeneration, and body composition analysis using whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We observed a higher red blood cell distribution width (RDW) (p < 0.001), which is an index of aging, as well as a lower vitamin D level (p = 0.002), skeletal muscle mass index (p = 0.045) and a higher fat mass (p = 0.007) in patients with CLBP. Moreover, patients with geriatric CLBP had significantly lower lumbar lordosis (p = 0.024), and higher sagittal vertical axis (p = 0.006) was correlated with lower extremity and trunk muscle mass (p < 0.001), independent of lumbar degeneration. Geriatric patients with CLBP have sarcopenic fat accumulation and spinal sagittal malalignment with senescent status, such as elevated RDW and hypovitaminosis D.

Depression and Anxiety Are Associated with Physical Performance in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Retrospective Observational Study.

Background: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) combined with stress management training has been shown to be associated with fewer clinical events than CR alone. However, there have been no reports on the associations of CR with the psychological condition and detailed physical activities evaluated on the same day. Method: One hundred outpatients who participated in a CR program were graded on the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS). We divided them into a high HADS group (n = 32) and a normal HADS group (n = 68) and investigated by whole patients, ischemic heart disease (IHD) patients, and heart failure patients. Results: Overall, the patient age was 70.5 ± 9.6 years, the percentage of males was 73.0%, and the body mass index was 23.4 (21.7–26.0) kg/m2. In the high HADS group, overall functional mobility was poor and the distance in a two-minute walking test was short. Especially in IHD patients, the high HADS group showed high fat mass in body composition and low exercise tolerance and ventilator equivalents in cardiopulmonary exercise test. Conclusions: Depression and anxiety involved poor physical performance in CR outpatients and particularly involved low exercise tolerance in IHD patients. To evaluate accurate physical performance, it is necessary to investigate psychological condition.

Hyperglycemia Is Not Associated With Higher Volumetric BMD in a Chinese Health Check-up Cohort.

Background and PurposeType 2 diabetes mellitus patients have an increased fracture risk despite having higher areal bone mineral density (aBMD) measured by DXA. This apparent paradox might be explained by the overestimation of BMD by DXA due to the higher fat mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Volumetric BMD (vBMD) as assessed by quantitative CT (QCT) is not influenced by fat mass. We assessed the association of vBMD and fasting plasma glucose in a large cohort of Chinese subjects and compared the vBMD in healthy and diabetic subjects. In addition, we compared the relation between aBMD, vBMD, glucose and fat mass in a subset of this cohort.Materials and Methods10309 participants from the China Biobank project underwent QCT based on chest low dose CT to compute vBMD of L1 and L2 vertebrae and FPG measurements between 2018 and 2019. Among them, 1037 subjects also had spine DXA scans. Data was analyzed using linear regression models.ResultsIn the total cohort (5889 men and 4420 women, mean age 53 years, range 30-96), there was no significant association between vBMD and FPG after adjustment for age (women: p=0.774; men: p=0.149). 291 women and 606 men fitted the diagnostic criteria of diabetes. Both women and men with diabetes had lower vBMD compared to non-diabetic subjects, but this became non-significant after adjusting for age in the total cohort (women: p=0.817; men: p=0.288) and after propensity score matching based on age (women: p=0.678; men: p=0.135). In the DXA subcohort, aBMD was significantly higher in men with diabetes after adjusting for age and this difference disappeared after further adjusting for total fat area (p=0.064).ConclusionWe did not find any effect of fasting plasma glucose or diabetes on the volumetric BMD measured with QCT after adjustment for age. Therefore, vBMD measured with QCT might be a more reliable measurement to diagnose osteoporosis and assess fracture risk than aBMD measured with DXA in diabetic patients.

Self-Reported Sleeping Time Effects on Physical Performance and Body Composition Among Spanish Older Adults: EXERNET-Elder 3.0 study.

Objective: To determine the link between physical fitness and body composition with nocturnal and nap time in Spanish older adults. Methods: Eight hundred thirty older adults underwent several tests. Sleep was measured using Jenkins Sleep Scale. Nocturnal sleep was categorized (<7, 7–9, and >9 hours), and nap time (no nap, 1–30 minutes, and >30 minutes).Physical fitness was evaluated using validated tests, and body composition by electric bioimpedance. Results: 75.1% of participants were female, mean age 77.7 ± 5.1 years. Mean nocturnal sleep and nap time was 6.7 hours and 23.3 minutes, respectively. Models showed nocturnal sleep >9 hours was significant and positively associated with body shape index (Odds ratio[OR] = 4.07 (p = .011)) and waist circumference OR = 1.04 (p = .024) in females. Males’ waist and hip circumference were positively significantly related to nap time between 1 and 30 minutes, OR = 1.08, p = .009 and OR = 1.08, p = .048, respectively. In females, nap time >30 minutes was associated with greater fat mass and body shape index OR = 1.22, p = .032 and OR = 3.95, p = .027, respectively. Physical fitness showed no associations with sleep outcomes. Conclusions: Sleep patterns do not influence physical fitness but body composition, being more related to female body composition as nocturnal and nap sleep were associated with higher fat mass, waist circumference and body shape index, while only short nap times were related to higher waist and hip circumference in males.

Longitudinal Assessment of Body Composition and Its Association With Survival Among Participants of the ACTIVE/ADIPOSE Study

The importance of muscle wasting as a predictor of mortality in the hemodialysis population is not clear. Lack of association of muscle mass with survival in some studies could be related to reliance on single measures or to incorporation of excess extracellular water (ECW) into estimates of muscle mass. We examined changes in body composition over a 2-year period and the association of body composition with survival. We analyzed data from 325 adults receiving hemodialysis in the Bay Area. We estimated ECW, intracellular water (ICW), and fat mass by whole-body bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) at 0, 12, and 24months from enrollment. We used linear mixed modeling to examine changes in body mass index and BIS-derived estimates of body composition and Cox modeling with BIS-derived estimates as time-varying independent variables to examine associations between body composition and survival in multivariable analyses. Body mass index declined over time. Considering individual components of body composition, ICW declined (-0.09kg/m2 per year, 95% confidence interval -0.14 to -0.04), but fat mass and ECW did not change significantly. There were 120 deaths over a median of 5.2years. The relationship between ICW and mortality was not linear such that the association was steeper at low values of ICW, whereas higher ICW was associated with better survival that was relatively stable above 9kg/m2. Higher ECW was associated with higher mortality, and fat mass was not associated with survival. These associations were independent of markers of inflammation and nutritional status. ICW declined over 2years in this cohort, whereas fat mass and ECW remained relatively stable. Higher ICW was associated with better survival, but higher fat mass was not. Higher ECW was associated with worse survival. These results suggest that muscle mass may predict survival among patients on hemodialysis.