High Expectation Of Success Research Articles

Elective orthopaedic surgery for inhibitor patients.

We report on a series of 108 elective orthopaedic surgical procedures. It includes 88 radiosynoviortheses and 20 major orthopaedic procedures, performed on 51 patients at nine centres worldwide. The average age of patients was 28.5 years (range 5-40 years), and the average follow-up time was 2 years (range 1-5 years). There were 82 good results, 15 fair and 11 poor. In the synoviorthesis group (41 patients, 88 synoviortheses) the average age was 14.3 years (range 5-40 years) and the average follow-up was 6.5 years (range 1-10 years). There were 66 good results, 14 fair and eight poor. There were no complications. In the group of major orthopaedic procedures, the average age of the 10 patients was 32.5 years (range 27-40 years), and the average follow-up was 2.3 years (range 1-5 years). There were 16 good results, one fair and three poor. Postoperative bleeding complications occurred in three of the 20 major orthopaedic procedures performed (15% complications rate). They occurred in three patients treated with insufficient doses of recombinant activated factor VII. Despite such complications, the study has shown that haemophilic patients with inhibitors requiring elective orthopaedic surgery (EOS) can undergo such procedures with a high expectation of success. In other words, EOS is now possible in haemophilic patients with inhibitors, leading to an improved quality of life for these patients. Thorough analysis of each case as part of a multidisciplinary team will allow us to perform elective orthopaedic procedures in patients with inhibitors.

Review of Emotion-focused therapy: Coaching clients to work through their feelings.

LESLIE S. GREENBERG Emotion-Focused Therapy: Coaching Clients to Work Through Their Feelings Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2001, 337 pages (ISBN 1-55798-881-1, US$39.95) Reviewed by DARCY A. SANTOR Emotion-Focused Therapy: Coaching Clients to Work Through Their Feelings by Leslie S. Greenberg (2002) was written for both novice therapists who have had little experience working with emotions in treatment, as well as for experienced therapists looking to systematize their understanding of how emotional change works. Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) is well written and enjoyable to read. Greenberg draws on scholarly research to establish the foundation for emotion-focused treatment and illustrates the key principals of EFT by drawing judiciously on both professional and personal experience. This book can be read in two ways - either by focusing on the implications of EFr for the manner in which psychotherapy is delivered and believed to work, or by focusing on the numerous techniques and exercises provided throughout the book. From a theoretical perspective, Emotion-Focused Therapy provides a framework in which cognitions, interpersonal relationships, and emotions can be integrated and understood. Both Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) address emotions and emotionality in treatment, albeit in different ways and from different theoretical models. EFT provides an important framework in which CBT and IPT can be distinguished. IPT is often characterized as a loss-based model, which for Greenberg emphasizes a primary emotion. In contrast, CBT can be viewed as emphasizing secondary emotions, such as the worry associated with the pursuit of unrealistic, high expectations of success. Given that both types of emotional states can be debilitating, they each need to be considered in treatment. EFT offers a framework in which these emotions can be distinguished and a set of techniques with which primary and secondary emotions can be addressed explicitly. In this regard, EFT also provides a model of psychotherapeutic change that can enhance our understanding of how IPT and CBT work. From a practical perspective, the book offers clinicians and individuals dozens of exercises and interventions that address both the basic and advanced key elements of EFT (e.g., Getting to know your emotions, Experiencing adaptive emotions, Anger that obscures another feeling). The book is divided into four parts. Part I examines the nature and function of emotions. Chapters in this section address questions concerning the foundation for claiming that there are optimal ways for dealing with human emotionality, differentiate three types of emotion - primary, secondary, and instrumental - articulate the rationale for emotion coaching, and outline the practical steps in emotionally coaching clients through difficult emotions. Throughout this and other chapters, Greenberg draws on data from the most recent psychotherapy change research to justify key principles of EFT. …

Orthopaedic surgery in haemophilic patients with inhibitors: an overview.

Our experience and a review of the literature on inhibitors have shown that, with the availability of recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa), haemophilic patients with high inhibitor titres requiring elective orthopaedic surgery can undergo such surgery with a high expectation of success. The advent of rFVIIa has made major elective orthopaedic surgery possible in haemophilic patients with high-titre inhibitors, resulting in an improved quality of life. Recombinant FVIIa appears to be an efficient haemostatic product for surgery in patients suffering from haemophilia A and B with inhibitors. The series of major elective orthopaedic surgical procedures using rFVIIa (n=53) is the largest ever reported in haemophilic patients with inhibitors, despite the long-standing presence of other treatment modalities, such as high-dose human factor VIII (FVIII), porcine FVIII (n=8), and prothrombin complex concentrates/activated prothrombin complex concentrates (n=9). Thorough analysis of each case as part of a multidisciplinary team will allow us to perform elective orthopaedic procedures in patients with inhibitors.

Introduction and Overview: The School Reform Movement and the Education of African American Youth

This special issue of the Journal of Negro Education examines how the current School Reform Movement is meeting and failing to meet the educational needs of African American youth. Such an examination is necessary, we believe, because as a national phenomenon that importantly shapes the lives of Black children, the School Reform Movement itself is being shaped by networks of predominately White business, legislative, and educational elites. And while it is true that, under this leadership, schools now seem to be focusing more on instruction than they did in the past, the instructional frameworks they employ are often incompatible with Black cultural and pedagogical traditions, as several articles in this issue will illuminate. As one consequence of this fact, the academic performance of African American students continues to lag behind that of their White counterparts, at least by the measure of standardized tests, which seems the only measure the school reform oligarchy truly accepts. Let us leave aside for the moment the limitations and biases inherent in standardized tests, and also their utility for stigmatizing disadvantaged populations to better justify the inequities visited upon them. Beyond these considerations, high-stakes testing functions as an integral component of the de-personalized, technocratic school reform paradigm. Other elements of this paradigm include the imposition of so-called tough curriculum standards, more attention to student assessment data than to pedagogy or to students themselves, and various forms of punishment (e.g., grade retention, diploma denial) against students who fail to perform satisfactorily on state examinations. In this educational climate, the principle of equity receives little more than rhetorical attention. Consider, as an example, the matter of teacher quality. If it is only fair to judge students by the same performance standards, is there not also the strongest obligation to provide them with equal opportunities to meet those standards? Indeed, given the critical connection, which Linda Darling-Hammond discusses in this volume, between teacher quality and how well students learn, would not true fairness require that students at educational risk be taught by the most qualified, rather than the least qualified teachers-- the latter comprising a disproportionately high percentage of the teaching forces in most urban areas? To our knowledge, the question of teacher equity across diverse socioeconomic populations is not even a serious item on the school reform agenda. Therefore, while we support the increased attention schools now seem to be giving to instruction, as African American educators, the editors of this issue find the current approach to school reform seriously flawed in at least two respects. First, it has failed either to address, or, in some cases, to even recognize serious inequities in the distribution of both material and human resources among diverse student populations. As a result, students in greatest educational need (especially urban students of color) are being condemned to the same fatal educational disadvantages to which they have been subjected for as long as we can remember. Secondly, the school reform movement has imposed a technocratic, de-personalized, and unnecessarily punitive instructional framework on the process of education, thus suppressing the humane and relational approaches to learning that are traditional within the African American educational, cultural, and social experience. It is this tradition of humane and relational educational approaches that emerges as the central theme of the articles contained in these pages. Within that tradition, educational processes, whatever they happen to be, rest upon deeper, more fundamental, human principles. These include confidence, trust, a sense of community, and high expectations for success among teachers, both for their students as learners and of themselves as nurturers of the priceless human potential they perceive in their students. …

The Effects of Gender, Expectations of Success and Social Comparison on Children's Performance on a Computer‐based Task

The study examined the effects of gender, expectations of success and social comparison on children's performance on a computer‐based task. The children (32 boys and 30 girls) were aged between 10 and 11 and were randomly allocated to either a high‐expectation group or a low‐expectation group and to one of two conditions either an individual condition or a social comparison condition. Children worked on their own in the individual condition. In the social comparison condition, they worked in the presence of three same‐sex peers, who were working on comparable problems. The presence of comparable others facilitated the performance of girls who had high expectations of success, but was detrimental to the performance of girls with low expectations of success. The presence of comparable others had the opposite effect for boys. The implications of these findings for the use of computers in schools are discussed.

User satisfaction with information seeking on the internet

The research described in this article focused on how satisfied Australian academics are when they use the Internet to search for information. The significant methodological outcome of the research was its validation of magnitude estimates of user satisfaction with information seeking on the Internet. Testing the validity and reliability of magnitude estimation as a technique for gathering and analyzing interval data on satisfaction with information seeking was key to the investigation. Data for user satisfaction were then associated with end-user characteristics like training, frequency of use, and expectation of success. The study found that Australian academics generally have a high expectation of success when they engage in information seeking on the Internet, and are satisfied with the process regardless of how frequently they use the network or whether or not they have received formal training. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Esophagectomy For Unsuccessful Antireflux Operations

Background: Primary antireflux surgery provides excellent symptom relief in most patients. Unfortunately, the results of redo surgery are less predictable. In these patients, esophageal injury from long-standing reflux of gastric contents and operative trauma from previous failed antireflux procedures results in progressive deterioration in esophageal propulsion, poor clearance of reflux episodes, mucosal damage, and, in some cases, stricture formation. For the past 16 years, we have selectively used esophageal resection and replacement instead of another reoperation in these challenging patients. Methods: Seventeen patients with end-stage esophageal body dysfunction and one or more previously unsuccessful antireflux procedures underwent esophagectomy and reconstruction by colon interposition in 15 patients and jejunum interposition in 2 patients. The indications for esophagectomy rather than a redo antireflux procedure were a global loss of effective esophageal motility in 13 and a nondilatable stricture in four. Their outcome was compared with that of 32 patients with adequate motility and 18 with a similar global loss of motility who had a redo antireflux procedure. Perioperative complications after esophagectomy were recorded, and long-term outcome was assessed by means of a standardized questionnaire at a median of 7 years after the operation. Results: Patients with profound esophageal body dysfunction who underwent esophageal resection had outcomes similar to those with normal motility who underwent a redo antireflux procedure. Those with profound esophageal motility dysfunction who underwent a redo antireflux procedure had a worse outcome than those who underwent resection. Esophageal resection and replacement was performed without mortality or graft failure. All patients who underwent resection stated that their preoperative symptoms were relieved completely ( n = 6) or improved ( n = 10). Thirteen patients (81%) were able to eat three meals a day, and 12 patients (75%) enjoyed an unrestricted diet. Two thirds of the patients were at or above their ideal body weight, and 88% were fully satisfied with the outcome of the procedure. Conclusion: Patients with end-stage esophageal body dysfunction who have had a previous unsuccessful antireflux procedure can be treated by esophageal resection with a high expectation of success. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:296-302)

Free Flaps in the Elderly

Microsurgical transfer of tissue has become a primary tool of the reconstructive surgeon. The elderly, as a growing segment of our society, are requiring free-tissue transfers in proportion to their numbers. To investigate the potential morbidity of free-tissue transfers in the elderly, we studied consecutive populations of 31 patients above the age of 65 years and 90 patients below the age of 65 years. Complication rates were 65 and 49 percent, respectively. Premorbid medical conditions were present in 87 percent of patients 65 years and older and in 72 percent of those under 65 years. Medically related complications in free-tissue transfers, previously unreported in the literature, were 35 percent in the elderly group and 10 percent in the younger group. Wound-healing complications were seen in equal proportions between groups. The rates of wound and medically related complications observed in the elderly group were nearly double those observed in the younger group; however, after correction for the presence of preexisting medical conditions, no significant differences were seen between the two groups. These observations suggest that age alone is not a variable in risk for free-tissue transfers. Elective microsurgery can be performed in the elderly patient with a high expectation of success.

Effects of Importance of Success and Expectations for Success on Effectiveness at Deceiving

When people are motivated to tell an effective lie, they are less successful when others can observe their nonverbal cues. It was predicted that expectations for success would moderate this motivational impairment effect, such that it would occur primarily when expectations were low. Ninety-six women who thought of themselves as very independent told two stories (one true, one fabricated) that illustrated their dependence and two that illustrated independence to an interviewer described as very trusting (high expectations for success) or very wary (low expectations). They either expected to be evaluated by the interviewer (high importance of success) or did not (low importance).Judges rated the sincerity of each story. As predicted, participants' lies were especially detectable (in relation to their truths) when it was important to the participants to succeed but they had low expectations for success.

Work Motivation and Satisfaction: Light at the End of the Tunnel

After decades of research it is now possible to offer a coherent, data-based theory of work motivation and job satisfaction. The present model combines aspects of the following theories: goal setting, expectancy, social-cognitive, attribution, job characteristics, equity, and turnover-commitment. The resulting model is called the high performance cycle. It begins with organizational members being faced with high challenge or difficult goals. If high challenge is accompanied by high expectancy of success or self-efficacy, high performance results, given that there is: commitment to the goals, feedback, adequate ability, and low situational constraints. High performance is achieved through four mechanisms, direction of attention and action, effort, persistence, and the development of task strategies and plans. High performance, if rewarding, leads to job satisfaction, which in turn facilitates commitment to the organization and its goals. The model has implications for leadership, self-management, and education.

Gastroesophageal reflux in childhood: implications for surgical treatment.

Gastroesophageal reflux is a frequent occurrence in infancy and childhood. When appropriate symptoms are present, accurate diagnosis and treatment assessment can be obtained by a variety of diagnostic studies, most accurately by esophageal pH monitoring. Medical, nonoperative treatment usually is indicated initially if no established complication or life-threatening symptoms exist. When medical treatment is insufficient, operative treatment with fundoplication can be performed with an acceptable complication rate and a high expectation of success.

Relationship of psychosocial factors to smoking behavior change in an intervention program

The relationship of stress and the “psychosocial assets” of adjustment, belief in personal control, and social support to the modification of smoking behavior was studied in a sample of 169 male smokers, aged 35 to 57, enrolled in a heart attack prevention program. Smokers were categorized as Continuing Successes, Recidivists, or Nonstoppers, depending on whether they stopped smoking and maintained cessation, stopped smoking and relapsed, or never stopped during the initial intervention phase. The participants were followed for 2 years. Variations in the following factors were used to significantly discriminate among the groups of smokers: stress, security, social support, number of cigarettes smoked at baseline and when smoking heaviest, and measures of belief in personal control. Discriminant function analysis demonstrated that the likelihood of being a Continuing Success is increased when there are, in combination (in decreasing order of importance): a high expectation of success; few cigarettes smoked upon entry into the program; low stress; ease of prior cessation attempts; a long period of prior abstinence; and a high degree of personal security. The results suggest that it is possible to predict which participants in a smoking control program will have problems with cessation and maintenance of cessation; and that smoking control programs can target intervention toward specific individual needs.

Causal attributions for success and failure in relation to expectations of success based upon selective or manipulative control

SummarySubjects worked at a 10‐item Anagrams Test. In a manipulative control condition the prior performance of subjects on a set of practice anagrams was controlled so that half of these subjects began the test with high expectations of success and half with low expectations of success As a check on the manipulation, subjects provided ratings of how confident they were that they could pass the test (i e, solve five anagrams or more) In a selective control condition subjects were not given practice items but were subsequently assigned to high versus low expectation groups on the basis of their confidence ratings The difficulty level of the items in the Anagrams Test was manipulated so that half the subjects in each condition passed the test and half failed. Subsequently all subjects were required to rate the degree to which they considered ability (or lack of ability), effort (or lack of effort), task difficulty (easy or hard), and luck (good or bad) were causes of their performance outcome (success or failure). It was found that the expected success was attributed more to ability and less to good luck than was the unexpected success The expected failure was attributed more to lack of ability and less to bad luck than was the unexpected failure There was a greater tendency for subjects to appeal to task difficulty and effort as causes of their performance when they succeeded than when they failed. These results were discussed in terms of a structural balance model of attribution behavior and also in relation to Heider's naive analysis of the causes of action

Effects of frustration and magnitude of reward on selective attention, size estimation, and verbal evaluation.

SummaryA high expectancy of success in playing a “fishing game” was established for all subjects (fourth‐grade children) Subjects then played the fishing game for money A nonsense syllable was associated with the money. Half of the subjects were frustrated in their attempts to obtain the money, while the remaining subjects were rewarded in their attempts The dependent measures indicated that, relative to rewarded and control subjects, frustrated subjects (a) looked at pictures of money more often, (b) overestimated the size of money, and (c) attributed more positive statements to the syllable associated with reward Subjects frustrated on a larger reward showed these effects to a greater extent than subjects frustrated on a smaller reward These data support the hypothesis that the incentive value of a reward, and of salient neutral stimuli associated with the reward, is increased by frustration, and that this effect is strengthened by the use of larger rewards.

Individual differences in children's reactions to frustrative nonreward

Individual differences in children's reactions to frustrative nonreward were investigated in a series of three exploratory studies. Most children between the ages of 5 and 13 years tended to show increments in motivation and increased avoidance tendencies after nonreward. Children differed in the latency of these reactions: some Ss demonstrated immediate or short-latency reactions, while in others reaction was delayed or of long latency. The immediate reaction was relatively more common in younger children and in those with low expectancy of success, while older children and those with high expectancy of success tended more frequently to demonstrate the delayed reaction to nonreward.