High Dissipation Rates Research Articles

Intensification of fine particle flotation with less energy input using vortex generators

The separation of fine mineral particles has always been challenging in flotation. Previous studies generally believed that intensifying fine particle flotation necessarily involves higher energy expenditure. To explore the more effective intensification, this study measured the flotation performance of diaspore particles smaller than 20 μm in a mineralization pipe. The energy input was regulated by varying the slurry flow rate in the mineralization pipe and incorporating wedge-shaped vortex generator (VG) with different pinch angles. The results of flotation tests indicated that introduction of VG can achieve superior flotation performance with reduced energy input. A flotation rate of 0.86/min was obtained in the mineralization pipe with VG and a pinch angle of 60° (VGP-60) at an energy input of 27.29 W, much higher than that of 0.53 /min in empty pipe at 37.59 W. The more effective intensification is attributed to the high turbulent dissipation rate (ε) induced by VG. The volume-averaged ε in VGP-60 is 31.8 m2/s3 at an energy input of 27.29W, exceeding that in empty pipe at 37.59 W. The increased ε enhances the collision rate between particles and bubbles, thus causing the flotation rate to grow as a power function with exponent of 0.5.

Influence of micromixing and shear on precipitation process in the jet-flow high shear reactors

Micromixing and fluid shear stress significantly affect the nucleation and growth of crystals during the precipitation process. The jet-flow high shear reactor (JFHSR) has strong shear rate and high localized energy dissipation rate, making it promising for applications where the size and the morphology of crystals need to be modified. In this paper, the micromixing properties of JFHSR were first investigated using Villermaux/Dushman method, and the intrinsic correlation among micromixing, shear, and BaSO4 crystals was explored. The results show that the stator, the increased Re and θ, the reduced feed tube diameter and the closer the feed position to the rotor promote micromixing. Excellent micromixing promotes burst nucleation by generating uniform supersaturation, while shear is more likely to provide an environment dominated by the secondary nucleation of fluid shear stress. The correlations of XS, tm (about 10−4 s) and d43,P are obtained, providing guidelines for JFHSR design and application

Three-Dimensional Measurements Of Deformable Oil Droplets In Turbulence

This work introduces an experimental facility designed to generate turbulence with a high energy dissipation rate of up to 0.3 m^2/s^3 , sufficient to induce deformation and fragmentation of oil droplets. The turbulence is produced by opposing arrays consisting of 24 jet streams in total, each with Reynolds numbers ranging from 12,000 to 50,000. Flow regimes are determined using 3D Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) conducted in the center of the octagonal test section. The statistical analysis of the turbulence reveals a nearly homogeneous and isotropic nature. A 3D imaging system, equipped with six high-speed cameras, allows for the reconstruction of droplets using the multiple algebraic reconstruction technique algorithm, fostering both visualization and quantification of interface deformation. Additionally, the system enables the tracking of the breakup process. The presented setup is able to couple the measurements of the droplet shapes with surrounding turbulence in 3D dproplet topology reconstruction coupled with surrounding flow measurements. We demonstrate the capability of our imaging system and reconstruction methods for multiphase flow studies with an example of full 3D droplet topology reconstruction coupled with surrounding flow measurements.

Predictive Placement of IC Chips using ANN-GA Approach for Efficient Thermal Cooling

In this research, numerical modelling is used to explore the heat transfer through natural convection capabilities of nine aluminum integrated circuit chips that are installed on substrate board. The goal is to figure out where on the substrate board these IC chips would be best placed if they were arranged differently. The dimensionless parameter (λ) plays a very essential role, and by applying a hybrid technique consisting of ANN and GA. ANSYS Icepack calculates IC chip temperature distributions in 3D steady state numerical simulations. It has been shown that the form, dimensions, and IC chips' substrate board positioning affects their operating temperature. In comparison to the strategies that have been used in the past, hybrid optimization is the strategy that has shown to be the most reliable in properly predicting how the IC chips would be arranged on the substrate board. It has been observed that higher values of one of these parameters lead to a reduction in the maximum temperature surplus. A correlation has been established to illustrate this relationship as it increases. The most favorable simulation outcomes are utilized to drive a genetic algorithm (GA), which identifies the optimal configuration ensuring that the temperatures of the heat sources remain well below their specified maximum operating conditions, as outlined in the data sheets. The maximum temperature variation between the lowest and highest extreme configurations ranges between 4 - 8%. The smallest size IC chip, U2 with high heat dissipation rate attains the maximum temperature in the configuration, however, the temperature variation for the low powered IC chips U3, U4 and U7 are very small. Found good agreement of both the data with an error band of 10%, and thus confirms the accuracy of the network.

Statistics of kinetic and thermal energy dissipation rates in two-dimensional thermal vibrational convection

We investigate the statistical properties of kinetic ϵu and thermal ϵθ energy dissipation rates in two-dimensional (2D) thermal vibrational convection (TVC). Direct numerical simulations were conducted in a unit aspect ratio box across a dimensionless angular frequency range of 103≤ω≤107 for amplitudes 0.001≤a≤0.1, with a fixed Prandtl number of 4.38. Our findings indicate ϵu is primarily associated with the characteristics of the vibration force, while ϵθ is more related to the large-scale columnar structures. Both energy dissipation rates exhibit a power-law relationship with the oscillational Reynolds number Reos. ϵu exhibits a scaling relation as ⟨ϵu⟩V,t∼a−1Reos0.93±0.01, while ϵθ exhibits two distinct scaling behaviors, i.e., ⟨ϵθ⟩V,t∼a−1Reos1.97±0.04 for Reos<Reos,cr and ⟨ϵθ⟩V,t∼a−1Reos1.31±0.02 for Reos>Reos,cr, where the fitted critical oscillational Reynolds number is approximately Reos,cr≈80. The different scaling of ⟨ϵθ⟩V,t is determined by the competition between the thermal boundary layer and the oscillating boundary layer. Moreover, the probability density functions (PDFs) of both dissipation rates deviate significantly from the lognormal distribution and exhibit a bimodal shape. By partitioning the contributions from the boundary layer and bulk regions, it is shown that the bulk contributes to the small and moderate dissipation rates, whereas the high dissipation rates are predominantly contributed by the boundary layer. As Reos increases, the heavy tail of the PDFs becomes more pronounced, revealing an enhanced level of small-scale intermittency. This small-scale intermittency is mainly caused by the influence of BL due to vibration. Our study provides insight into the small-scale characteristics of 2D TVC, highlighting the non-trivial scaling laws and intermittent behavior of energy dissipation rates with respect to vibration intensity.

Thermal-Hydraulic Characterization of a Thermosyphon Cooling System for Highly Compact Edge Microdatacenter

Abstract In the European project BRAINE, an extremely efficient passive thermosyphon cooling system was developed for a novel type of Edge MicroDataCenter (EMDC) with high heat fluxes to dissipate on individual computer cards and high heat dissipation rate per unit volume in the dense array of these cards. The primary objective was the cooling of 11 nodes (which include CPUs, FGPAs, GPUs and storage) considering one heat sink evaporator per node. The present study shows the experimental results obtained with the new environmentally friendly refrigerants R1233zd(E) and R1234ze(E) as well as a validation of the solver used to design the thermosyphon for a first demo EMDC with 4 slots (i.e 4 nodes). The maximal total dissipated power was 950 W and performance ratios of heat dissipation-to-cooling fan power up to 98-to-1 were obtained. The solver validation was performed by comparing pressure drop of the different components as well as the maximum temperature of the heaters mimicking CPUs for 232 simulated datapoints and proved extremely good accuracy without any scaling or empirical factors: 99%, 78%, 53% and 95% of the datapoints for the evaporator, riser, condenser and total pressure drop, respectively, were within 30% of the experimental results, which is accuracy comparable to the best two-phase pressure drop correlations in the literature, so a very good validation result. For the temperature validation, 97% of the datapoints were within 5°C of the experimental measurements, highlighting the robustness of the solver.

Numerical investigation on characteristics of vortex dissipation in multi-horizontal submerged jets stilling basin.

Multi-horizontal submerged jets stilling basins have been utilized in large-scale water conservancy and hydropower projects due to its stable flow pattern, high energy dissipation rate and less atomization. This study employs vorticity criterion, Q criterion, λ2 criterion and Ω criterion to investigate the characteristics of vortex formation and turbulent dissipation in multi-horizontal submerged jets stilling basins with various configurations, including crest overflowing orifice alone (COO), combination of crest overflowing orifice and mid-discharge orifice (COO-MO) and mid-discharge orifice alone (MO). The results indicate that the Q criterion and λ2 criterion are effective in identifying vortex structure within multi-horizontal submerged jets stilling basin. Specifically, the stronger intensity of vortex structure and vortex dissipation are mainly distributed in the vicinity of the vertical drop, which gradually weakens for the increasing distance to the vertical drop. Furthermore, the intensity and number of vortexes with COO-MO are the largest. This conclusion can provide guidance for energy dissipation and bottom protection of stilling pool.

Experimental study and turbulence dissipative scale modelling of the rapid micromixing of impinging thin sheets of liquids

Previous studies have shown that the impingement of thin liquid sheets produces high energy dissipation rates due to the release of kinetic energy in a very small mass of liquid (0.0001–0.01 g), even though flowrates are on the order of L/min. Rapid micromixing occurs because the dissipated energy leads to a substantial reduction in the initial segregation size scale of the liquids, which is the single-sheet thickness at impingement (~ 100 μm). In the present study, the micromixing was investigated by following the progress of an acid-base neutralization accompanied by a change in fluorescence intensity of a fluorophore. Micromixing was modeled using a framework that assumes diffusion and reaction of species occur within slabs of fixed thickness (2L). The slabs are fixed in size because the released kinetic energy is dissipated within one turnover time of the large energy-containing eddies produced in the turbulent impingement zone. A simulation, which included a module for calculating the fluorescence intensity, determined 2L for experimental energy dissipation rates (ϵ) ranging from 4×104 to 7.7×106 W/kg. 2L was found to lie in the range of turbulent dissipative scales less than the Taylor microscale but greater than the Kolmogorov microscale. 2L/v′ was found to be a function of ReΛ−1/4 and ν/ϵ1/2, where v′ is the velocity associated with the turbulent kinetic energy, ReΛ is the large-eddy Reynolds number and ν is the kinematic viscosity. Similar to η/Λ, 2L/Λ is a function of ReΛ−3/4, where ηis the Kolmogorov microscale and Λ is the size of the large energy-containing eddies.

Near-surface turbulent dissipation at a laboratory-scale confluence: implications on gas transfer

AbstractRiver confluences contribute to the outflux of saturated dissolved gases in the water resulting from high dam discharges. This process is related to gas transfer across the water–air interface, which is primarily controlled by turbulent dissipation near the water surface. However, the near-surface turbulence dissipation is rarely reported in confluence hydrodynamics studies. This study conducted experiments with different discharge ratios to investigate near-surface turbulent motions at a laboratory-scale confluence. The higher dissipation rate $$\varepsilon H/U_{m}^{3}$$ ε H / U m 3 of near-surface turbulence was mainly located inside the interfacial shear layer between the two incoming streams (~ 10–4) and the bank separation zone (10–4–10–3) where high shear was found in the mean flow. By contrast, the dissipation rates were much lower inside the incoming flows and outside the two regions of high shear (~ 10–5). The magnitudes of the dissipation rate inside the shear layer were comparable in experiments where the mixing interface was in the Kelvin–Helmholtz mode or in the wake mode. The dissipation rate was found to increase away from the free surface outside the shear layer, while it was more uniformly distributed over the depth inside the layer possibly due to the presence of strongly-coherent, vertically-orientated vortices. In the far field, the mean shear within the shear layer was largely weakened. Nonetheless, the effects of flow separation persisted and laterally expanded to occupy the entire cross section. The dissipation rate $$\varepsilon H/U_{m}^{3}$$ ε H / U m 3 of the confluent flow was more than 10–4 even at a distance of 10 times the channel width in the post-confluence channel.

Revamping Triboelectric Output by Deep Trap Construction.

High output performance is critical for building triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) for future multifunctional applications. Unfortunately, the high triboelectric charge dissipation rate has a significant negativeimpact on its electrical output performance. Herein, a newtribolayer is designed through introducing self-assembled molecules with large energy gaps on commercial PET fibric toform carrier deep traps, which improve charge retention while decreasing dissipation rates. The deep trap density of the PET increases by two orders of magnitude, resulting in an 86% reduction in the rate of charge dissipation and a significant increase in the charge density that can be accumulated on tribolayer during physical contact. The key explanation is that increasing the density of deep traps improves the dielectric's ability to store charges, making it more difficult for the triboelectric charges trapped by the tribolayer to escape from the deep traps, lowering the rate of charge dissipation. This TENG has a 1300% increase in output power density as a result of altering the deep trap density, demonstrating a significant improvement. This work describes a simple yetefficient method for building TENGs withultra-high electrical output and promotes their practical implementation in the sphere of the Internet of Things.

Tidal Dissipation in Stably Stratified and Semiconvective Regions of Rotating Giant Planets: Incorporating Coriolis Forces

We study how stably stratified or semiconvective layers alter tidal dissipation rates associated with the generation of inertial, gravito-inertial, interfacial, and surface gravity waves in rotating giant planets. We explore scenarios in which stable (nonconvective) layers contribute to the high rates of tidal dissipation observed for Jupiter and Saturn in our solar system. Our model is an idealized spherical Boussinesq system incorporating Coriolis forces to study effects of stable stratification and semiconvective layers on tidal dissipation. Our detailed numerical calculations consider realistic tidal forcing and compute the resulting viscous and thermal dissipation rates. The presence of an extended stably stratified fluid core significantly enhances tidal wave excitation of both inertial waves (due to rotation) in the convective envelope and gravito-inertial waves in the dilute core. We show that a sufficiently strongly stratified fluid core enhances inertial wave dissipation in a convective envelope much like a solid core does. We demonstrate that efficient tidal dissipation rates (and associated tidal quality factors )—sufficient to explain the observed migration rates of Saturn's moons—are predicted at the frequencies of the orbiting moons due to the excitation of inertial or gravito-inertial waves in our models with stable layers (without requiring resonance locking). Stable layers could also be important for tidal evolution of hot and warm Jupiters and hot Neptunes, providing efficient tidal circularization rates. Future work should study more sophisticated planetary models that also account for magnetism and differential rotation, as well as the interaction of inertial waves with turbulent convection.

Vertical Mixing in The Onshore Region of The Northwestern Maluku Sea, Indonesia

Spatio-temporal dynamics of vertical mixing in the northwestern Maluku Sea were quantified using the Thorpe Method from archived CTD datasets collected during the expedition of Baruna Jaya VIII RCO-LIPI on November 12–13, 2000. The turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate and vertical eddy diffusivity values inspected the variability of mixing properties. Higher values for both parameters were found at the shallower bathymetry, which is less than 1000 m deep. This suggests that the water column is vertically unstable as a result of being often subjected to internal solitary wave (ISW) breaking events. The strong temporal variability observed from the density profile also indicated a strong impact on internal tide activity. There was temporal fluctuation of the TKE dissipation rate as well as vertical eddy diffusivity values following semidiurnal periodicity, with typical variability up to one order of magnitude for both the dissipation and diffusivity. The range of fluctuation is [6.8×10-8 ? 9.3×10-7] W kg-1 and [1.5×10-5 – 5.4×10-3] m2s-1, respectively in the upper 200 m depth. This water generated a high dissipation rate and vertical diffusivity when regularly exposed to internal solitary waves breaking from the Lifamatola Passage.Keywords: mixing properties, CTD data, turbulent kinetic energy, vertical eddy diffusivity

Energy transport induced by transition from the weak to the strong coupling regime between non-Hermitian optical systems

The strong coupling between non-Hermitian physical systems of different natures has been widely investigated recently since it endows them with new properties. In this work, we consider energy transport through an open quantum optical system consisting of strongly coupled subsystems. We use a partial-secular approach for the description of an open quantum system to investigate the system dynamics during the transition from a weak to a strong coupling regime with an increase of coupling between subsystems. On the example of strongly coupled two-level atoms, we show that during the transition to the strong coupling regime, the enhancement of energy transport through the open quantum system takes place. Namely, starting from zero value, when the coupling constant equals zero, the stationary energy flow increases and tends to an approximately constant value at the high values of the coupling constant. As a result, the specific energy flow—the stationary energy flow normalized to the coupling constant—reaches the maximum at some value of the coupling constant. This behavior takes place even in the case of the non-zero frequency detuning when there is no clear transition point from the weak to the strong coupling regime in the spectrum of system eigenvalues. Thus, to achieve significant energy flow through the compound open quantum system, it is sufficient to restrict the value of the coupling constant at which the specific energy flow is maximized. Also, we demonstrate the suppression of the stationary energy flow at high dissipation rates. The obtained results can be used in the design of quantum thermal devices.

Experimental studies on two-phase immersion liquid cooling for Li-ion battery thermal management

The thermal management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become a critical topic in the energy storage and automotive industries. Among the various cooling methods, two-phase submerged liquid cooling is known to be the most efficient solution, as it delivers a high heat dissipation rate by utilizing the latent heat from the liquid-to-vapor phase change. In this study, a novel two-phase liquid immersion system was proposed, and the cooling performance of an 18650 LIB was investigated to evaluate the effects of thermal management on the performance of the battery pack. Four cooling strategies, namely natural, forced convection, mineral oil (single-phase), and SF33 fluid (two-phase) cooling, were compared under different discharge rates and dynamic load conditions. The results suggest that two-phase immersion cooling with SF33 fluid was highly effective to keep the cell temperature under 34 °C under all tested conditions, and the temperature change of the battery did not exceed 5 °C. A large amount of heat from the battery during high C discharge was absorbed by the boiling of SF33, allowing it to effectively maintain the cell temperature in an optimal temperature range (33–34 °C). Finally, the mechanism of pool heat transfer was determined through visual analysis. Initially, small bubbles appeared near the wires and battery terminals, which acted as gasification cores. Subsequently, small bubbles arose around the surface of the battery body, most of which grew to reach the interface. Eventually, the vapor condensed near the top condenser coils. This study provides a foundation for the further development of direct two-phase liquid-cooling technology, which can be an effective method for enhancing the life and safety of LIBs.

Effect of Jet Nozzle Position on Mixing Time in Large Tanks

The present investigation focuses on the impact of jet nozzle orientation on mixing time in a cylindrical tank. The aim is to identify nozzle positions that improve mixing performance and to elucidate the governing parameters that influence it. A water tank was employed for the experiment. The vertical inclination angle (α) and the horizontal inclination angle (β) of the jet nozzle determined the nozzle positions. Mixing time was determined using an inert tracer and spectrophotometry measurements. The findings show that the mixing time is significantly influenced by the position of the jet nozzle position. The accuracy of existing jet turbulence and the circulation models for the prediction of mixing time was evaluated for the different nozzle positions. Our results indicate that both models provide accurate predictions for the conventional centrally aligned (β = 0°), upward-pointing jet nozzle positions only (α > 0). For the other nozzle positions where β > 0° and at varying α, the data follow the same trends as the jet turbulence and circulation models; however, the proportionality constants vary. Shorter mixing times can be attributed principally to longer jet path lengths and therefore higher fluid entrainment and circulation as well as higher dissipation rates per jet length squared. However, it is suspected that the three-dimensional nature of the flow pattern generated in the tank also plays a non-negligible role since mixing is hindered when the nozzle points more towards the tank wall.

Tidal Dissipation in Stratified and Semi-convective Regions of Giant Planets

We study how stably stratified or semi-convective layers alter the tidal dissipation rates associated with the generation of internal waves in planetary interiors. We consider if these layers could contribute to the high rates of tidal dissipation observed for Jupiter and Saturn in our solar system. We use an idealized global spherical Boussinesq model to study the influence of stable stratification and semi-convective layers on tidal dissipation rates. We carry out analytical and numerical calculations considering realistic tidal forcing and measure how the viscous and thermal dissipation rates depend on the parameters relating to the internal stratification profile. We find that the strongly frequency-dependent tidal dissipation rate is highly dependent on the parameters relating to the stable stratification, with strong resonant peaks that align with the internal modes of the system. The locations and sizes of these resonances depend on the form and parameters of the stratification, which we explore both analytically and numerically. Our results suggest that stable stratification can significantly enhance the tidal dissipation in particular frequency ranges. Analytical calculations in the low-frequency regime give us scaling laws for the key parameters, including the tidal quality factor due to internal gravity waves. Stably stratified layers can significantly contribute to tidal dissipation in solar and extrasolar giant planets, and we estimate substantial tidal evolution for hot Neptunes. Further investigation is needed to robustly quantify the significance of the contribution in realistic interior models, and to consider the contribution of inertial waves.

Salt‐Fingering Under the Thermal‐Wind and Lateral Shears in the Kuroshio Fronts

AbstractWe apply a linear normal mode stability analysis to identify instability in fronts stable to symmetric instability (SI). SI stable fronts appear in many of our observations in the Kuroshio current. These fronts consist of strong horizontal and vertical temperature and salinity gradients. Our stability analysis considers salt‐fingering instability in the presence of thermal‐wind and lateral shears along the isopycnal, which we term “geostrophic shear salt fingering (GSF).” When GSF grows faster than SI, the energy source is in the geostrophic and lateral shears, similar to SI. The results of the linear stability analysis are applied to evaluate temperature and salinity observations on the east coast of Japan in the Kuroshio current. The majority of our data do not support the growth of SI, as the measurements were taken in the fall when the fronts were stratified. Instead, our data indicate a preference for GSF growth. The total perturbation growth in GSF is determined by the source and sink terms in the scalar variance dissipation rates. The thermal and saline covariance dissipation rate (codissipation rate) serves as the primary energy source, while the thermal and saline variance dissipation rates function as the energy sink. This suggests that the presence of the GSF is detectable in microstructure measurements as patches of high thermal variance dissipation rate along the isopycnal slope at fronts in the absence of SI.

Effect of the Water-Binder Ratio on the Autogenous Shrinkage of C50 Mass Concrete Mixed with MgO Expansion Agent

The high adiabatic temperature rise and low heat dissipation rate of mass concrete will promote rapid hydration of the cementitious material and rapid consumption of water from the concrete pores, which may significantly accelerate the development of concrete autogenous shrinkage. In this study, the effect of the water-binder ratio on the autogenous shrinkage of C50 concrete mixed with MgO expansion agent (MEA) was explained with respect to mechanical properties, pore structure, degree of hydration, and micromorphology of the concrete based on a variable temperature curing chamber. The results show that the high temperature rise within the mass concrete accelerates the development of early (14 d) autogenous shrinkage of the concrete, and that the smaller the water-binder ratio, the greater the autogenous shrinkage of the concrete. With the addition of 8 wt% MEA, the autogenous shrinkage of concrete can be effectively compensated. The larger the water-binder ratio, the higher the degree of MgO hydration, and in terms of the compensation effect of autogenous shrinkage, the best performance is achieved at a water-binder ratio of 0.36. This study provides a data reference for the determination of the water-binder ratio in similar projects with MEA.

ANN based surrogate model for key Physico-chemical effects of cavitation

Intense and localised physico-chemical effects realised by cavitation such as generation of hydroxyl radicals, high-speed jets, and very high energy dissipation rates are being harnessed for a wide range of applications from emulsions, crystallisation, reactions to water treatment and waste valorisation. Single cavity models are typically used to quantitatively estimate such localised effects of cavity collapse. However, these models demand significant computing resources for resolving fast dynamics and therefore are very difficult, if not impossible, to integrate with CFD based cavitation device or reactor scale models. This severely limits the utility of device/ reactor scale models in simulating key applications of interest. In this work, we present, for the first time, artificial neural network (ANN) based surrogate models which accurately represent complex physico-chemical effects of cavity collapse. Recently developed cavity dynamics model was used for generating training data set encompassing both acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation. Appropriate methodology for training ANN was developed. A shallow three hidden layer dense ANN was found to be more effective for estimating three main effects of cavity collapse: jet velocity, •OH generation and localised energy dissipation rate. The performance of trained ANN was then evaluated by comparing the predictions with the totally unseen data obtained from the cavity dynamics model. The developed ANN was shown to simulate unseen data very well not just within the range of training data (interpolation) but also beyond (extrapolation). Algebraic equations representing ANN are included to facilitate incorporation in device/ reactor scale CFD models. The presented methodology and results will be useful for developing high-fidelity CFD models of cavitation devices/ reactors based on key physico-chemical effects of cavity collapse.

Scalings and decay of homogeneous, nearly isotropic turbulence behind a jet array

In the study of dispersed multiphase turbulence, using a jet array has shown promise in creating intense homogeneous, nearly isotropic turbulence with high dissipation rates in water and wind tunnels. However, the scaling of turbulent characteristics with jet nozzle diameter, velocity, and downstream location has not been fully explored. Our research, combined with previous experiments focusing on near-field measurements, offers a comprehensive understanding of the decay of kinetic energy and energy dissipation rate, as well as the flow inhomogeneity and anisotropy generated by a jet array.