High Cost Of Devices Research Articles

Task sharing for increasing access to obstetric ultrasonography: a formative qualitative study of nurse-led scanning with telemedicine review in Kenya

Abstract The informal settlements of Nairobi have higher neonatal and infant mortality rates than the average for Nairobi. Universal access to important diagnostics like ultrasonography is poor and inequitable due to the high cost of devices and limited availability of skilled sonographers. Recent advances of mobile ultrasound probes connected to smartphones, with or without artificial intelligence support, have improved access to devices; but skills to perform and interpret scans continue to be limited. The SonoMobile intervention involved training nurse-midwives to conduct point-of-care obstetric ultrasound scans in antenatal care clinics in urban informal settlements. Scan data and images were shared, using telemedicine technology, with remote sonographers, who reviewed scan images and data, and provided reports. This study of 61 respondents from diverse stakeholder groups describes the acceptability, utility and considerations for sustainability of nurse-led, point-of-care obstetric ultrasonography with telemedicine review. Perceived value of nurse-led obstetric ultrasonography include improving access and affordability of obstetric ultrasonography services, timely identification and referral of high-risk pregnancies, and improving awareness of appropriate antenatal care among underserved populations. The relative affordability of SonoMobile was described as a critical enabler for a business model targeting low- and middle-income segments of the population, and for increasing quality and equity of antenatal care coverage. Areas highlighted for improvement include strengthening supervision of nurse trainees, broadening the scope of nurse training, and development of clear regulatory guidelines for nurse-led obstetric ultrasonography. The study highlights the complex task shifting required to provide universal access to a life-saving technology in an LMIC health system.

Growth and Development of Nanobiotechnology Applications and Future Prospects

Despite the high cost of nanomaterials and devices, nanotechnology is witnessing great growth and development worldwide, and competition has become great among developed countries to produce and develop this technology by allocating huge budgets and expanding the establishment and support of specialized research centers due to the increasing demand for it. This modern technology is considered the latest technology. What has been achieved by scientific and technological development in recent years, which would work to achieve the economic goals of comprehensive development through employing various economic resources and making optimal use of them. This study aimed to introduce nanotechnology, its importance and applications in various areas of life, and to clarify the extent of the possibility of benefiting from it in achieving the economic goals of comprehensive development. The study reached some results and recommendations, the most important of which is encouraging work on introducing and using nanotechnology as an entry point for comprehensive development in Libyan industry, especially industries that face high competition from imported products, and marketing environmentally friendly products in the local market as a first step through transferring the results of research and academic studies to industrial facilities and various production companies. Establishing, supporting and developing centers for nanotechnology research in Libya and linking them with regional and international organizations to benefit from their expertise in this field, Educating and encouraging the private industrial sector to use nanotechnology because of its great advantages and benefits to the environment and society, Also since oil is considered the primary source of income in Libya, which represents about 95% of the total GDP, if the state focuses on supporting and encouraging investment in the direction of using nanotechnology by exploiting and investing in the resources available to it, there is great potential to benefit from it as a source of income that provides It is an addition to Libya gross domestic product and is considered a source of diversified national income.

A Wearable Open-Source electrical impedance tomography device

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is medical imaging technique in which small electrical signals are used to map the electrical impedance distribution within the body. It is safe and non-invasive, which make it attractive for use in continuous monitoring or outpatient applications, but the high cost of commercial devices is an impediment to its adoption. Over the last 10 years, many research groups have developed their own EIT devices, but few designs for open-source EIT hardware are available. In this work, we present a complete open-source EIT system that is designed to be suitable for monitoring the lungs of free breathing subjects. The device is low-cost, wearable, and is designed to comply with the industry accepted safety standard for EIT. The device has been tested in two regimes: Firstly in terms of measurement uncertainty as a voltage measurement system, and secondly against a set of measures that have been proposed specifically for EIT hardware. The voltage measurement uncertainty of the device was measured to be − 0.7 % ± 0.36 mV. The EIT specific performance was measured in a phantom test designed to be as physiologically representative as practicable, and the device performed similarly to other published devices. This work will contribute to increased accessibility of EIT for study and will contribute to consensus on testing methodology for EIT devices.

Mechanical Analysis of a Novel 3D-printed External Fixator Design Versus Industry-standard External Fixators.

External fixation is a critical component of orthopaedic fracture management and is used for various conditions, including trauma and pediatric orthopaedics. However, the availability and high cost of external fixation devices are a concern, especially in rural and developing countries. 3D printing technology has shown promise in reducing manufacturing costs and improving accessibility to external fixation devices. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of a fully 3D-printed desktop external fixation device and compare the results with the mechanical properties of commonly used, clinically available external fixators. A fully 3D printable external fixator was designed and printed in polylactic acid at two infill densities, 20% and 100%. The mechanical properties of the 3D-printed external fixators and several commercially available fixators were tested according to applicable sections of the American Society for Testing and Materials F1541 standard protocol in axial, medial-lateral, and anterior-posterior orientations. The primary outcomes measured included failure load, safe load, rigidity, and yield load. The mean differences between experimental and control groups were calculated using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests. The 20% infill 3D-printed construct showed poor performance compared with commercially available external fixators in all testing conditions and across most variables. The 100% infill 3D-printed construct was comparable with or superior to all commercially available devices in most testing conditions. The cost for printing a single 3D-printed 100% infill external fixator was $14.49 (United States Dollar). This study demonstrates that a low-cost desktop 3D printer can create an entirely 3D-printed external fixator that resists clinically relevant forces similar to medical-grade industry-standard external fixators. Therefore, there is potential for customizable and low-cost external fixators to be manufactured with desktop 3D printing for use in remote areas and other resource-constrained environments for fracture care.

Semi-quantum blind double signature scheme with semi-trusted arbitrator

In order to solve the security of electronic transactions on limited goods, some quantum blind double signature (QBDS) protocols were proposed. In existing QBDS protocols, all participants must have specific quantum computing capabilities. Realistically, high cost of quantum devices may hinder people from using the QBDS protocol. Therefore, we propose a semi-quantum arbitrator blind double signature (SQABDS) scheme. In this scheme, the sender (signer) and the receiver both are classical participants, which can relatively reduce the dependence on quantum hardware. The introduction of blind signers can protect the privacy of electronic transactions, the introduction of semi-trusted arbitrator can relax the strong assumption about the trustworthiness of the arbitrator, for the arbitrator cannot forge the signature. In addition, the SQABDS scheme can be used to sign classical messages directly without performing any quantum swapping tests or quantum gate operations. Finally, the analysis shows that our scheme is securer and its quantum cost is relatively lower.

Cryologger Ice Tracking Beacon: A Low-Cost, Open-Source Platform for Tracking Icebergs and Ice Islands.

Icebergs and ice islands (large, tabular icebergs) present a significant hazard to marine vessels and infrastructure at a time when demand for access to Arctic waters is increasing. There is a growing demand for in situ iceberg tracking data to monitor their drift trajectories and improve models used for operational forecasting of ice hazards, yet the high cost of commercial tracking devices often prevents monitoring at optimal spatial and temporal resolutions. Here, we provide a detailed description of the Cryologger Ice Tracking Beacon (ITB), a low-cost, robust, and user-friendly data logger and telemeter for tracking icebergs and ice islands based on the Arduino open-source electronics platform. Designed for deployments of at least 2 years with an hourly sampling interval that is remotely modifiable by the end user, the Cryologger ITB provides long-term measurements of position, temperature, pressure, pitch, roll, heading, and battery voltage. Data are transmitted via the Iridium satellite network at user-specified intervals. We present the results of field campaigns in 2018 and 2019, which saw the deployment of 16 ITBs along the coasts of Greenland and Ellesmere and Baffin islands. The overall success of these ITB deployments has demonstrated that inexpensive, open-source hardware and software can provide a reliable and cost-effective method of monitoring icebergs and ice islands in the polar regions.

Intraosseous access in the management of paediatric emergencies: a report from Gabriel Toure hospital

When access to peripheral veins is delayed or impossible, intraosseous access must be rapidly considered. The aim of our study was to determine the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of children who have benefited from intraosseous access, as well as the practical details of its implementation. Materials and methods: It was a prospective study, on the assessment of aspects of intraosseous access in the management of pediatric emergencies. Children under 15 years of age who received this procedure were included. The study was performed over a 14-month period from March 2018 to April 2019 at the pediatric emergencies of Gabriel Touré hospital. Results: Twenty-two patients were included. The sex ratio was 2.14. The mean age was 9 months (2 months-36 months). Dehydration complicated by shock represented 45.5% of treated diseases. All intraosseous access points were placed in the proximal tibia. Manual insertion was used in all cases. The most frequent early complication was deperfusion (13.6%). Difficulty with peripheral venous access was the main indication (77.3%). The procedure was performed by a physician in 91% of cases, with a success rate of 86.4%. Vascular filling was the most common treatment used by this route, accounting for 82% of cases. Conclusion: Intraosseous device insertion has saved children in life-threatening emergencies. The main factors limiting the insertion of the intraosseous device in our study were high cost of devices and lack of appropriate training about veins access in case of pediatric emergencies.

Intersystem crossing in a dibenzofuran-based room temperature phosphorescent luminophore investigated by non-adiabatic dynamics.

The use of phosphorescent luminophores is highly beneficial in diverse high-technological and biological applications. Yet, because of the formally forbidden character of intersystem crossing, the use of heavy metals or atoms is usually necessary to achieve high quantum yields. This choice imposes serious constraints in terms of high device cost and inherent toxicity. In this contribution we resort to density functional based surface hopping non-adiabatic dynamics of a potential organic luminophore intended for room-temperature applications. We confirm that intersystem crossing is operative in a ps time-scale without requiring the activation of large-scale movements, thus confirming the suitability of the El Sayed-based strategy for the rational design of fully organic phosphorescent emitters.

Biomedical application of terahertz imaging technology: a narrative review.

Terahertz (THz) imaging has wide applications in biomedical research due to its properties, such as non-ionizing, non-invasive and distinctive spectral fingerprints. Over the past 6 years, the application of THz imaging in tumor tissue has made encouraging progress. However, due to the strong absorption of THz by water, the large size, high cost, and low sensitivity of THz devices, it is still difficult to be widely used in clinical practice. This paper provides ideas for researchers and promotes the development of THz imaging in clinical research. The literature search was conducted in the Web of Science and PubMed databases using the keywords "Terahertz imaging", "Breast", "Brain", "Skin" and "Cancer". A total of 94 English language articles from 1 January, 2017 to 30 December, 2022 were reviewed. In this review, we briefly introduced the recent advances in THz near-field imaging, single-pixel imaging and real-time imaging, the applications of THz imaging for detecting breast, brain and skin tissues in the last 6 years were reviewed, and the advantages and existing challenges were identified. It is necessary to combine machine learning and metamaterials to develop real-time THz devices with small size, low cost and high sensitivity that can be widely used in clinical practice. More powerful THz detectors can be developed by combining graphene, designing structures and other methods to improve the sensitivity of the devices and obtain more accurate information. Establishing a THz database is one of the important methods to improve the repeatability and accuracy of imaging results. THz technology is an effective method for tumor imaging. We believe that with the joint efforts of researchers and clinicians, accurate, real-time, and safe THz imaging will be widely applied in clinical practice in the future.

Using ICT Tools and Technological Applications in this Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic to Facilitate Learning

Abstract The globe is shaken by the abrupt emergence of the deadly Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The global education system has been put to the test by this circumstance, which compelled educators to quickly adopt Information & Communication Technology (ICT) tools and technologies to support instruction. Although, great attempts are made by scholars to study the implications of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on the higher education curricular, there is dearth of previous studies regarding the impact of Information & Communication Technology tools and technological applications to foster learning amid Coronavirus Disease 2019 outbreak. This exploratory study therefore uses a meta-synthesis approach and visited relevant literatures as lens to primarily examine the need to use Information & Communication Technology tools and technology applications to enhance learning in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 age. The research also shed some insight on the difficulties involved with employing Information & Communication Technology tools and technical applications to aid learning in times of pandemic and catastrophes, and it offers potential answers to educational institutions on how to handle these complications. The study’s findings suggest that Information & Communication Technology tools and technologies are the magic bullet for optimizing learning in times of disaster like the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic. The study also shows that by overcoming some technical and financial obstacles like high cost of technology devices, electricity problems, lack of expertise, etc., the lessons learnt from the abrupt and compulsory adoption of Information & Communication Technology tools and technologies to lessen the negative effects of the disaster on learning amid Coronavirus Disease 2019 global emergency will help create new opportunities for the use of blended learning approaches to meet the needs of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 disruption and future learning deliveries.

Undergraduate students’ perceived mobile technology-learning barriers in their academic studies: a study in Greece

Mobile technology is used by undergraduate students for educational purposes, it supported students’ learning during the pandemic, while mobile learning may have potential benefits and barriers. This study investigates Greek undergraduate students’ perceptions on mobile technology-learning barriers in their academic studies. This topic is of international interest and still underexplored in Greece. An online questionnaire was completed by 212 students, and this study is descriptive-inferential. Students’ perceptions regarding major barriers, reveal both external (internet connectivity issues, high cost of mobile devices, outdated operating system) and internal (tutors’ negative attitudes and insufficient knowledge for mobile technology-learning integration) barriers. Other obstacles are associated with student concerns about distraction, and inadequate training opportunities to use mobile technology in their studies. Students’ confidence, attitudes and digital skills regarding mobile technology adoption/use are perceived as minor barriers (or no barriers). The findings have implications for students, university tutors and university stakeholders.

First-ever satellite tracking of Black Terns (Chlidonias niger): Insights into home range and habitat selection.

Understanding animal movement across the annual cycle is critical for developing appropriate conservation plans, but the large size and high cost of tracking devices can limit the spatial and temporal resolution at which movement data can be collected, especially for small avian species. Furthermore, for species with low breeding site fidelity, the ability to obtain tracking data from small, archival tags is hindered by low recapture rates. We deployed satellite tracking devices on four adult Black Terns (Chlidonias niger), a declining waterbird with low site fidelity, to examine space use and selection of resources within individual breeding home ranges. We also provide a preliminary assessment of habitat use during fall stopover. We found that home ranges were extensive (mean 283.7 km2) and distances travelled from the nest substantially larger (up to 35 km) than previously thought (~2.5 km). Terns showed selection for wetlands and open water on the breeding grounds, but also showed selection for developed areas. This may reflect humans selecting similar landscape features for recreation and development as terns, and suggests that terns can tolerate the light degree of development (e.g. cottages, boat launches, etc.) within our study area. Despite a small sample size, this is the first study to track individual Black Terns at a high resolution with implications for conservation and wetland management practices relevant to the spatial scales at which habitat is used by the species.

A microfluidic hemostatic diagnostics platform: Harnessing coagulation-induced adaptive-bubble behavioral perception

Clinical viscoelastic hemostatic assays, which have been used for decades, rely on measuring biomechanical responses to physical stimuli but face challenges related to high device and test cost, limited portability, and limited scalability.. Here, we report a differential pattern using self-induced adaptive-bubble behavioral perception to refresh it. The adaptive behaviors of bubble deformation during coagulation precisely describe the transformation of viscoelastic hemostatic properties, being free of the precise and complex physical devices. And the integrated bubble array chip allows microassays and enables multi-bubble tests with good reproducibility. Recognition of the developed bubble behaviors empowers automated and user-friendly diagnosis. In a prospective clinical study (clinical model development [n= 273]; clinical assay [n= 44]), we show that the diagnostic accuracies were 99.1% for key viscoelastic hemostatic assay indicators (reaction time [R], kinetics time [K], alpha angle [Angle], maximum amplitude [MA], lysis at 30min [LY30]; n= 220) and 100% (n= 44) for hypercoagulation, healthy, and hypocoagulation diagnoses. This should provide fresh insight into existing paradigms and help more clinical needs.

A Piezoresistive Array-Based Force Sensing Technique for Sleeping Posture and Respiratory Rate Detection for SAS Patients

Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is a high incidence respiratory disorder disease with potential mortality risk. Thus, researchers continuously present diverse techniques to monitor sleeping posture and respiratory rate (RR) which are closely correlated to the occurrence of SAS. Current techniques can implement high detection accuracy in both sleeping posture and RR, nevertheless, some undesired attributes still remain, such as high device cost, personal privacy leakage, and heavy burden on hardware. To satisfy the expectations, in this paper, we develop an integrated sleep monitoring system, based on flexible piezoresistive architectures and machine learning algorithms, in a low-cost and privacy protection manner. The experimental results successfully demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique, by showing a high sleeping posture classification accuracy of 98.1% and RR estimation accuracy of 97.5%, indicating a strong potential in practical utilization for SAS patients.

Kilogram-scale production of high purity 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid via sustainable leap in continuous electrochemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural

Electrochemical oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMFOR) stands out as an efficient and sustainable approach for 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) production. However, despite numerous catalyst advancements, the industrial adoption of this process faces significant challenges, stemming from limitations in scalability and high device costs. To address this gap, we developed a scalable HMFOR process for continuous FDCA production. Key parameters such as electrolyte concentration, anodic and cathodic catalysts, types of sparge gas, and current density were found to be critical to the yield and quality of the isolated FDCA products. NiFeOOH anode and Pt cathode operated at 33.3 mA cm−2 in 0.33 M KOH and O2 environment were chosen as they provided the fastest oxidation kinetic and minimized HMF degradation rate, hence producing FDCA with high yield and purity. Using the optimal conditions identified in a milligram-scale batch reactor, we constructed a 2-liter CSTR with a novel electrode design accommodating 100 A of current. This process achieved an unprecedented FDCA production rate of ∼2 kg per day and space–time yields of up to 295 μmol h−1 cm−2, along with exceptional stability for 48 h. The isolated FDCA demonstrated comparable purity and color to commercial products. This simple and robust continuous reactor design can be applied to other electrochemical biomass valorization processes, potentially replacing conventional electrolyzers.

Multidimensional design‐reality gaps in ICT in education projects in the Samoan aidscape

AbstractMotivationDuring the last decades, Samoa has received much aid to improve the use of information, communication, and technology (ICT) in education. However, the inequality gap in digital education between the global North and South remains wide, including in Samoa. This warrants further study of ICT in education projects in recipient countries.PurposeThis study examines the gap between ICT project design and the reality lived by schoolteachers in Samoa.Methods and approachEmpirical data were collected primarily through informal conversations with current and former teachers and ICT service providers. Their stories supported direct observation of ICT in schools garnered through working as a lecturer at an academic institution in Samoa.I use the concept of aidscape, which reflects the multidimensional nature of aid landscape, to explore the reality gaps across dimensions of the daily life of teachers and examines how these gaps are interrelated at multiple levels.FindingsThe reality of teachers shows interlinking challenges to the use of ICT in schools; challenges of accessing equipment, school culture, user perception, high staff turnover, and labour emigration. Enhancing the use of ICT by teachers requires material, technical, financial, sociocultural, and emotional support simultaneously from various aid actors who operate on different scales.Other challenges, including the high cost of technology and devices, the lack of funding for long‐term projects, the lack of ICT experts in the country and poor connectivity, also contribute to the less than satisfactory results of some ICT in education.Policy implicationsThe way forward lies in better co‐ordination among donors and more effective collaboration between different ministries of the recipient government to develop a combined project team dedicated to ICT in education. This team could work to unravel interconnected issues and tackle challenges one by one to find feasible solutions at the grassroots level, which could then be incorporated into viable national policies.

Comparison of costs associated with transcatheter mitral valve repair: PASCAL vs MitraClip in a real-world setting

AimsWe aimed to conduct a clinical process cost analysis to evaluate all upcoming costs of mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) treatment using the MitraClip and the PASCAL repair system.MethodsFirst, we prospectively enrolled 107 M-TEER patients treated with either the PASCAL or MitraClip system and compared all upcoming costs during the M-TEER procedure and the associated in-hospital stay. Second, we retrospectively analysed 716 M-TEER procedures with regard to the occurrence of complications and their associated costs. All materials used in the catheterization laboratory for the procedures were evaluated. The cost analysis considered various expenses, such as general in-hospital costs, device costs, catheter laboratory and material costs.ResultsIn the prospective study, 51 patients were treated using the PASCAL system, and 56 were treated using the MitraClip system. The two groups had comparable baseline characteristics and comorbidities. The total in-hospital costs were 25 414 (Interquartile range (IQR) 24 631, 27 697) € in the PASCAL group and 25 633 (IQR 24 752, 28 256) € in the MitraClip group (p = 0.515). The major cost driver was initial material expenditure, mostly triggered by device costs, which were similar to the PASCAL and MitraClip systems. Overall intensive care unit and general ward costs did not differ between the PASCAL and MitraClip groups. In the retrospective analysis, M-TEER-related complications were rare but were associated with higher costs, mainly due to prolonged hospitalisation.ConclusionThe major cost driver of M-TEER was the material expenditure, which was mostly triggered by high device costs. The costs of treating patients were similar for the PASCAL and MitraClip systems. M-TEER-related complications are associated with higher costs, mainly due to prolonged hospitalisation. This analysis provides valuable insights into reducing expenses by modifying the process of M-TEER.

Challenges Associated with the use of Smartwatches for out of Clinic Blood Pressure Monitoring Among Expectant Mothers in a Developing Country: A Case study of Nakuru County Kenya

Pre-eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal mortality globally and more so in developing countries. The condition, if detected early, can be prevented to avert death and suffering. This early detection has become easier with the development of devices such as smartwatches with BP sensors which have enhanced the practice of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) and Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM). However, most of these devices and monitoring practices have not been widely adopted in developing countries due to the high cost of devices and the lack of institutionalization of the ABPM and HBPM in healthcare systems. This study sought to examine the use of low-cost smartwatches, a mobile application, and a support system for the implementation of ABPM and HBPM among expectant mothers in Nakuru county, Kenya. A total of 34 expectant mothers were involved in the study over 8 months. A total of 967 readings were collected with only 3 out of the 34 mothers managing to take at least 71 readings during the period of the study. The study established that the use of low-specification phones that were incompatible with the mobile application, failure of the smartwatches to work appropriately, difficulties in getting mothers who met the inclusion criteria under 20 weeks gestation, poor adherence to the data collection, and loss of the devices negatively impacted the quality and consistency of BP monitoring among the expectant mothers. The study therefore recommends the use of more robust devices such as cuff BP readers and the inclusion of community health volunteers in the early identification of pregnant mothers from the community and subsequent follow-up for ABPM and HBPM.

The Challenges of Internet Usage for Academic Activities Among Students of Delta State University, Abraka

This study examined the challenges of Internet usage for academic activities among Delta State University, Abraka students. Despite the numerous benefits students derived from internet usage, they are still faced with challenges which stakeholders need to address for an effective educational system. Three research questions were raised to achieve the objectives of the study. The study adopted a descriptive research design with a sample size of 120 students randomly selected from 100 to 400 levels. The data collected from respondents through structured questionnaire were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings of the study revealed that the effect of Internet access affordability on academic activities among students of Delta State University Abraka included the cost of accessing the internet, high cost of internet devices and services, lack of access points and devices with limited capacity; lack of personal internet device and reliance on friends and families for internet access. It was also established that most of the students lack internet browsing skills and required skills to use digital devices and language barriers. The study concludes that the effects of safety and privacy concerns on students’ academic activities derived from fear of scams, stealing passwords, fake news and information, fraudster and distraction. It was therefore recommended among others that internet service providers should endeavour to eliminate or reduce internet challenges such as network problems and connection breaks.

College Tutors’ Barriers and Challenges with their usage of Online Instructional Delivery Resources during Covid-19 Pandemic, Ghana.

The study investigates the barriers and challenges Ghanaian College tutors faced during the Covid-19 Pandemic when schools had to be closed down which necessitated teaching and learning to be transitioned from the normal face-to-face to a completely online mode using online instructional delivery resources. The research design was descriptive statistics with a sample size of 100 tutors chosen from ten Colleges of Education in Northern Ghana. A purposive sampling technique was used to choose these tutors. The instrumentation used for data collection in this study was a questionnaire. A closed-ended questionnaire was developed for this study. An online Google Forms questionnaire was used to elicit responses using a 4-point Likert scale and the data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20. The results of this study found that, the major barriers identified by tutors in the usage of online instructional delivery resources during teaching and learning included; constant cuts in electricity supply, high cost of electronic devices, high cost of maintenance for electronic devices used for online teaching, poor internet connectivity, low level of incentives, low-level internet accessibility, high cost of data bundle and lack of incentives and motivation. The findings of this study....