High Demand Research Articles

Integrating material flow analysis and supply chain resilience analysis to study silicon carbide

AbstractSilicon carbide (SiC) is a niche nonmetallic material that is essential in many industrial processes. Here, we integrate material flow analysis and supply chain resilience analysis to understand global SiC stocks and flows and to assess its supply chain. We use industry interviews to fill data gaps and collect information on the SiC system to overcome data scarcity. We find that globally around 1000 kt of SiC is produced each year. The biggest use of SiC is the abrasives industry (40%), followed by metallurgy (28%), refractories (20%), technical ceramics (0.7%), other uses (0.7%), and semiconductors (0.01%). As an energy‐intensive material, the SiC supply chain is under pressure, increasing the relevance of resilience considerations. Besides typical supply chain risks such as low diversity of supply and geopolitical trade restrictions, SiC particularly faces risks due to its energy‐intensive production process and associated emissions. In the SiC semiconductor supply chain, losses of nearly 75% are a particular issue. Due to high demand in the SiC market, stockpiles are negligible, and substitution is difficult in most sectors. We find that in the case of SiC, sustainability measures such as use reduction, recycling, or decreasing energy use or emissions would also positively contribute to supply chain resilience. This article met the requirements for a gold‐gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.

Quantitative systems toxicology modeling in pharmaceutical research and development: An industry-wide survey and selected case study examples.

Quantitative systems toxicology (QST) models are increasingly being applied for predicting and understanding toxicity liabilities in pharmaceutical research and development. A European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA)-wide survey was completed by 15 companies. The results provide insights into the current use of QST models across the industry. 73% of responding companies with more than 10,000 employees utilize QST models. The most applied QST models are for liver, cardiac electrophysiology, and bone marrow/hematology. Responders indicated particular interest in QST models for the central nervous system (CNS), kidney, lung, and skin. QST models are used to support decisions in both preclinical and clinical stages of pharmaceutical development. The survey suggests high demand for QST models and resource limitations were indicated as a common obstacle to broader use and impact. Increased investment in QST resources and training may accelerate application and impact. Case studies of QST model use in decision-making within EFPIA companies are also discussed. This article aims to (i) share industry experience and learnings from applying QST models to inform decision-making in drug discovery and development programs, and (ii) share approaches taken during QST model development and validation and compare these with recommendations for modeling best practices and frameworks proposed in the literature. Discussion of QST-specific applications in relation to these modeling frameworks is relevant in the context of the recently proposed International Council for Harmonization (ICH) M15 guideline on general principles for Model-Informed Drug Development (MIDD).

Modelling the impact of reducing lubricant viscosity on a conventional passenger car fuel economy and wear protection

This study explores how reducing lubricant viscosity affects fuel economy in passenger cars through experimental characterization and semi-predictive modelling. Thus, three engine oils (0W-20, 5W-30, and 5W-40) were tested for their rheological and tribological properties. Data were introduced into a detailed GT-Suite model of a turbocharged gasoline SUV. Simulations over six different driving cycles, including European homologation and real-driving conditions, used a fast-running model (FRM) to assess engine friction and wear protection. Results showed that lower viscosity oils, especially 0W-20, significantly reduced frictional losses, enhancing fuel economy. However, lower viscosity also increased contact friction under high power demand, raising durability concerns. A comprehensive evaluation of lubricants performance, offering insights into the trade-offs between fuel economy improvements and potential durability risks.

Effect of wastewater containing mixture of nanoparticles on organic matter removal, power generation, and biofilm integrity in sediment microbial fuel cell

ABSTRACT Industrial wastewaters from the cosmetic industry contain high organic strength and mixture of nanoparticles (NPs). Sediment microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an emerging nature-based technology that can treat complex wastewaters. The aim of this study is to understand the effect of a binary mixture of zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) NPs (concentration: 1 + 1 and 10 + 10 mg/L) on the organic matter removal, power generation, and biofilm health of sediment MFCs after a long-term operation of 120 days. The high chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (>95%) observed for all reactors signified the minimal impact of 10 mg/L NP mixture on treatment. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal from the sediment was reduced by 8% due to NPs. NPs also led to 42.2% higher anode extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and 46.65% lesser cathode EPS generation. The maximum power density of 0.29 mW/m2 was obtained for the 10 mg/L NP reactor, with the average being 23% higher than the no-NP control reactor. This was the first study to explore the effect of the mixture of NPs on the performance of an MFC. The results indicated that sediment MFCs can sustain high mixture concentrations of NPs. Furthermore, variation of parameters can aid in establishing the feasibility of this technology for treating wastewater with NPs.

Thermal analysis of a reflection mirror by fluid and solid heat transfer method.

High-repetition-rate free-electron lasers impose stringent requirements on the thermal deformation of beamline optics. The Shanghai HIgh-repetition-rate XFEL aNd Extreme light facility (SHINE) experiences high average thermal power and demands wavefront preservation. To deeply study the thermal field of the first reflection mirror M1 at the FEL-II beamline of SHINE, thermal analysis under a photon energy of 400 eV was executed by fluid and solid heat transfer method. According to the thermal analysis results and the reference cooling water temperature of 30 °C, the temperature of the cooling water at the flow outlet is raised by 0.05 °C, and the wall temperature of the cooling tube increases by a maximum of 0.5 °C. The maximum temperature position of the footprint centerline in the meridian direction deviates away from the central position, and this asymmetrical temperature distribution will directly affect the thermal deformation of the mirror and indirectly affect the focus spot of the beam at the sample.

Evaluation of Integrated Anaerobic/Aerobic Conditions for Treating Dye-Rich Synthetic and Real Textile Wastewater Using a Soda Lake Derived Alkaliphilic Microbial Consortia

Textile industry wastewater (WW) has intense color, high chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, and salinity, making it challenging for conventional treatment. Soda lakes, with high alkalinity and salinity, host diverse microbes capable of textile dye degradation. This study evaluated anaerobic/aerobic reactors using alkaliphilic microbial consortia from Lake Chitu, an Ethiopian soda lake, for treating synthetic and real textile WW. The experimental setup consisted of a first-stage anaerobic reactor followed by a second-stage aerobic reactor, operating continuously with a predetermined flow rate and hydraulic residence time. After evaluating synthetic WW, real textile WW was collected in two batches (rounds I and II). The treatment setup removed 99% of the dye color for synthetic WW, 98% for round I, and 96% for round II. COD removal was 87% for synthetic WW, 86% for round I, and 93.37% for round II. TKN removal reached 90% for synthetic WW, 91% for round I, and 96% for round II at a steady state. Residual COD and TKN values met the final effluent discharge standards. GC–MS and IR analyses revealed that dyes were broken down into intermediate organic compounds under anaerobic conditions and further degraded into smaller molecules under aerobic conditions. This integrated reactor approach effectively removes dyes and enhances COD and TKN removal. The study’s novelty lies in evaluating both synthetic and real textile WW using integrated reactors under alkaline conditions in a continuous process, inoculating alkaliphilic consortia, without pre-enrichment or external nutrient addition to real WW. The study provides insights into the effectiveness of alkaliphilic microbial consortia derived from soda lakes for treating textile WW using integrated reactor conditions. Reactor microbiome characterization is needed to further explore microbial diversity and community structure.

High-Performance Dual-Redox-Mediator Supercapacitors Based on Buckypaper Electrodes and Hydrogel Polymer Electrolytes.

In recent years, the demand for solid, thin, and flexible energy storage devices has surged in modern consumer electronics, which require autonomy and long duration. In this context, hybrid supercapacitors have become strategic, and significant efforts are being made to develop cells with higher energy densities while preserving the power density of conventional supercapacitors. Motivated by these requirements, we report the development of a new high-performance dual-redox-mediator supercapacitor. In this study, cells were constructed using fully moldable buckypapers (BPs), composed of carbon nanotubes and cellulose nanofibers, as electrodes. We evaluated the compatibility of BPs with hydrogel polymer electrolytes, based on 1 mol L-1 H2SO4 and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), supplemented with different redox species: methylene blue, indigo carmine, and hydroquinone. Solid cells were constructed containing two active redox species to maximize the specific capacity of each electrode. Considering the main results, the dual-redox-mediator supercapacitor exhibits high energy density of 32.0 Wh kg-1 (at 0.8 kW kg-1) and is capable of delivering 25.9 Wh kg-1 at high power demand (4.0 kW kg-1). Stability studies conducted over 10,000 galvanostatic cycles revealed that the PVA polymer matrix benefits the system by inhibiting the crossover of redox species within the cell.

Modeling transient mixed flows in sewer systems with data fusion via physics-informed machine learning

Transitions between free-surface and pressurized flows, known as transient mixed flows, have posed significant challenges in urban drainage systems (UDS), e.g., pipe bursts, road collapses, and geysers. However, traditional mechanistic modeling for mixed flows is challenged by the difficult integration of multi-source data, complex equation forms for the discovery of dynamic processes, and high computational demands. In response, we proposed a data-driven model, TMF-PINN, which utilizes a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) to simulate and invert Transient Mixed Flow (TMF) in sewer networks. This model integrates experimental data, simulation results and Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) into its loss function, leveraging the extensive data available in smart urban water systems. A status factor (α) has been introduced to seamlessly link open channel and pressurized flow dynamics, facilitating rapid adjustments in wave speed. On this basis, Fourier feature extraction and quadratic neural networks have been employed to capture complex dynamic processes featuring high-frequency. Validation through three classical cases using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and comparisons with finite volume Harten-Lax-van Leer (HLL) solver reveal that the proposed model circumvents the constraints of spatiotemporal resolution, yielding accurate flow field predictions.

Traduction et paratraduction en tant que stratégies de résistance à la réification à l’ère de l’Intelligence Artificielle (IA)

Philosopher Byung-Chul Han argues that we are living in a transition from the “era of things to the era of non-things”. According to his perspective, things do not determine the world we live in: information does. Consequently, the profession of translation has become increasingly mechanized to meet the high demand for “information”, turning readers into compulsive consumers of words. Thus, there is a significant risk of confusing the symbolic representation of words with essential reality, neglecting the importance of context and paratext in the construction of meaning. This phenomenon can lead to a loss of meaning in the act of translation, diminishing its role as a bridge between cultures and languages. Borrowing from the axiom of Portuguese intellectual Rui Pereira in a society of “non-thought”, it is crucial to reflect on how “translating in times of non-translation” operates. In this regard, the objective of this essay is to analyze how paratranslation, from the Vigo School, can be understood as a space of resistance against a process of reification of the other’s existence in the act of translating. In the “AI era”, where translation has become an increasingly mechanized act, the examination of the paratexts surrounding this process serves as a way to return to the fundamental condition of translation: the human condition.

Dissociation Energies via Embedding Techniques.

Due to the large number of interactions, evaluating interaction energies for large or periodic systems results in time-consuming calculations. Prime examples are liquids, adsorbates, and molecular crystals. Thus, there is a high demand for a cheap but still accurate method to determine interaction energies and gradients. One approach to counteract the computational cost is to fragment a large cluster into smaller subsystems, sometimes called many-body expansion, with the fragments being molecules or parts thereof. These subsystems can then be embedded into larger entities, representing the bigger system. In this work, we test several subsystem approaches and explore their limits and behaviors, determined by calculations of trimer interaction energies. The methods presented here encompass mechanical embedding, point charges, polarizable embedding, polarizable density embedding, and density embedding. We evaluate nonembedded fragmentation, QM/MM (quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics), and QM/QM (quantum mechanics/quantum mechanics) embedding theories. Finally, we make use of symmetry-adapted perturbation theory utilizing density functional theory for the monomers to interpret the results. Depending on the strength of the interaction, different embedding methods and schemes prove favorable to accurately describe a system. The embedding approaches presented here are able to decrease the interaction energy errors with respect to full system calculations by a factor of up to 20 in comparison to simple/unembedded approaches, leading to errors below 0.1 kJ/mol.

Анализ рынка нейромаркетинговых технологий и оценка их роли в повышении эффективности восприятия контента

The results of a study of the dynamics of the global market of neuromarketing technologies, in particular the market of eye movement tracking technology (eyetracking), are presented. The conclusion is made about the existing positive dynamics: in recent years, the market has been showing annual growth and, according to experts, by 2032 it may reach a value of $ 3.2 billion.; as well as the high demand for neuromarketing technologies in various fields such as healthcare, retail, the gaming industry, automotive, advertising, etc., due to the growing needs of businesses in monitoring consumer behavior, uncovering subconscious motives and emotional triggers in order to adapt company strategies to the needs of the target audience. The analysis of the market structure by region is carried out: the largest market share belongs to North America, the Asia-Pacific region and Europe. The dominant regions in the eyetracking market are North America and Europe. Neuromarketing tools are applicable for conducting research and experiments in various fields and allow you to measure responses to product advertising, packaging, price, ease of use, assessment of emotional state, as well as human perception of content posted on a website, advertising surface or presentation slides. Experiments with the use of trackers make it possible to understand how a person perceives information, what he reads first of all, what he looks at. The results of existing experiments with the use of eye trackers allow you to make decisions about content and its rational placement on the surface (slides, website, advertising banners, etc.), maximizing meaningful interaction. Further research and experiments are needed to optimize marketing efforts and increase the effectiveness of interaction with consumers.

Effect of Spirulina Flour Addition in Feed on the Increase of Colour Brightness Nemo Fish (Premnas biaculeatus)

The nemo fish (Premnas biaculeatus) is a type of marine ornamental fish in Indonesia that is in high demand among the general public. The popularity of this fish can be attributed to several factors, one of which is the brightness of its coloration. One of the plants that can be employed as a color enhancer for ornamental fish is spirulina. Spirulina is a microalgae that has been demonstrated to enhance the brightness of fish coloration. Therefore, it is necessary to research on the effect of adding spirulina flour to feed on increasing the brightness of the color of nemo fish (Premnas biaculeatus). The method used in this research is an experimental method with a completely randomized design. This treatment was carried out with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions, namely: P0 : 0%/kg, P1 : 2%/kg, P2 : 4%/kg, P3 : 6%/kg and P4 : 8%/kg. The 5 treatments were repeated 3 times, resulting in 15 experimental units. The results of the researches carried out, it can be concluded that the addition of spirulina flour to feed on the brightness of the color of nemo fish (Premnas biaculeatus) is proven to increase the brightness of the color of nemo fish and the best treatment is p3 with a dose of 6%. The addition of spirulina flour to feed on the growth of length and absolute weight of nemo fish (Premnas biaculeatus) has a significant effect, while the survival rate has no significant effect.

Perspectives on the role of the intermediary in the justice system: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis

Children and vulnerable adults can experience substantive barriers when engaging with justice systems. An intermediary is a trained professional who supports vulnerable individuals to participate fully in legal processes by facilitating communication between them and legal professionals. Challenges in the establishment of the role are evident, while perceptions of how stakeholders perceive the role are relatively under-explored. This review synthesises literature on stakeholders’ perspectives of the intermediary role in the justice system. A systematic search of electronic databases ( n = 6) was undertaken alongside manual searches of the grey literature. Papers were independently screened for inclusion. Included papers were appraised for quality and qualitative content analysis was undertaken. The final sample ( n = 26) included the perspective of vulnerable individuals and families, legal practitioners and intermediaries. Seven categories were identified: (1) unique knowledge with transformative impact; (2) relationship work; (3) evolving scope, clear boundaries; (4) low status, high demands; (5) outer strengths, inner conflicts; (6) fulfilment in the role and (7) out of sync. The findings suggest that the role of the intermediary is perceived positively across stakeholder groups. However, several challenges are evident in relation to successful implementation of this complex and nuanced role. Recommendations for research and policy are discussed.

<span>Researching consultation demand of high school students in Cao Lanh city, Dong Thap province</span>

The satisfaction of the consultation demand in schools is essential and urgent to indirectly prevent negative behaviors of students when they cannot control themselves, thereby helping students regulate their emotions and behaviors, and guide them to make appropriate directions and choices and improve their situation in a positive direction. The research surveyed 450 students at high schools in Cao Lanh city, Dong Thap province. Research findings show that high school students have quite high consultation demand with a variety of different demands that need to be satisfied. However, reality shows that students do not have access to consultation activities to satisfy their demand due to being influenced by many subjective and objective factors. This requires practical solutions to satisfy students' consultation demand.

Empirical Mode Decomposition Based Amplify and Forward Technique for Cooperative Cognitive Radio System

The rapid growth in the mobile industry due to increase in number of users accessing diverse services causes a high demand for radio spectrum. Nonetheless, the radio spectrum allocated for different wireless communication services is restricted. Cooperative Cognitive Radio (CCR) technique with Amplify and Forward (AF) relaying protocol used to address the problem suffers from noise amplification resulting in poor reception at the destination. Hence, in this paper, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) based AF technique for CCR system was carried out to improve the performance of the existing CCR with AF relaying protocol. The transmitted signal from Primary User (PU) was received at the Secondary User (SU) where SU superimposed its own signal using Exclusive OR (XOR) rule. The combined signal from XOR was made to pass through EMD and amplified using AF by multiplying with the relay gain. The amplified signal was radiated to PU and SU receivers during the second hop transmission. The multiple copies of the receive signal at the SU receiver at different number of path (L = 2, 4) were combined at destination using Maximal Ratio Combiner (MRC). Mathematical expression for Bit Error Rate (BER) and Throughput (TP) were derived using the Probability Density Function (PDF) of the Nakagami-m fading distribution. Extensive simulations using MATLAB R2021a were employed to assess the effectiveness of the proposed technique and evaluated using BER and TP by comparing with the existing AF CCR. The EMD based AF technique proposed gave better performance with 75.2% reduction in BER and 21.86% increase in TP over the existing AF technique for CCR. The proposed technique can be deployed to improve the performance of cooperative cognitive radio system.

Seismically induced torsional amplification in limited ductile buildings

This article deals with the seismic demand on limited ductile buildings featuring plan asymmetry. When the yielding occurs in a structural wall positioned at the edge of the building remote from the centre of resistance (CR), the position of the CR would shift even further away from the wall, causing an additional, and momentarily, increase in torsion. The undesirable shift in the position of the CR is usually shortlived and would reverse as other walls in the building also surpass the yield limit. However, the limited ductile construction (typical of low to moderate seismicity regions) can be vulnerable. This additional amplification in torsion can only be captured by Incremental Dynamic Analyses (IDA), but not by elastic analyses nor by nonlinear analyses of high ductility demand. Thus, the phenomenon as described is not widely known in spite of torsion being a well researched topic. In this study, parametric studies employing IDA of limited ductile buildings of different structural configurations were undertaken to capture the trends and develop recommendations for guiding structural design.

Decoding Spatial Tissue Architecture: A Scalable Bayesian Topic Model for Multiplexed Imaging Analysis.

Recent progress in multiplexed tissue imaging is advancing the study of tumor microenvironments to enhance our understanding of treatment response and disease progression. Cellular neighborhood analysis is a popular computational approach for these complex image data. Despite its popularity, there are significant challenges, including high computational demands that limit feasibility for large-scale applications and the lack of a principled strategy for integrative analysis across images. This absence hampers the precise and consistent identification of spatial features and tracking of their dynamics over disease progression. To overcome these challenges, we introduce SpaTopic, a spatial topic model designed to decode high-level spatial architecture across multiplexed tissue images. This algorithm integrates both cell type and spatial information within a topic modelling framework, originally developed for natural language processing and adapted for computer vision. Spatial information is incorporated into the flexible design of documents, representing densely overlapping regions in images. The model employs an efficient collapsed Gibbs sampling algorithm for both statistical and computational inference. We benchmarked the performance against five state-of-the-art algorithms through various case studies using different single-cell spatial transcriptomic and proteomic imaging platforms across different tissue types. Our findings demonstrate that SpaTopic consistently identifies biologically and clinically significant spatial "topics" such as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) and tracks dynamic changes in spatial features over disease progression. Its computational efficiency and broad applicability across various molecular imaging platforms will enhance the analysis of large-scale tissue imaging datasets.

The Relationship Between Physical And Mental Workload On Job Fatigue In Maxim Car Drivers In Kupang City In 2024

Transportation is a system consisting of certain facilities along with the flow and control system that allows people or goods to move from one place to another efficiently at any time to support human activities. Indonesia as a developing country certainly has a very rapid development of services in the fields of land, sea and air transportation. Transportation owned by the Indonesian Nation certainly has innovations from past to present in order to advance transportation services, one of which is an online provider company. Online transportation companies offer transportation services such as online motorcycle taxis, online taxis, delivery of goods, food delivery and so on, thus making this service in demand by many people. Likewise in Kupang City where there are several online transportation options, one of which is Maxim car transportation which has the advantage of being quite cheap. The high demand for Maxim online transportation in Kupang City has an impact on the fatigue experienced by online transportation drivers. One of them is also felt by Maxim Mobil drivers. Based on the researcher's initial survey of Maxim drivers in Kupang city, fatigue often occurs in Maxim Car drivers due to the increase in Maxim Car users in Kupang City. This type of research is quantitative using analytic survey method and cros sectional research design. The sample in this study amounted to 81 respondents from a total population of 430 drivers selected using accidental sampling method. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between physical load and work fatigue and there was a significant relationship between mental load and fatigue in maxim car drivers in Kupang City.

Spatio-Temporal Variations of Soil Conservation Service Supply–Demand Balance in the Qinling Mountains, China

The ecological conservation of nature reserves has garnered considerable attention and is subject to stringent management in China. However, the majority of these areas have a history of underdeveloped economies and require urgent improvements in the well-being of local communities. Effectively coupling and harmonizing the dynamic relationship between ecosystem services and socio-economic development has emerged as a crucial concern for nature reserves. Therefore, further exploration is needed to achieve a spatio-temporal balance and alignment between the supply and demand of ESs in nature reserves in China. Utilizing multiple datasets, RULSE, and bivariate autocorrelation methods, this study investigated the spatio-temporal evolution of the ecosystem services supply–demand ratio (ESDR) and supply–demand spatial matches for soil conservation services (SCSs) in the Qinling Mountains (QMs) from 2000 to 2020. The results indicated the following: (1) Over the years, the supply of SCSs exhibited a consistently high level, with an upward trend observed in 63.10% of the QMs, while the demand for SCSs is generally low, with a decreasing trend observed in 82.68% of the QMs. (2) The supply and demand of SCSs remained favorable, with a positive ESDR reaching 82.19% of the QMs. From 2000 to 2010, there was a significant decline in ESDR; however, a substantial rebound was observed in the ESDR across the region from 2010 to 2020. (3) Over years, the majority of counties and districts exhibited positive values in ESDR. When examining cities, Weinan, Xi’an, and Ankang demonstrated relatively consistent patterns with higher ESDR values over time. In 2000, the ESDR on the northern slope exhibited lower values than that on the southern slope; however, this situation subsequently underwent a reversal. (4) The spatial distribution of SCS supply and demand was predominantly characterized by matching regions exhibiting either High Supply–High Demand or Low Supply–Low Demand for years. This study suggests that the supply and demand dynamics of SCSs in the Qinling Mountains have been favorable in recent years, with consistent spatial supply–demand matches. These findings can provide valuable insights for similar nature reserves aiming to implement ecological environmental protection and achieve sustainable development. The future research endeavors, however, should strive to expand upon these findings by exploring the supply and demand patterns associated with other ESs across diverse nature reserves, while considering their unique geographical characteristics, in order to promote more rational ecological management strategies.

The causes of sports injuries of fencers and the coping strategies

Context Fencing is an ancient sport that originated in medieval European wars and gradually developed into a regulated competitive sport. It is a combination of elegant movements and flexible tactics, requiring athletes to be highly focused mentally and well-coordinated physically. Such high demands on movements and reactions reflect the excellent skills and agility of fencers. In order to achieve excellent competition results, many aspects are often involved in the training, including the comprehensive training of technical, physical, tactical and psychological quality. Such high-demand training and high-intensity competition make the probability of sports injury in the process of sports greatly increased. These injuries not only affect the athletes' immediate performance, but also may have a negative impact on their long-term career and shorten the athletes' sports life and may also bring huge psychological pressure and anxiety to the athletes. How to effectively avoid athletes' sports injury and improve the quality of training have become the key reasons for fencers to achieve good results. By understanding the causes and influencing factors of knee joint injury of fencers, it can provide theoretical basis for injury protection of fencers. At the same time, individual prevention or intervention strategies are adopted.