High Debt Burden Research Articles

Fighting recent inflation: An empirical literature review of monetary and governmental policies

Inflation is a crucial issue for businesses and households, central banks and governments, in fact for all economic actors, as it has a strong impact on economic growth and welfare. This literature review captures how monetary policy and governmental policy can control inflation, how their measures work, and which are the key points to consider when conducting these policies, especially in times of crisis. It uses academic papers from the past eight decades, supplemented by publications from financial and economic institutions, but focuses on literature beginning with the 2000s to capture the latest methods and techniques to find out what drives inflation and how. Monetary policy and governmental policy should act together to effectively fight inflation. Monetary policy can have adverse effects on governments’ future tax revenues and debt-to-GDP ratios. Fiscal policy measures should be associated with altered government spending to avoid high inflation rates and/or high debt burdens in the future. Especially during and right after crises, measures have to be evaluated as too long support can fuel inflation in the future. Both parties should also take into account people’s inflation expectations, as these shape their economic behaviour.

Pengaruh Pinjaman Online Terhadap Kesehatan Mental Mahasiswa

This study investigates the impact of online lending on the mental health of information systems students at Atma Jaya University Yogyakarta class of 2022. The rapid advancement of financial technology (fintech) has introduced online lending as a popular financial option among students who need additional funds for daily needs or academic activities. However, easy access to online loans is often accompanied by significant financial stress, leading to psychological distress, high debt burden, and tight deadlines. This study aims to explore the long-term effects of online loan usage on college students' mental health. Using qualitative methods, data will be collected through a digital questionnaire distributed through Google Forms. This study hopes to provide valuable insights for the development of policies and educational programs that support the healthy and responsible use of financial technology.

Investigating Canadian Radiology Residents' Personal Financial Literacy: A Nation-Wide Assessment.

Purpose: Canadian resident physicians carry large debt to finance their education, which impacts their wellness and their future decision making. The objective of this observational study is to assess the financial literacy of Canadian radiology residents through testing their financial knowledge and examining their current financial status. Methods: A survey was designed to assess the financial literacy and current financial status of radiology residents, which was distributed to Canadian radiology residents via Google Forms. Descriptive analyses on preliminary data and the association between level of training and financial quiz scores were obtained. Results: 104 valid responses from 16 universities were received. The majority (53%) of residents indicated that their debt was greater than $150 000. Residents on average scored 71% on the financial quiz and the scores were not associated with training level (P = .71). The majority (89%) of residents indicated a strong interest in a formal financial literacy curriculum, with 80% preferring a physician-led curriculum. Conclusion: Overall, residents face a high debt burden. Current resident physicians value a formal financial literacy curriculum as a part of their residency program despite existing financial knowledge. Most importantly, residents feel that a curriculum created with involvement of other physicians would be optimal.

Financial Performance of Kerala State Co-operative Coir Marketing Federation Ltd. No.679

Aim: Established in the year 1979 as the Apex Federation of primary coir co-operatives functioning in the State, COIRFED plays a pivotal role in the coir sector of the country. It enjoys the unique status of dealing only in biodegradable and nature friendly products. With its headquarters located in the coir capital of the country, Alappuzha, COIRFED is one of the premier organizations in the coir Industry. COIRFED runs 11 factories for producing various coir related products. COIRFED runs around 50 signature shops throughout the country. Due to lack of operational efficiency, underutilization of production capacity, and lack of timely access to labour and raw materials, COIRFED and coir cooperatives are currently in a declining stage (Annual Report of COIRFED, 2019-20). COIRFED's overall performance and operation were based on the marketing of COIRFED products. Improvement is made possible by identifying the causes of loss or ineffective performance. Considering this, the study aimed to analyse the financial performance of COIRFED. Methodology: For the secondary data, past 10 years data from 2010-2011 to 2019-2020 was collected from the annual reports, websites and publications of COIRFED. Statistical tools like the Ratio analysis were used for the analysis. The study was conducted during the period August to September 2023. Results: COIRFED has been incurring losses for the past decade, reflecting poor financial performance. Solvency ratios indicate an unstable financial position, posing long-term stability risks. While liquidity and inventory turnover ratios are favorable, the net profit ratio remains consistently negative. Despite sales, COIRFED operates at a loss due to high production costs and debt burdens. As a cooperative, it prioritizes member welfare over profits. The Kerala State Cooperative Coir Marketing Federation struggles with financial challenges despite being the apex coir marketing authority. Conclusion: COIRFED's financial analysis reveals a decade-long streak of operating losses, signaling poor financial health. Solvency ratios highlight an unstable position with negative implications for its future stability. Though liquidity and inventory turnover ratios are positive, the net profit ratio remains persistently negative. Despite sales revenue, COIRFED struggles with overall losses, prioritizing member welfare over profits due to its cooperative ethos. Heavy debts and high production costs compound its financial woes. The Kerala State Cooperative Coir Marketing Federation, the leading authority in coir product marketing, grapples with financial challenges despite its prominent position.

Analisis rasio terhadap kinerja keuangan pada PT Supra Boga Lestari Tbk

This study was conducted to determine the financial performance of PT Supra Boga Lestari Tbk as seen from the analysis of financial ratios for 2019-2022. The ratios to be analyzed are solvency ratios including debt to asset ratio and debt to equity ratio. Liquidity ratios include current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio and profitability ratios include net profit margin, return on asset ratio and return on equity ratio. The research conducted is quantitative descriptive research by collecting, describing and describing the data as it is. The data source in this study is secondary data taken from the financial statements of PT Supra Boga Lestari Tbk published on the Indonesia Stock Exchange website. Based on the results of the ratio analysis of the financial statements of PT Supra Boga Lestari Tbk, it is known that the solvency ratio in 2019-2022 seen from the average value of the debt to asset ratio and debt to equity ratio is in poor condition. The liquidity ratio in 2019-2022 seen from the average value of the current ratio, quick ratio and cash ratio is in poor condition, as well as the profitability ratio seen from the average value of the net profit margin ratio, return on asset ratio and return on equity ratio in poor condition. from the results of the analysis of the financial ratios of PT Supra Boga Lestari Tbk from 2019-2022 it can be concluded that the company's financial performance from the solvency ratio shows that the company has a very high debt burden. The liquidity ratio shows that the company is less able to pay off its short-term debt, while the profitability ratio shows that the company's capital and assets have not been used optimally in making a profit.

333 Financial Toxicity in Malignant Brain Tumors

INTRODUCTION: As costs for cancer care continue to rise, ongoing development of novel therapeutics have increased the number of patients living with cancer. Cancer survivors are at increased risk of having high medical debt burdens, bankruptcy, delayed treatments, poor compliance with therapy, and even death as a result of financial toxicity. METHODS: Hospital billing database was queried for patients with ICD code C71 who had a bad debt discharge (unpaid balance) on record from 2020-2022. The corresponding hospital chart was then queried for demographic data, patient factors, and clinical factors. RESULTS: 43 total patients had data available for analysis. The patient diagnoses were GBM (50%), Other (45.2%), followed by metastatic disease (4.7%). White patients had an average bad debt of $2742.10, while Black patients averaged $9851.6 (p = 0.017). 38.5% of White patients had more than $2000 in bad debt, compared to 81.8% of Black patients in that category (p = 0.014). The amount of debt differed significantly between tumor types; with 66.7% of GBM patients having more than $2000 in bad debt (p = 0.052). Difference in debt amount based on pre-operative employment status trended towards significance but fell short (p = 0.08). Most patients were unemployed (58.9%), followed by employed patients (33%), and retired patients (7.6%). 61.5% of employed patients had greater than $2000 in bad debt, compared with 56.5% of unemployed patients. 40% of patients had a pre-operative deficit, and of those patients, 54% had a bad debt amount in excess of $2000. 71% of patients without a pre-operative deficit had more than $2000 in bad debt. CONCLUSIONS: Bad debt is a major contributor to financial toxicity in patients with malignant brain tumors.

Threats and the Public Constraint on Military Spending

AbstractThe public places an important constraint on funding security in Europe, and austerity risks making the constraint tighter. Several recent studies show that curtailing military spending is a popular way to reduce debt in Europe. Yet it remains unclear if military spending aversion persists when threats are salient. We fielded an original survey experiment in Italy weeks before the Russian invasion of Ukraine to examine how information about security threats influences military spending preferences and fiscal trade-offs. We found that information about threats increases support for military spending. To validate the survey experiment, we recontacted and remeasured our respondent's preferences three weeks after Russia's invasion and find evidence consistent with our initial experiment. Our findings suggest that, while public opposition to military spending remains high in Italy, external threats dampen the public's opposition to military spending, even under high debt burdens.

Financial Inequities in Optometric Education in Canada: A Comparison of Two Optometry Programs.

The advancing age of the population will require increased access to eyecare services to manage eye diseases and vision correction. Optometric education requires a sound financial plan to manage student debt. This study evaluates the financial inequalities of optometric programs in Canada, and how this may impact the provision of eyecare professionals. The objective of this study was to compare the financial inequities in Optometric education in Canada from the 2020 graduating class. A cross-sectional study assessed monetary variables related to the study of optometry in Canada, including academic and personal expenses, and overall debt and expenses related to the COVID-19 lockdown for the 2020 graduating class. 108 optometry students from the 2020 graduating classes of the University of Montreal and the University of Waterloo responded, with 68 (53 F:15 M, age 25.66, SD = 2.01) completing the study. Waterloo students spent more years in university (P < .001); had higher academic fees (P < .001); spent more on travelling to their family residence (P = .007) and received more provincial (P = .002) and federal (P < .001) loans than Montreal students. Overall debt prior to optometry was similar amongst students but differed (P < .001) at the end of their program, with Waterloo students having a higher debt burden. There is a financial inequity in optometric education in Canada depending on the chosen program. Cumulative optometry student debt for the 2020 graduating class in Canada ranges from $CAN 0 to 189,000 with an average of $CAN 65,800 and a median of $CAN 50,000. The results of this study can assist financial, government agencies and future optometry students to better understand the financial burdens and establish a financial plan to study optometry in Canada, to respond to the growing eyecare needs of the public.

Do geographic distances proxy a high probability of foreign divestment? Evidence from Japanese multinational firms

AbstractWe aim to provide an unambiguous explanation for the positive influence of the geographic distance between a firm's home and host country on divestment decisions of Japanese multinational firms’ outbound merger and acquisition (M&amp;A). Our analysis of 868 acquisitions made by 496 firms in 45 countries and regions from 2005 to 2015 highlights the importance of drawing a clear distinction among various foreign divestment motives before inferring the impact of geographic distances rashly, especially whether it is failure‐driven or global business strategy‐driven. We further find that its impact hinges on parent firm‐ and deal‐level attributes, that is, geographic distance is less salient for large firms, young firms, and foreign operations under a complete control mode; however, the opposite was the case for firms with a high debt burden.

Развитие промышленности и предпринимательства в текущих реалиях: взгляд бизнеса

The paper considers development of industry and entrepreneurship in the current conditions from the business perspective. Despite tough sanctions most companies rate their work as successful, noting effective business support programs (the work of the Industry Development Fund and the Russian Export Center in particular). The main challenges that need to be addressed include: rising producer prices and rates of natural monopolies, difficulties in attracting funding, high debt burden, poor quality of collateral, lack of guarantees and bonds, obstacles in international economic activity, lack of personnel. The author emphasizes the need to encourage private investment and strengthening cooperation between business and government. Adjustments to legislation is proposed, specifically tax regulation.

MP66-09 ASSESSING FINANCIAL LITERACY AND WELLBEING OF UROLOGY RESIDENTS

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP66-09 ASSESSING FINANCIAL LITERACY AND WELLBEING OF UROLOGY RESIDENTS Katherine Sinchek, Kyle Dymanus, Morgan Salkowski, Christopher Coogan, and Alexander Chow Katherine SinchekKatherine Sinchek More articles by this author , Kyle DymanusKyle Dymanus More articles by this author , Morgan SalkowskiMorgan Salkowski More articles by this author , Christopher CooganChristopher Coogan More articles by this author , and Alexander ChowAlexander Chow More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003329.09AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Physicians accrue significant debt throughout their medical education yet report less experience with and instruction in personal finance management than their age-matched peers. Our study aims to evaluate financial status, literacy, and attitudes in urology residents across the United States. METHODS: A web-based survey was sent to 146 ACGME-accredited urology residency programs in the United States. Respondents were asked to answer 50 questions covering personal debt, financial status, and willingness to participate in formal education on personal finance during residency. The survey included a validated questionnaire authored by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) to provide objective data regarding financial literacy. RESULTS: 99 total responses were received from urology residents located in 23 states. Financial and debt status are reported in Table 1. 88 respondents answered the financial literacy portion of the survey, with an average correct score of 53% (+/-22.5%). Residents that reported their knowledge of personal finance and investing as high (7%) or above average (26%) were more likely to have higher scores than those reporting their knowledge as limited (38%) or having no knowledge (11%) (p=0.01). Lower debt level (<$100,000) was associated with a higher literacy score (p=0.01). Residents cited lack of time (75%), lack of resources (51%), and challenging subject matter (47%) as reasons for their limited financial knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Responses indicate a high debt burden yet limited literacy in personal finance based on quantitative measures provided by the FINRA assessment. Although most residents reported confidence in ability to meet monthly costs of living, a survey of savings versus debt depicts residents in a precarious position. Formal education in personal finance was also assessed, highlighting a disparity in resident interest and what programs currently offer. While most residents reported having access to personal finance educational programming at their programs, almost all respondents indicated they did not feel it was adequate for their needs. These results suggest that the addition of a formal course on personal finances would be well-received and lead to improved financial wellbeing in this group. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e935 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Katherine Sinchek More articles by this author Kyle Dymanus More articles by this author Morgan Salkowski More articles by this author Christopher Coogan More articles by this author Alexander Chow More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Climate finance landscape in Nigeria

The recently launched Nigeria’s energy transition bold and ambitious plan indicates that Nigeria needs a minimum investment of $10 billion annually until 2060 to achieve SDG7 goal by 2030 and achieve its net-zero target by 2060. With the multiplicity of other macroeconomic issues Nigeria is grappling with such as high debt burden, high borrowing costs from external sources, COVID-19 pandemic, and adverse effects of other external shocks, there is a need to understand the climate finance landscape in Nigeria. This paper provides an expository outlook into the climate finance options that Nigeria can take advantage of to mobilise resources domestically for climate action, without overbearing dependence on international loans and grants. Some of the options for domestic climate finance mobilization are green bonds such as sukuk green bonds and diaspora green bonds, emission trading, carbon taxes, budgetary allocations, tax exemptions and import waivers, among others. Reviewing the successes of other countries in sourcing climate finance through these instruments, Nigeria can leverage on the learnings from these countries to set up a more resilient framework for domestic climate finance mobilization to meet the climate change goals.

Feeling exhausted: How outpatient physical therapists perceive and manage job stressors.

Burnout is identified as a workplace problem rather than a worker problem. However, it remains unclear what job stressors are associated with burnout among outpatient physical therapists. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to understand the burnout experiences of outpatient physical therapists. The secondary aim was to identify the relationship between physical therapist burnout and the work setting. One-on-one interviews based on hermeneutics were used for qualitative analysis. Quantitative data was collected using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Health Services Survey (MBI-HSS) and the Areas of Worklife Survey (AWS). Qualitative analysis found participants interpreted an increased workload with no increase in wages, loss of control, and a mismatch between organizational culture and values as the main drivers of organizational stress. Professional issues such as high debt burden, low salaries, and declining reimbursement emerged as stressors. Participants showed moderate to high emotional exhaustion per the MBI-HSS. There was a statistically significant association between emotional exhaustion and workload and control (p<0.001). For every one-point increase in workload, emotional exhaustion increased by 6.49 while for every one-point increase in control, emotional exhaustion decreased by 4.17. Outpatient physical therapists in this study felt that increased workload with a lack of incentives and inequity, coupled with a loss of control, and a mismatch between personal and organizational values were significant job stressors. Creating awareness of outpatient physical therapist's perceived stressors may play an important role in developing strategies to diminish or prevent burnout.

Debt in the time of COVID-19: creditor choice and the failures of sovereign debt governance

ABSTRACT While countries in the Global North have staved off the worst economic and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic through massive stimulus spending, this option has been unavailable to many low- and middle-income countries, largely because high debt burdens have constrained fiscal spending. Nevertheless, almost no debt relief has materialized. The ad hoc approach to sovereign debt governance that emerged out of the debt crises of the 1980s helps explain why. It established an absolute commitment to upholding the right of private creditors to choose whether to participate in debt restructurings that has helped obstruct all significant sovereign debt governance reforms, preventing meaningful debt relief even in the context of the worst humanitarian crisis since the Great Depression.

Развитие промышленности и предпринимательства в текущих реалиях: взгляд бизнеса

The paper considers development of industry and entrepreneurship in the current conditions from the business perspective. Despite tough sanctions most companies rate their work as successful, noting effective business support programs (the work of the Industry Development Fund and the Russian Export Center in particular). The main challenges that need to be addressed include: rising producer prices and rates of natural monopolies, difficulties in attracting funding, high debt burden, poor quality of collateral, lack of guarantees and bonds, obstacles in international economic activity, lack of personnel. The author emphasizes the need to encourage private investment and strengthening cooperation between business and government. Adjustments to legislation is proposed, specifically tax regulation.

The Economics of Stateless Nations: Sovereign Debt and Popular Well-being in Pakistan

The conventional wisdom is that “persistent fiscal and balance of payments deficits are a fundamental source of Pakistan’s high debt burden” [Pakistan (2001), p. xv)].1 The State Bank of Pakistan (2001, p. 117) goes further: “This…public debt is the result of structural weaknesses in the domestic economy and the external account. Excessive government expenditures, stagnant tax revenues, high returns on government securities and inappropriate sequencing of financial reforms, led to a bludgeoning (sic.) domestic debt profile. On the external front, large current account deficits, stagnant export revenues and declining worker (sic.) remittances, effectively forced Pakistan into an unsustainable situation”. All this is true, but hardly exhaustive.

Differentiation Factors of the Debt Situation in Russian Urban Okrugs with over 100 000 Residents in 2015–2020

This article analyzes the debt standing of 189 Russian urban okrugs with over 100 000 residents and the factors that define the differences in the debt situation among these urban okrugs. The study was conducted using the municipal debt size and structure indices contained on official websites of local administrative bodies, as well as the data on local fiscal revenue and expenditures from Rosstat’s database of municipal bodies. The results of the analysis show that urban okrugs with a larger population suffer from a higher debt burden on their budgets: the worst debt standing is characteristic of million-plus urban okrugs and other major regional centers. At the same time, there is no explicit dependence of the debt indicators on the fiscal situation and the level of economic development. This dependence is violated by the impact of other institutional conditions, including features of the federal and regional fiscal policies, social assistance of large businesses and other reasons. According to the analysis of the purposes of municipal loans to the studied urban okrugs, there are very few cases in which the debt is taken for the implementation of urban development projects. In Russia, the market for municipal bonds, which are a widespread phenomenon abroad, remains undeveloped as well as other new ways of reducing municipal debt burdens. All of this generates a negative forecast of the budget and financial standing of the largest centers for the next several years and again proves the acute need for reconsidering the fiscal and tax policy and the system of distributing powers at the local level.

Agricultural Indebtedness and Livelihood Diversification in Uttar Pradesh: A Study of the Eastern and Bundelkhand Regions

The study aims to address the issue of indebtedness among agrarian households and the associated livelihood diversification using the cases of the Eastern and Bundelkhand regions of Uttar Pradesh. It raises the following broad questions: What is the nature and extent of the debt burden experienced by the farmer households of the study areas? How do these households diversify their livelihood strategies? And what explains the livelihood outcomes of these households? It is argued that the skewed distribution of productive resources in the study regions leads to various kinds of interlinked transactions among agrarian classes in the context of production and exchange. Such interlinkages are essentially exploitative, resulting in lower crop productivity and lower returns from cultivation. In the face of lower returns from cultivation, farmers are compelled to take recourse to borrowing. The majority of these borrowings, especially by the poorer classes, are from informal sources, exposing them to usurious extortions at the hands of money lenders, traders and rich peasants/farmers, leading to difficulties in meeting payment obligations and, finally, to indebtedness. The higher debt burden has resulted in an increased livelihood diversification by agrarian households in recent years, mostly to the informal sector. We term it forced livelihood diversification, because such diversification is not the natural outcome of a development process but is forced upon the peasantry because of the non-viability of cultivation.

КЛЮЧОВІ ДЕТЕРМІНАНТИ СТАНУ РИНКУ ДЕРЖАВНОГО БОРГУ УКРАЇНИ В ДОВОЄННИЙ ПЕРІОД

Balance on the public debt market is a guarantee of the stability of public finances. The state of public debt and the country's debt security depend on the efficiency of the public debt market of any country. When determining the key determinants of the debt market state, indicators that take into account the macroeconomic conditions of the borrowing country should be taken into account. Therefore, the article focuses on relative indicators. In addition, it is worth taking into account not only the indicators contained in domestic regulations, but also international recommendations. Usually, international standards characterizing debt security are quite high. Compliance with such indicators is primarily important for countries with emerging markets, to which Ukraine belongs. And for highly developed countries, the key is compliance with solvency, not indicators and norms related to the size of the debt and its components. The key determinants of the Ukraine's public debt market state in the pre-war period were the definition and assessment of the following indicators: the ratio of state and guaranteed state debt to gross domestic product, the share of debt in foreign currency, the share of guaranteed debt, the share of external debt, the ratio of gross external debt to GDP and the ratio of official international reserves to external debt, an indicator of the ratio of debt repayment expenditures in relation to general budget expenditures, as well as the ratio of debt service expenditures in budget expenditures. All the analyzed indicators illustrate a permanent excess of the permissible norms, which are substantiated by scientists and recommended by international financial institutions. The high debt burden on the budget and the economy as a whole, caused by the State debt accumulated over the years, is extremely negative. The high level of expenses for maintenance and debt payment makes it necessary to reduce the total expenses of the state, which affects social or other components, or forces to expand fiscal sources and increase fiscal pressure.

Analisis Kebijakan Hutang pada Subsektor Kontruksi dan Bangunan di Indonesia

Abstract: Purpose: This article aims to find out how the independent variable affects the dependent variable. Asset growth, liquidity, and profitability are independent variables; debt policy is the dependent variable. Method: The types and sources of data in this study are quantitative research, with data sources through the Indonesian Stock Exchange web. The data used in this study is the ratio of asset growth, liquidity, and profitability, with the determination of the sample using the porposive sampling method and produces 51 samples of construction and building sub-sector companies. The reason for using the construction and building sub-sector is because the company is overshadowed by a higher debt burden since 2018 plus the Covid-19 pandemic. The analysis used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis using the software SPSS 26. Results: The result showed that indicate the asset growth and Profitability, liquidity, and variability all have a substantial negative impact for the policy of debt. Liquidity also has a significant positive impact on debt policy. Limitation: This research was only conducted at used only revolves around the building and construction that in 2018 until 2020, firms from the subsector should be registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange Contributions: This exploration has contributed to the enrichment of aspects of the management accounting literature, especially in construction and building sub-sector companies. Keywords: 1. Asset Growth 2. Liquidity 3. Profitability and Debt Policy