Highest Rosmarinic Acid Content Research Articles

Comparative study of callus culture and leaves of Thunbergia laurifolia for their bioactive constituents and the activation of AMPK and GLUT‐dependent glucose uptake on rat skeletal muscle (L6) cells

Thunbergia laurifolia (TL) is plant widely distributed in South East Asia. TL leaves have been used as herbal infusion tea for treating fever and chemical intoxication. In this study, we examined the content of bioactive phenolic acids and flavonoids from leaves of TL in different solvent extraction. Besides, in vitro callus culture of TL was established. The rat skeletal muscle (L6) cell model was performed to investigate the glucose uptake stimulation. TL leaves extract with absolute methanol produced higher glucose uptake stimulation than those of the other solvent extracts. Interestingly, callus of TL was successful in producing high rosmarinic acid content over than intact leaves (increase up to 96-fold). The enriched rosmarinic acid callus extract significantly enhanced glucose uptake activity and elevated AMPK-α2 and GLUT4 mRNA expression. The established TL callus culture can be used as a promising source for production of biologically active phenolic acid with in vitro antidiabetic effect. Practical applications The boiled water extraction via hot infusion as herbal drinking tea could extract bioactive constituents, caffeic acid, rutin, and apigenin from Thunbergia laurifolia (TL) leaves, which enhanced glucose uptake activity. Moreover, the enriched rosmarinic acid in TL callus culture can be applied for promoting as a new source of rosmarinic acid, which exhibited antidiabetic activity.

Antioxidative effects of a novel dietary supplement Neumentix in a mouse stroke model

BackgroundDuring an acute stroke, reactive oxygen species are overproduced and the endogenous antioxidative defense systems are disrupted. Therefore, antioxidative therapy can be a promising scheme to reduce the severity of stroke. Neumentix is a novel antioxidative supplement produced from a patented mint line and contains a high content of rosmarinic acid (RA). Although Neumentix has proven diverse efficacy and safety in clinical trials, its effect on strokes is unclear. MethodsMice that were treated with Neumentix or vehicle for 14 days underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) for 60 min. Mice were sacrificed 5 days after tMCAO. ResultsNeumentix preserved body weight after tMCAO, showed a high antioxidative effect in serum, and reduced infarction volume compared to the vehicle. The expression of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine was reduced in Neumentix-treated mice. ConclusionThe antioxidative effect of Neumentix was confirmed. This is the first report to demonstrate the antioxidative effect of Neumentix on strokes.

Insight into Composition of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds in Leaves and Flowers of Green and Purple Basil.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a culinary, medicinal, and ornamental plant appreciated for its antioxidant properties, mainly attributed to high content of rosmarinic acid. This species also includes purple varieties, characterized by the accumulation of anthocyanins in leaves and flowers. In this work, we compared the main morphological characteristics, the antioxidant capacity and the chemical composition in leaves, flowers, and corollas of green (‘Italiano Classico’) and purple (‘Red Rubin’ and ‘Dark Opal’) basil varieties. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of individual compounds allowed quantifying 17 (poly)phenolic acids and 18 flavonoids, differently accumulated in leaves and flowers of the three varieties. The study revealed that in addition to rosmarinic acid, basil contains several members of the salvianolic acid family, only scarcely descripted in this species, as well as, especially in flowers, simple phenolic acids, such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and salvianic acid A. Moreover, the study revealed that purple leaves mainly contain highly acylated anthocyanins, while purple flowers accumulate anthocyanins with low degree of decoration. Overall, this study provides new biochemical information about the presence of not yet characterized bioactive compounds in basil that could contribute to boosting the use of this crop and to gaining new knowledge about the roles of these compounds in plant physiology.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Conditions Followed by Solid Phase Extraction Fractionation from Orthosiphon stamineus Benth (Lamiace) Leaves for Antiproliferative Effect on Prostate Cancer Cells.

Primarily, optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions of Orthospihon stamineus was evaluated and verified using a central composite design (CCD) based on three factors including extraction time (minutes), ultrasound amplitude (A), and solvent concentration (%). The response surface methodology (RSM) was performed to develop an extraction method with maximum yield and high rosmarinic acid content. The optimal UAE conditions were as follows: extraction time 21 min, ultrasound amplitudes 62 A, and solvent composition 70% ethanol in water. The crude extract was further fractionated using solid-phase extraction (SPE), where six sequential fractions that varied in polarity (0–100% Acetonitrile in water) were obtained. Next, the six fractions were evaluated for their antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. This study found that Fraction 2 (F2) contained the highest rosmarinic acid content and showed the strongest antioxidant activity. Additionally, F2 showed an anti-proliferative effect against prostate cancer (DU145) with no harmful effect on normal cells.

Complexation of rosmarinic acid with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin: Formation of 2:1 complexes with improved antioxidant activity

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic compound with remarkable antioxidant activity; however it presents low bioavailability. Cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives, such as hydroxypropyl-β-CD (HPβCD) and methyl-β-CD (MβCD), have been used to solve the low bioavailability of drugs, increasing their solubility or permeability. The aim of the present study was to investigate the complexation of RA with two derivative CDs, HPβCD and MβCD, and the resulting antioxidant activity. A phase-solubility study was performed to determine the stoichiometric ratio and apparent stability constant, and electrospray ionization coupled to mass spectroscopy (ESI–MS) was used to confirm the stoichiometric ratio. The freeze-dried (FD) complexes were characterized by liquid chromatography (LC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antioxidant activity of RA and the FD complexes was evaluated by the DPPH method. A 2:1 (RA:CD) stoichiometric ratio and strong apparent constant stability were found for both complexes using a phase-solubility study, and ESI-MS spectra confirmed a signal corresponding to the 2:1 complex. The FD complexes showed high yield and RA content. The results of DSC, FTIR and SEM demonstrate changes in the physical-chemical characteristics of RA, suggesting its interaction with CDs. These interactions were confirmed by NMR, which revealed the formation of inclusion and non-inclusion complexes. The antioxidant activity of the RA:HPβCD and RA:MβCD FD complexes were higher than that of RA. The results suggest that FD complexes can be a technological approach to the development of formulations containing high content of RA with a view to increasing antioxidant potential.

Variation of growth characters and rosmarinic acid content of cultivated Satureja rechingeri clones

Remarkable quantitative variability of rosmarinic acid (RA) among and within wild populations of Satureja rechingeri has previously been investigated. In the following domestication process of the plant and in order to identify the superior varieties for the mass cultivation, the agro-morphological characteristics, total phenols, total flavonoids, RA content and antioxidant activity of the 82 cultivated clones of the plant were presently evaluated. The highest content of RA was observed in clones of G99 (7.22%), K22 (6.47%) and G92 (5.13%), respectively. The highest drug (leaves and flowers) yield was recorded in the clones of E77, E96 and E104 with 200, 182.9 and 178 g/plant, respectively. Multivariate statistics were used to categorize and interpret the data of antioxidant parameters and agro-morphological specifications of the clones. Superior varieties in the studied traits can be extensively cultivated in the agricultural systems and used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Pharmaceutical important phenolic compounds overproduction and gene expression analysis in Dracocephalum kotschyi hairy roots elicited by SiO2 nanoparticles

Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. is one of the important threatened traditional species of medicinal herbs; last pharmaceutical research has shown that rosmarinic acid (RA) and methoxylated flavonoids, particularly, xanthomicrol and cirsimaritin of this plant have anti-cancer, anti-spasm and anti-platelet properties. In this study, Hairy roots were derived from four-week-old leaves inoculated with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC15834. The influence of various silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) concentrations at two exposure time (24 and 48 h) on growth, antioxidant enzyme capacity, total phenols and flavonoids content (TPC and TFC) and some biochemical traits were investigated. The expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal) and rosmarinic acid synthase (ras) genes expression in RA biosynthetic pathway were quantified. The biomass of cultures has substantially by elicitation raised in comparison with control. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, TPC and TFC were impressed by the concentration and duration of treatment. The high RA content (1016.6 μg/g FW) with 8.26-fold increase compared to control, was observed in hairy roots culture elicited with SiO2 NPs (100 mg/L) after 48 h exposure time. The pal and ras genes expression rate in this elicitor concentration and exposure time enhanced notably. Anticancer flavonoids including xanthomicrol, cirsimaritin and isokaempferide showed 13, 13.42 and 10-fold increases compared to the control respectively. Stimulation of D. kotschyi hairy roots by SiO2 NPs caused huge increase in induction and production of important pharmaceutical compounds such as rosmarinic acid and xantomicrol.

Effect of LED illumination and amino acid supplementation on phenolic compounds profile in Agastache rugosa in vitro cultures

Agastache rugosa (Fischer & C.A.Meyer) O.Kuntze (Lamiaceae) is an East Asian medicinal and aromatic plant. It is rich in polyphenolic compounds such as rosmarinic, chlorogenic, ferulic acids and apigenin glycosides. in vitro shoot cultures were used to study influence of various factors on polyphenol profile using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS). Large differences in the morphology and polyphenol profile were observed in experiments with various illumination (white fluorescent lamps or white and photosynthetically active radiation LEDs) and supplementation with plant growth regulators and amino acids. Shoots were cultured on the MS basal agar medium with or without plant growth regulators (6-benzylaminopurine - BA, indole-3-acetic acid – IAA), or supplemented with different concentrations of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis precursor - l-phenylalanine or an amino acid mixture (casein hydrolysate). The composition of polyphenols in methanolic extracts was analyzed using UPLC-DAD-qTOF-MS. Three phenolic acids: cryptochlorogenic acid, feruloyl-quinic acid, rosmarinic acid, a rosmarinic acid methyl ester and two isomeric ferulic acid glucosides, as well as one flavonoid – an apigenin derivative were detected. Rosmarinic acid (RA) was the most abundant compound found in the analyzed plant material. Supplementation with amino acids resulted in highest content of RA in shoots cultured for 196 days on media containing either low concentration (1 mg/L) of l-phenylalanine or two of the highest - 20, 50 mg/L. The effect of casein hydrolysate supplementation was noticed from the beginning of shoot culture and reached maximum of 23.3 mg/g on 140 day. On the other hand, shoots that were growing under different illumination produced over 20 mg/g dw of RA after 70 days of culture. In conclusion, the production of phenolic compounds in A. rugosa in vitro shoots was influenced by the age of the shoot cultures, illumination regime and amino acids supplementation.

Rosmarinic acid accumulation in Melissa officinalis shoot cultures is mediated by ABA

Plant responses to elicitors are the result of a series of highly modulated consecutive changes in hormones or reactive oxygen species (ROS). Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that coordinates the complex networks of stress responses and its content is rapidly changed in response to stresses. This study evaluated the effects of application of ABA (0, 5, 25, 50, and 100 µM) to shoot cultures of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium on growth, H2O2 production, rosmarinic acid (RA) content, total phenolic compound accumulation, phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) gene expression, and PAL activity. Our results showed that all the applied concentrations of ABA decreased the growth rate of shoots. Moreover, the expression of PAL, tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), and rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS) genes, PAL activity, and the accumulation of total phenolic compound as well as RA were increased in the ABA-treated shoots. The highest content of RA was detected in the shoots treated with 100 µM ABA. The results suggested that both the PAL- and TAT-derived pathways were induced by ABA to increase RA accumulation in the shoot cultures of lemon balm. The results revealed that application of ABA led to up-regulation of respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH) expression, which was correlated with the production of H2O2 in the shoots cultures. In addition, the cis epoxy carotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) gene, which encodes key enzyme involved in ABA biosynthesis was up-regulated. These results demonstrated that ABA treatment enhanced endogenous ABA content and rosmarinic acid synthesis in the shoot cultures of lemon balm.

Obsah kyseliny rozmarínovej vo vybraných odrodách šalvie lekárskej (Salvia officinalis L.)

The aim of this thesis was to find the content of rosmarinic acid (RA) in the selected varieties of sage (Salvia officinalis L.): Krajova, Purpurascens, Berggarten, Tricolor, Icterina and Alba. In the monitoring years 2013-2015 and two collection dates was found that the highest RA content was in Tricolor in 2013 (30,084.65 mg*kg-1) collected in the first term. The lowest value was recorded for the Berggarten (9,000.5 mg*kg-1) in 2015 in the second collection date. The highest average RA content was found in Tricolor (19,605.82 mg*kg-1), while the lowest RA content was in Berggarten (14,610.71 mg*kg-1). When the terms of collection were compared, there were confirmed statistically significant difference in RA content in the monitored varieties of sage (P˂0.001) between 1st time of harvesting (22,516.08 mg*kg-1) and 2nd time of harvesting (11,155.83 mg*kg-1). Within years was the lowest content of the RA (13,562.74 mg*kg-1) found in 2015 and the difference in the RA content this year compared to 2013 and 2014 was statistically significant (P˂0.001). Average RA values in the monitored varieties of sage in 2013 (17,624.12 mg*kg-1) and in 2014 (17,522.69 mg*kg-1) were not statistically significant. These results follow, that the content of RA in sage (Salvia officinalis L.) statistically significantly affected the variety, time of harvesting and growing year.

Antineurodegenerative, antioxidant and antibacterial activities and phenolic components of Origanum majorana L. (Lamiaceae) extracts of different origin

The aim of this study was to examine chemical composition, as well as antineurodegenerative, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Origanum majorana L. (Lamiaceae) originating from Serbia, Greece, Egypt and Libya. Total phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant activities, and acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities were measured spectrophotometrically. Determination of phenolic compounds in extracts was done using HPLC-DAD technique. Antibacterial activity included determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using the microdilution method. The highest phenolic and flavonoid contents were recorded in the ethanolic extract of the Egyptian sample and in aqueous extract of Serbian sample. The HPLC analysis showed high content of rosmarinic acid, with the highest amount found in the ethanolic extract of the plants from Egypt. Water extracts showed prevalently better antioxidant and antineurodegenerative activity in applied tests than the ethanolic extracts. Gram-positive bacterial strains showed higher sensitivity to tested extracts. According to the obtained results, sweet marjoram samples from Serbia and Egypt can be marked as more promising, due to the highest content of total phenolics and flavonoids and the best antioxidant, antibacterial and tyrosinase inhibitory activity.

Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oil and Extracts of Satureja subspicata Vis. Growing in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The phytochemical composition and the antioxidant activities of the essential oil, as well as methanol and hot water extracts of endemic Satureja subspicata Vis. growing in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), were described. β-Caryophyllene, cis-β-ocimene, and α-pinene, identified by GC/MS and GC-FID, were the dominant oil components. The major compound of both of extracts, identified by HPLC-DAD, was rosmarinic acid. The analyzed essential oil showed moderate antioxidant activity. In this first report on the extracts of S. subspicata growing in BiH, the obtained results showed a high content of rosmarinic acid, as well as considerable amount of total phenols and flavonoids. Compared to the hot water extract, the methanol extract exhibits higher antioxidant potential, measured by DPPH and FRAP assay (IC50 = 0.45 g/l and 1879.43 equiv. Fe2+ μm), while the hot water extract showed higher potential in inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation (51.7% and 61.5% for 1 and 10 g/l). A good antioxidant potential of the tested extracts indicates their potential use as antioxidants, particularly for lipid protection, and partly explains the justification of the use of this plant in traditional medicine of BiH.

Oil distillation wastewaters from aromatic herbs as new natural source of antioxidant compounds

Distillation wastewaters (DWWs) are generated during the essential oil steam distillation from aromatic herbs. Despite of growing interest on novel source of natural antioxidant compounds as food additives, studies on DWWs are scarse. Herein, the potential of DWWs produced by the distillation of packaged fresh basil, rosemary and sage wastes was evaluated by chemical and antioxidant characterization.HPLC-DAD-HRMS profiling revealed that DWWs contain water-soluble phenolic compounds, mainly caffeic acid derivatives and flavonoid glycosides, with rosmarinic acid (RA) as predominant components (29–135mg/100mL). DWWs demonstrated high levels of total phenolic compounds (TPC, 152–443mg GAE/100mL) and strong antioxidant capacities, in ORAC, DPPH and ABTS assays (1101–4720, 635–4244 and 571–3145μmol TE/100mL, respectively). Highly significant correlations of TEAC values with TPC and RA contents revealed that phenolic compounds and high RA content were responsible of DWWs antioxidant properties.Thus, DWWs are proposed as a new promising source of natural food additives and/or functional ingredients for cosmetic, nutraceutical and food applications.

Deodorization of garlic odor by spearmint, peppermint, and chocolate mint leaves and rosmarinic acid

The deodorization capacity of mint leaves against garlic odor has been linked to their phenolic and enzymatic components. This study determined the deodorizing effect of 3 types of fresh mint leaves (peppermint, spearmint, and chocolate mint) and pure rosmarinic acid on garlic volatiles. Garlic volatiles were measured in the headspace of a sealed bottle containing pre-weighed garlic cloves blended with mint leaves, rosmarinic acid, or a mint leaves-rosmarinic acid mixture, using selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS). All 3 mint leaf cultivars significantly reduced the headspace concentrations of sulfur volatiles in crushed garlic. Although chocolate mint leaves had the highest rosmarinic acid content, peppermint and spearmint leaves were more effective in decreasing the headspace garlic volatiles. Increasing the amount of peppermint leaves (from 1 to 10 g) blended with garlic cloves increased the deodorizing effect. Pure rosmarinic acid significantly reduced the levels of most garlic volatiles, however, the deodorization was not strongly dependent on the amount (2 vs. 40 mg) of rosmarinic acid. Moreover, the mixture of peppermint and rosmarinic acid significantly reduced garlic volatiles as compared to rosmarinic acid alone. This suggests a synergistic effect between other components in peppermint and rosmarinic acid in the deodorization of garlic odor.

Molecular cloning and characterization of rosmarinic acid biosynthetic genes and rosmarinic acid accumulation in Ocimum basilicum L.

We have aimed to investigate the expression of genes related to rosmarinic acid (RA) synthesis and rosmarinic acid content in 2 Ocimum basilicum cultivars, green (cinnamon) and purple (red rubin) basil. Specifically, genes related to rosmarinic acid biosynthesis were cloned and characterized for O. basilicum. We obtained partial cDNAs of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase (HPPR), which were of 323 bp and 616 bp in size, respectively. The transcription levels of most genes related to rosmarinic acid synthesis were higher in green basil compared to purple basil, except for ObPAL and Ob4CL in the root. The highest expression was obtained in the leaves of green basil for all genes and the roots of purple basil for all genes, except for TAT. The highest rosmarinic acid content was obtained in the leaves of both cultivars, with higher RA accumulating in green basil compared to purple basil. The leaves had the highest RA content out of all plant organs, with the RA accumulation in the leaves of green basil being 1.64 times higher compared to purple basil. Further study is required to investigate whether a similar trend is observed across O. basilicum cultivars of different color types.

Inhibition of Glycation-induced Cytotoxicity, Protein Glycation, and Activity of Proteolytic Enzymes by Extract from Perovskia atriplicifolia Roots.

Background:Protein glycation and glycotoxicity belong to the main oxidative-stress related complications in diabetes. Perovskia species are used in Asian folk medicine as antidiabetic herbs.Objective:The aim of this study was to verify the ability of the methanolic extract from Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. roots to diminish glycation of albumin and to prevent cell damage in vitro. Furthermore, we tested the extract for in vitro antioxidant activity and inhibition of elastase and collagenase.Material and Methods:The aqueous methanol extract was analyzed by UHPLC-MS for the content of polyphenols and terpenoids. The prevention of glycated albumin-induced cell damage was tested in four mammalian cell lines (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, human embryonic kidney cells – HEK293, normal human fibroblasts, and Chinese hamster ovary cells) with the 5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4,5-dimethylthiazoly)-3-(4-sulfophenyl) tetrazolium assay.Results:Glycated albumin is significantly more toxic than native human serum albumin (LC50 from 35.00 to 48.34 μg/mL vs. 5.47–9.10 μg/mL, respectively). The extract, rich in rosmarinic acid (344.27 mg/g dry mass), mitigated the glycated albumin toxicity, and increased glycated albumin-treated cell survival by more than 50%. The inhibition of advanced glycation endproduct formation was confirmed by monitoring conformational changes. The free radical scavenging activity was higher than Trolox and metal reducing power was one-third to half that of ascorbic acid. The activity of elastase and collagenase was inhibited by 54.75% ± 6.87% and 60.03% ± 7.22%, respectively.Conclusions:The results confirm antiglycative and antiglycotoxic potential of Perovskia root and its traditional antidiabetic use. The high activity can be attributed to rosmarinic acid abundance.SUMMARY Perovskia is a small genus of aromatic shrubby plants growing in arid regions of Central and South Asia. Different parts are used in folk medicine as antiparasitic, anti-infectious and antidiabetic remedy. Here, we have studied the extract from roots for inhibition of: glycation-induced cytotoxicity, human serum albumin glycation, inflammation-related enzymes, as well as for antioxidant activity. Result: the extract from P. atriplicifolia roots inhibited protein glycation and AGE-induced toxicity in cell cultures. The mechanism is likely to rely on the antioxidant activity of high content of rosmarinic acid. Abbreviations used: AGE: advanced glycation end-products; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; HSA: human serum albumin.

Selective recovery of rosmarinic and carnosic acids from rosemary leaves under ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction procedures

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) are currently amongst the foremost green techniques for accelerating extraction processes. Several methods for the efficient recovery of the phenolic compounds from rosemary leaves have so far been proposed, but little data are available on the use of UAE and MAE. The aim of this work is to investigate the efficiency and selectivity of these techniques in recovering fractions of specific phenolic compounds from dried rosemary leaves using solvents that are suitable for food applications. UAE has been carried out by means of a probe system equipped with a titanium horn working at 19.5 kHz (140 W). MAE has been performed in a closed multimode reactor under N 2 (20 bar) at 100 °C. All obtained extracts were dissolved in a defined solvent volume and the solutions were directly analyzed using a combination of the HPLC-DAD-MS and TOF techniques. MAE and UAE in ethanol and acetone dramatically increased phenol yield (more than three times) as compared to more traditional solid–liquid extraction processes. In terms of selectivity, remarkably high rosmarinic acid content (6.8% of the dried extract) was obtained in ethanol under ultrasound (US). Even more impressive is the selectivity of UAE in n -hexane which gave the highest carnosic acid content, up to 13% of the dried extract. In conclusion, non-conventional energy sources and, in particular, high-intensity US have proven themselves to be rapid, efficient, and selective techniques for rosemary leaf extraction and provide fractions with high rosmarinic and carnosic acid contents.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФЕНОЛЬНИХ СПОЛУК РОЗХІДНИКА ЗВИЧАЙНОГО (GLECHOMA HEDERACEA L.)

<p><strong>THE INVESTIGATION OF COMPOUNDS PHENOL ORIGIN GROUND IVY (GLECHOMA HEDERACEA L.)</strong></p><p><strong>M. S. Garnyk</strong></p><p>NationalPyrogovMemorialMedicalUniversity, Vinnytsia</p><p><strong>Summary:</strong> compounds of phenol origin have been quantified in ground ivy herb, they are hydroxycinnamic acids (4.20-6.47 %), flavonoids (0.77-1.35 %), oxidized phenols (7.75-8.51 %). Flavonoid groups (rutin, hyperozide, apigenin, luteolin, isoquercitrin), coumarines (scopoletin, umbelliferone) hydroxycinnamic acids (rosmarinic, chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric) have been identified by the method of HPLC and their content has been identified.</p><p><strong>Key words</strong>: ground ivy, compounds of phenol origin, spectrophotometry, permanganatometry, high performance liquid chromatography.</p><p><strong>Introduction.</strong> The ability to synthesize and accumulate huge amount of phenolic compounds is a characteristic feature of the representatives of the plant world. Natural phenols exhibit high biological activity. They take part in various physiological processes: respiration, photosynthesis, growth, development and reproduction of plants; some polyphenols protect plants from pathogens and fungal diseases.</p><p>Medicinal products based on phenolic compounds are widely used as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, choleretic, diuretic, hypotensive, tonic, astringent and purgative means. Most of the phenolic compounds of plant origin have low toxicity and do not exhibit side effects.</p><p>Previous studies found that grass of ground ivy contains a number of phenolic compounds namely: hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, tannins. Therefore the purpose of the study was to determine the quantitative content of phenolic compounds by spectrophotometric method and individual substances by high performance liquid chromatography.</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> The determination of phenolic compounds recalculated to gallic acid has been performed by spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 270 nm, the amount of hydroxycinnamic acids recalculated to chlorogenic acid – at a wavelength of 327 nm, the amount of flavonoids recalculated to rutin – at a wavelength of 410 nm; total oxidized amount of phenols has been determined by permanganatometrical titration. To separate the total amount of phenolic compounds into individual components high performance liquid chromatography was used.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion.</strong> The content of phenolic compounds in grass of ground ivy was 3.15-3.41% in the sample number 1 (raw materials harvested in Ternopil region) and 2.98-3.29 % in the sample number 2 (materials harvested in Vinnytsia region), the total content of oxidized phenols is 8.34-8.51 % and 7.75-8.14 %, the amount of flavonoids – 0.87-1.35% and 0.77-1.04 %, the amount hydroxycinnamic acids – 4.20-6.47 % and 4.84-6.36 % respectively for the objects number 1 and number 2.</p><p>Individual quantitative content of phenolic compounds in the grass of ground ivy was identified by the method of HPLC. Flavonoids (rutin, hyperozide, apigenin, luteolin, isoquercitrin) were identified in the studied objects, as well as coumarins (skopoletyn, umbelliferone), hydroxycinnamic acid (rosmary, chlorogenic, coffeic, p-coumaric), and their quantitative content was determined.</p><p>Among flavonoid compounds of ground ivy the greatest number falls to rutin – 0.40 and 0.23 % respectively in objects number 1 and 2. As for hydroxycinnamic acid the highest content of rosmarinic acid is observed in the sample number 2 – 1.13 %. The content of chlorogenic acid was also significant and made 0.84 % (№ 1) and 0.81 % (№ 2) in studied objects.</p><p><strong>Conclusions.</strong> 1. Quantitative content of phenolic compounds: total amount of oxidative phenols, total amount of hydroxycinnamic acids, total amount of flavonoids were detected in the studied samples of ground ivy.</p><p>2. Quantitative content of flavonoids (rutin – 0.23-0.40 %, hyperozide – 0.17-0.34 %, luteolin – 0.05-0.1% isoquercіtrіn – 0.02-0.03 %, apigenin – 0.06 %), hydroxycinnamic acids (chlorogenic – 0.81-0.84 %, rosmarinic – 0.2-1.13%, coffeic – 0.06 %, p-coumaric – traces) and coumarins (skopoletyn – 0.11-0.12 %, umbelliferonе – 0.02 %) was identified and defined by the method of HPLC.</p>

Evaluation of content of phenolics in Salvia species cultivated in South Moravian Region / Hodnotenie obsahu fenolov vo vybraných druhoch rodu Salvia L. pestovaných v Juhomoravskom kraji

Abstract In this study, total phenolic content (TPC) and rosmarinic acid (RA) of 37 samples sage (Salvia L.) of extracts were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The amount of total phenols was analysed with Folin-Ciocalteu reagents. Gallic acid was used as a standard compound and the total phenols were expressed as mg.g−1 gallic acid equivalents of dried plant material. The values of the extracts displayed substantial differences. All of the investigated species except Salvia jurisicii (990.79 mg GAE. g−1 d.w.) exhibited higher content of phenolics. Among the studies, species demonstrated the highest content of phenol, followed in sequence by Salvia tomentosa, Salvia fruticosa, Salvia triloba, Salvia officinalis ‘Extrakta’, Salvia officinalis. TPC varied from 990.79 to 4459.88 mg GAE. g−1 d.w. in the extracts. The total amount of RA was between 0.88 and 8.04% among species. Salvia tomentosa, Salvia verticillata and Salvia officinalis ‘Extrakta’ had the highest content of RA. The high content of phenolic compounds indicated that these compounds contribute to the antioxidant activity.

Enhanced rosmarinic acid biosynthesis in Solenostemon scutellarioides culture: a precursor-feeding strategy

The aim of this study was to employ precursor-feeding strategy for the improved production of rosmarinic acid (RA) in Solenostemon scutellarioides in vitro. The cultures were fed with precursors, namely l-phenylalanine (Phe), l-tyrosine (Tyr) and cucumber juice (CJ), at different concentrations. Phe (100 mg L− 1) and Tyr (400 mg L− 1) caused ∼1.5- and 2.1-fold increase in RA accumulation within 48 h. CJ (50 mg L− 1) feeding displayed highest RA content (∼1.6-fold) in 72 h. In this study, we focused on the function of individual precursor on key enzymes involved in RA biosynthesis. The phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity was significantly upregulated after Phe (100 mg L− 1) feeding, while tyrosine aminotransferase and hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase activities were improved with Tyr (400 mg L− 1) treatment. However, rosmarinic acid synthase activity was significantly enhanced by all three precursors. In synergy study, Phe (100 mg L− 1) + Tyr (400 mg L− 1) could enhance (∼3.1-fold) RA biosynthesis within 48 h.