High Oleic Acid Content Research Articles

Genetic studies on yield and oil quality in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Sunflower oil with high oleic acid content has nutritional benefit similar to olive oil. Forty five sunflowergenotypes with varying oleic acid content were evaluated for the estimation of proportion of heritability, geneticadvance, PCV and GCV for ten quantitative traits during kharif 2018. PCV was higher compared to GCV for all thetraits. High PCV and High GCV were observed for seed yield per plant, hundred seed weight, oil yield and linoleicacid content. Seven characters viz., plant height, head diameter, hundred seed weight, seed yield/plant, oil yield, oleic acid content and linoleic acid content recorded high heritability followed by high genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action and are efficient for selection.

Simultaneous lipid production for biodiesel feedstock and decontamination of sago processing wastewater using Candida tropicalis ASY2

BackgroundWithout sufficient alternatives to crude oil, as demand continues to rise, the global economy will undergo a drastic decline as oil prices explode. Dependence on crude oil and growing environmental impairment must eventually be overcome by creating a sustainable and profitable alternative based on renewable and accessible feedstock. One of the promising solutions for the current and near-future is the substitution of fossil fuels with sustainable liquid feedstock for biofuel production. Among the different renewable liquid feedstock’s studied, wastewater is the least explored one for biodiesel production. Sago wastewater is the byproduct of the cassava processing industry and has starch content ranging from 4 to 7%. The present investigation was aimed to produce microbial lipids from oleaginous yeast, Candida tropicalis ASY2 for use as biodiesel feedstock and simultaneously decontaminate the sago processing wastewater for reuse. Initial screening of oleaginous yeast to find an efficient amylolytic with maximum lipid productivity resulted in a potent oleaginous yeast strain, C. tropicalis ASY2, that utilizes SWW as a substrate. Shake flask experiments are conducted over a fermentation time of 240 h to determine a suitable fatty acid composition using GC-FID for biodiesel production with simultaneous removal of SWW pollutants using ASY2.ResultsThe maximum biomass of 0.021 g L−1 h−1 and lipid productivity of 0.010 g L−1 h−1 was recorded in SWW with lipid content of 49%. The yeast strain degraded cyanide in SWW (79%) and also removed chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate (NO3), ammoniacal (NH4), and phosphate (PO4) ions (84%, 92%, 100%, 98%, and 85%, respectively). GC-FID analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) revealed high oleic acid content (41.33%), which is one of the primary fatty acids for biodiesel production.ConclusionsIt is evident that the present study provides an innovative and ecologically sustainable technology that generates valuable fuel, biodiesel using SWW as a substrate and decontaminates for reuse.

Comparative Study of Table Margarine Prepared from Moringa oleifera Seed Oil‐Palm Stearin Blend and Commercial Margarines: Composition, Thermal, and Textural Properties

AbstractThis study aims to produce an oleic acid‐rich table margarine from Moringa oleifera seed oil (MoO)‐palm stearin (PS) blend (70:30, w/w) and compare its composition, thermal behavior, and textural properties during storage with those of commercial margarines (CM1 and CM2). The major fatty acid in MoO/PS blend, CM1 and CM2 is oleic acid (67.85%, 38.54%, and 35.35%, respectively). Hence, many of their triacylglycerols are derived from the acid. MoO/PS blend has a higher complete melting temperature (43.50 °C) compared to CM1 (35.50 °C) and CM2 (35.53 °C). The solid fat content (SFC) of MoO/PS blend at 10 °C (28.7%) is lower than CM1 (32%) and CM2 (68.4%). However, the MoO/PS blend has a higher SFC (6.47%) at 35 °C compared to CMs. At 20 °C, the viscosity of experimental blend margarine (EBM) decreases but CM1 and CM2 increase at the end of the storage study. After 8 weeks of storage, all margarines are harder and CM2 is the hardest. The adhesiveness of EMB and CM2 is similar to the fresh samples while CM1 is more adhesive after storage. In short, it is possible to produce an oleic acid‐enriched margarine from MoO/PS blend that has better textural properties.Practical Applications: Moringa oleifera seed oil is one of the superior oils that contains high levels of oleic acid. However, its high iodine value and low melting point limit its application in the production of margarine. This study shows that direct blending of M. oleifera seed oil with palm stearin could produce margarine with high oleic acid contents and better textural properties in terms of viscosity, hardness, and adhesiveness. The informative data provide supporting evidence for blending of M. oleifera seed oil with palm stearin to produce margarine that could overcome the issues that hinder the M. oleifera seed oil from being produced into margarine.

Effects of adding solid and molten chocolate on the physicochemical, antioxidant, microbiological, and sensory properties of ewe's milk cheese.

A novel dairy product, namely "chocolate cheese", was produced with two typical Sicilian food products: Pecorino cheese, processed from ewe's milk, and Modica chocolate. The cheese, manufactured with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w) solid or molten chocolate, was evaluated after 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of vacuum storage for its nutritional and health properties. The addition of chocolate reduced the pH, protein, fat, and ash; the addition of 5% or 10% molten chocolate reduced hardness (N/mm2 ). The addition of either solid or molten chocolate resulted in a slight increase (P <0.1038) in the total polyphenol content, a higher oleic acid content, and less oxidative stability. The microbiological profile showed that the total mesophilic count and the number of mesophilic coccus lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were approximately equal (about 108 CFU/g) in all cheese. The survival of the microorganisms was affected by both the chocolate added and the storage time. Chocolate cheese stored for 6 weeks had less Enterobacteriaceae than control cheese, whereas yeasts were detected at higher cell densities in the former cheese. Filamentous fungi were undetectable in some cheese. Differences were also observed in the number of mesophilic rod LAB, which increased progressively over time in all cheese, and in Enterobacteriaceae, yeasts, and filamentous fungi, which decreased during storage. Descriptive and hedonic sensory tests and principal component analysis showed that fresh cheese and cheese stored for 2 weeks, including 5% molten chocolate, were the most preferred by evaluators. Based on these results, chocolate cheese has the potential to be appreciated in the market for its nutritional, health, and sensory properties. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Chocolate cheese, made by combining two typical Sicilian foods, Pecorino cheese and Modica chocolate, is proposed as a novel dairy product. The highest sensory acceptance was obtained with the addition of 5% molten chocolate and storage for 2 weeks. Given its improved antioxidant properties, healthier fat, and sensory properties, chocolate cheese has the potential to be appreciated in the market, especially by young consumers.

Association Study of the 5'UTR Intron of the FAD2-2 Gene With Oleic and Linoleic Acid Content in Olea europaea L.

Cultivated olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) is the most ancient and spread tree crop in the Mediterranean basin. An important quality trait for the extra virgin olive oil is the fatty acid composition. In particular, a high content of oleic acid and low of linoleic, linolenic, and palmitic acid is considered very relevant in the health properties of the olive oil. The oleate desaturase enzyme encoding-gene (FAD2-2) is the main responsible for the linoleic acid content in the olive fruit mesocarp and, therefore, in the olive oil revealing to be the most important candidate gene for the linoleic acid biosynthesis. In this study, an in silico and structural analysis of the 5′UTR intron of the FAD2-2 gene was conducted with the aim to explore the natural sequence variability and its role in the gene expression regulation. In order to identify functional allele variants, the 5′UTR intron was isolated and partially sequenced in 97 olive cultivars. The sequence analysis allowed to find a 117-bp insertion including two long duplications never found before in FAD2-2 genes in olive and the existence of many intron-mediated enhancement (IME) elements. The sequence polymorphism analysis led to detect 39 SNPs. The candidate gene association study conducted for oleic and linoleic acids content revealed seven SNPs and one indel significantly associated able to explain a phenotypic variation ranging from 7% to 16% among the years. Our study highlighted new structural variants within the FAD2-2 gene in olive, putatively involved in the regulation mechanisms of gene expression associated with the variation of the content of oleic and linoleic acid.

Viscosity Index for Oil Used as Biodegradable Lubricant

Objectives: To study the viscosity index for oil used as biodegradable lubricant using tree methods. Methods: Viscosity index for oil used as biodegradable lubricant (coconut oil, soybean oil, corn oil, rapeseed oil) was determined using a set of Schott Ubbelohde-type viscometers selected according to the values of their constants, so that the margins of the uncertainty, inherent in the Hagebach–Couette correction, does not exceed the error allowed for the measurements. The measurements were carried out at 40 ± 0.1 and 100 ± 0.1 °C, according to the recommendation of ASTM D2270. Findings: The viscosity index of soybean oil is the highest and the viscosity index of rapeseed oil is the lowest. The viscosity index determined with the calculator for coconut oil is one unit higher than that obtained by the formula (1). The viscosity index of corn oil determined with relation (1) is 151, and the one determined by computer is 25 units higher. The viscosity index of rapeseed determined with relation (1) is 143, and the one determined with the computer program is 23 units higher. The viscosity index determined for soybean oil determined using the program has a negative value. The viscosity oils used as biodegradable lubricant were determined using tree methods: ASTM D 2270 and method graphically using ASTM D 341. Viscosity index calculation was performed with a computer program using kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C. The viscosity-temperature coefficient for oils used as biodegradable lubricant can vary by a factor of 10 depending on the temperature. The viscosity of oil oils used as biodegradable lubricant is dependent upon temperature. Viscosity decreases as temperature increases because the molecules vibrate more, and interact less. Application: The three methods for determining the viscosity index can be applied both to vegetable oils used as biodegradable lubricants and to oils of SAE class. The term biodegradable lubricant includes a wide range of lubricants, such as: vegetable oils; hydrogenated vegetable oils; vegetable oils with high oleic acid content; synthetic esters produced from vegetable oils. Keywords: Viscosity Index, Viscosity-Temperature Coefficient.

Variation in Milk Composition and Fatty Acid Profile during the Lactation of Araucana Creole Ewes in a Pasture-Based System.

Simple SummaryThe Araucana creole sheep is a local Chilean genetic resource and represents an important economic resource for the Mapuche ethnic group, who mainly use it for meat and wool production. In recent years, an interesting gourmet market has emerged for milk products derived from sheep’s milk. These products are highly valued because they come from sheep fed in systems based on pastures that are considered healthier than the diet of sheep fed indoors. Therefore, it is important to know the production and composition of Araucana creole ewe’s milk, which has not been studied. This information may provide an alternative for the diversification of sheep production by small farmers, contributing to the agricultural and cultural diversity of southern Chile.Araucana creole sheep are a local animal genetic resource adapted to environmental conditions in rural production systems in southern Chile. The aim of the present study was to analyze the milk yield and composition of Araucana creole ewe’s milk from ewes maintained in a traditional grazing system of natural pastures. Twenty healthy single-bearing Araucana creole ewes were selected immediately after lambing (body condition score (BCS) of 2.8 ± 0.2, ewe weight (EW) of 62 ± 3.5 kg, and age of 3.8 ± 0.7 years). BCS, EW, and lamb weights were determined. Milk samples were obtained using the oxytocin technique at 10 days postpartum and then twice a month during the lactation stage (90 days). Protein, fat, lactose, total solids (TS), solid non-fat (SNF), urea contents, and fatty acid (FA) composition were analyzed. The Araucana ewe’s milk yield was lower than that of other dairy sheep but was higher than that of meat breeds. The milk fat had a higher content of oleic acid in the early lactation period, which decreased slowly according to the progress of lactation. The increase in oleic acid improved the milk health indexes during this period and thus provided a healthier milk product for human consumption than later in lactation. During lactation, higher conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) levels were obtained only at day 60. Our research suggests that Araucana creole sheep can provide high-quality milk during early lactation, which is rich in oleic acid and represents an alternative for the production of dairy products, improving the profitability of the productive systems of small-holder farmers in Chile.

Application of Cluster Analysis in Breeding Research

Varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops are characterized by a large number of indicators: morphological, economically valuable, biochemical. Usually, when conducting a comparative analysis of selection samples at the initial stage of research, only a few traits are used, which are assessed using one-dimensional criteria. In research on rapeseed breeding, an integrated approach is also important in the assessment and selection of promising samples, taking into account the morphological characteristics that are components of productivity; oil content and quality, as well as the glucosinolate content of the seeds. Cluster analysis is a multivariate method for determining the optimal values of the estimated indicators. The aim of the research is the analysis and selection at the initial stage of research of promising breeding samples of winter rape, suitable for further work, using the "k-means" clustering method. The material of the research is 125 breeding samples of winter rapeseed. The number of pods on the central branch, the content of oil and glucosinolates in the seeds was determined, and the fatty acid composition of the oil was analyzed (the content of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and erucic acids in it). The studies were carried out during 2018-2019. in the conditions of the southern Steppe of Ukraine. Statistical processing and evaluation of research results was carried out using a modified "k-means" clustering method, which is carried out using Data Mining. It differs from the classical clustering method in the selection of the optimal number of model clusters, which is performed by the Statistica software package. The processing and analysis of the material under study was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, using cluster analysis by the "k-means" method, separately for economically valuable traits and fatty acid composition of the oil, clusters of samples with the best ratio of the corresponding indicators were determined. At the second stage, the best samples from these clusters were selected only by the content of oil and oleic acid, and again by clustering the group of samples with the maximum value of these indicators was selected. From the cluster analysis for the fatty acid composition of the oil, the sign of the content of linoleic acid was excluded due to its high correlation with oleic acid, as well as erucic acid due to the discrepancy between its sample and the normal distribution. Reduction of samples to dimensionless form, preceding cluster analysis, is carried out by normalization on the z-scale. As a result of cluster analysis, we obtained the distribution of samples according to economically valuable characteristics into four clusters, and according to the fatty acid composition of oil into two clusters. The samples that form these clusters were also identified. The first cluster for economically valuable characteristics unites 26 samples, the second 33, the third 39 and the fourth 27. The first cluster for the fatty acid composition of the oil contains 72 samples, the second 53. The highest content of oil in the seeds and the number of pods on the central branch with the minimum content of glucosinolates in the seeds are inherent in the third cluster, and the maximum content of oleic acid in the oil - in the samples that form the second cluster. Analysis of variance of the clustering results showed that the average values of the economically valuable traits and the fatty acid composition of the oil in the clusters differ statistically significantly. Thus, clustering by the "k-means" method formed clusters of samples that statistically significantly differ from each other in the studied characteristics. Only 15 samples are simultaneously included in the third cluster, formed according to economically valuable characteristics, and in the second cluster according to the fatty acid composition of the oil. The second stage is the selection of the best samples from this group based on the oil content in the seeds and the oleic acid content in it for further breeding work. Based on the results of cluster analysis, a distribution into four clusters was obtained. Finally, for further selection studies in order to obtain a high content of oleic acid in the oil, five samples of the first cluster were selected (the content of oleic acid in the oil is 69.4-70.6%, the oil content is 49.0-52.1%). And also three samples combined into the second cluster with an oil content of 51.1-51.8%. Thus, the effectiveness of the application of the modified clustering method "k-means" for the analysis of a large number of samples of winter rapeseed for several characteristics simultaneously with the aim of selecting genotypes with an optimal ratio of economically valuable indicators has been proved.

Consuming nutritional doses of olive pomace oil fulfils recommended dietary allowances of alpha-tocopherol. Results from a randomized clinical trial

AbstractVitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that prevents free radical propagation in membranes and plasma lipoproteins. Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA), stablished at 13 and 11 mg/day for adult men and women, respectively, is not fulfilled in most European countries. Thus, strategies to cover the daily recommendations of this vitamin are essential, and one may be to encourage the consumption of foods rich in this micronutrient.Olive-pomace oil (OPO), which is obtained from the solid by-product obtained during olive oil extraction, is nutritionally relevant due to its high content in oleic acid (C18:1), among other monounsaturated fatty acids. In addition, OPO contains a wide range of minor bioactive components that may contribute to its healthy properties. Among these, it is especially relevant the high content of vitamin E in OPO.The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of consuming nutritional relevant doses of olive pomace oil within a normal, non-supplemented diet, in the vitamin E status in adults.We carried out a randomized, cross-over, controlled clinical trial, 14 weeks long in 70 subjects, consisting in two 4-week interventions in which volunteers consumed either OPO or high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) preceded each by 3-week wash-out steps with sunflower oil. Participants daily consumed 50 mL of either OPO or HOSO, containing 357 and 420 ppm vitamin E, respectively, to meet the nutritional requirements of fat intake. Intake of macronutrients and micronutrients (vitamin E) was analyzed using the DIAL software (Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid).The results obtained showed that the average consumption of vitamin E increased from 9.61 mg/day (intake of volunteers before starting the study) to 17.76 mg/day and 18.45 mg/day after the intervention with OPO and HOSO, respectively. Acceptance tests to evaluate the level of satisfaction of both oils showed higher preference of OPO compared to HOSO.OPO was well accepted and, thus, constitutes an important dietary source of vitamin E covering the recommended daily intake. It is worth thinking about OPO as part of a healthy diet.

CHARACTERIZATION OF TURKISH EXTRA VIRGIN OLIVE OILS ACCORDING TO THE THEIR FATTY ACID PROFILE

In this study, a Mobile Olive Oil Processing Unit (TEM Oliomio 500-2GV, Italy) was designed and used for cold press extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) production at optimum conditions. Local olive varieties “Beylik, Tavşan Yüreği, Uslu and Saurani in Antalya, Manisa, and Hatay provinces of Turkey were investigated in the present study. EVOO was stored before and after paper filtration. Generally, no significant change was observed in fatty acid composition during 60 days of storing and filtration had no detectable effect, but there was significant difference among EVOOs which was obtained from different cultivars. Results of this study showed that fatty acid profile of EVOOs was good method for classification of Turkish olive oils. Beylik and Tavşan Yüreği had higher oleic acid content than other cultivars. Saurani EVOO had the highest content of palmitic acid and stearic acid. The highest amount of linoleic acid was detected in EVOO of Uslu (Manisa) with the range of 12.06-12.09%. Olive oil samples were classified as EVOO according to International olive council (IOC) regulations. Turkish virgin olive oils characterized by low linoleic and palmitic, and high oleic acid contents.

Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profiles in Some Dune Vegetation Species from Istanbul

Dunes are one of the most dynamic ecosystems in the nature and they are considered as a special habitat type hosting valuable genetic resources. Dunes located in Turkey are very rich in terms of plant diversity. Istanbul has special place for the richness of endemic and rare species in its dune vegetations. Biochemical characteristics of some plant species growing in Istanbul dunes, which are under immense threat during the recent years have been examined in the present study. Seed samples and aerial parts of the plants have been analysed for fatty acid and amino acid compositions. The higher concentrations of α-linolenic acid were quantified in Euphorbia paralias (48.24%) and Diplotaxis tenuifolia (24.47%). Linoleic acid concentrations were detected at the higher levels in Xanthium strumarium (68.51%) and Otanthus maritimus (66.62%). Eryngium campestre (44.97%), Cyperus capitatus (44.27%) and Eryngium maritimum (41.88%) were found to have high oleic acid concentrations. 20,32% punicic acid was detected in Ecballium elaterium. The higher concentrations of some essential amino acids were observed in the seeds. Proline is the dominant amino acid in the aerial parts of all taxa examined. Significant correlations between amino acid concentrations were calculated. The data obtained in the present study reveal that regarding plants as novel crops can be efficient for utilization in biochemical and biotechnological applications in many fields such as human nutrition, health and other industrial purposes.

Production and technological characteristics of avocado oil emulsions stabilized with cellulose nanofibrils isolated from agroindustrial residues

The present work provided the valorization of agroindustrial residues from the palm peach (Bactris gasipaes) industry to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and considered their application as a stabilizer agent for avocado oil emulsions. The treatments applied generated CNFs bundles with high aspect ratio, stability and mobility of (-) 19.82 ± 7.7 (μ/s)/(V/cm) at water suspensions; crystallinity index of 31.5 % and superficial functional groups (FT-IR spectra) that remarked them as able to interact with polar and non-polar molecules. The little amount of 1.0 % of CNF was able to stabilize emulsions with high oil content (50 %) that remained steady after 30 days of storage at different temperatures, probably by CNF’s Pickering-mechanism. Emulsions with sorbitan monostearate (3.5 %) were also produced and the replacement or interaction of this agent with CNF (0, 50 and 1.0 %) was evaluated by creaming behavior, stability index and morphological characterization. It was not observed a synergistic effect between the components; emulsions that contained only CNF (CNF 100) showed superior characteristics, with no creaming or coalescence at 02 and 25 °C for 30 days; no coalescence after thermal treatments (02 and 80 °C) associated with extreme pH variations (2 and 11) and lower droplets size. Besides address a practical application for nanocelluloses obtained from discarded lignocellulosic material, the results suggests the possibility of produce a potentially edible emulsion from an oil with high oleic acid content and bioactive molecules without the addition of any surfactant or other chemical additive, that could be used for new food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical applications.

Candidate genes-association study to identify loci related to oleic acid in Brassica napus using SNP markers and their heterologous expression in yeast

Brassica napus (rapeseed) serves as a main source of edible oil, and the oil's quality is mainly determined by the relative proportions of fatty acids. A high oleic acid concentration in B. napus oil increases its shelf life and oxidative stability. Therefore, attaining a high oleic acid concentration is necessary to enhance the nutritional quality of rapeseed oil. Here, an association study of candidate genes was conducted using a population of 324 genetically diverse rapeseed accessions, and several loci related to oleic acid content were identified. Furthermore, these loci were functionally characterized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to assess their functions, and the promising candidate loci were validated using single nucleotide polymorphic markers in an independent inbred population. The results increased our understanding of fatty acid metabolism in B. napus. Moreover, these findings may assist in marker-based breeding efforts to improve the fatty acid composition and quality of B. napus oil.

Sunflower olein hybrides resistant to parasites

New hybrids of the first generation of sunflower of three ripeness groups with a high content of oleic acid in oil have been bred at the Federal State Budget Scientific Research Institute of the South-East region. A study of these hybrids in the conditions of the Saratov region in 2017–2018, conducted as a competitive varietal test, showed that new hybrids of the first generation of sunflower with a record oleic acid content in oil were obtained: early-ripening hybrid PG 784 - 79.0%, short-season hybrid PG-815 - 85.0%, mid-season hybrid PG-802 - 82.2%, which is 8.3-14.3% more than previous hybrids. The maximum harvest of oleic acid per unit area in the best early ripening hybrid of PG 784 was 1.06 t/ha, in the best short-season hybrids PG-812, PG-814 and PG-815 –1.02 t/ha, in the best mid-ripening hybrid PG-802 - 1.14 t/ha. It has been experimentally proved that, in the Saratov region it is possible to breed early-ripening, short-season and mid-ripening hybrids of the first generation of sunflower with an oleic acid content in oil of more than 80% and harvesting of oleic acid from a unit area of more than 1 t/ha.&#x0D;

Physicochemical study of used frying oil as feedstock for the production of biodiesel

A diagnosis was made of the availability and quality of the used frying oil of the establishments dedicated to chicken fry in the city of San José de Cúcuta, to evaluate its technical feasibility as a feedstock in the biodiesel production. A survey was applied to 21 restaurants, evidencing that they reuse the oil less times when having a high monthly consumption (i.e. more than 80 liters, contrary to those consuming less than 60 liters, which reuse the oil more than 3 times. As a final disposition, 86% of establishments sell the used frying oil at $750/liter and 14% deliver it to be used by external persons. The physicochemical properties of used frying oil were analyzed as: fatty acid profile, density, moisture content, refractive index, acidity index, peroxide index and saponification index. The used frying oil presented high content of oleic acid (42.45%) and palmitic acid (33.52%), converting it into a potential feedstock by presenting fatty acids characteristics from palm oil, which is the main source for the production of biodiesel in Colombia. To improve the organoleptic characteristics of the used frying oil (dark colour, strong odour, emulsions), it was subjected to heating and filtering to remove the particles that affect the yield of biodiesel production.

Improvement of three popular Indian groundnut varieties for foliar disease resistance and high oleic acid using SSR markers and SNP array in marker-assisted backcrossing

Foliar fungal diseases (rust and late leaf spot) incur large yield losses, in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality in groundnut worldwide. High oleic acid has emerged as a key market trait in groundnut, as it increases the shelf life of the produce/products in addition to providing health benefits to consumers. Marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC) is the most successful approach to introgressing or pyramiding one or more traits using trait-linked markers. We used MABC to improve three popular Indian cultivars (GJG 9, GG 20, and GJGHPS 1) for foliar disease resistance (FDR) and high oleic acid content. A total of 22 BC3F4 and 30 BC2F4 introgression lines (ILs) for FDR and 46 BC3F4 and 41 BC2F4 ILs for high oleic acid were developed. Recurrent parent genome analysis using the 58 K Axiom_Arachis array identified several lines showing upto 94% of genome recovery among second and third backcross progenies. Phenotyping of these ILs revealed FDR scores comparable to the resistant parent, GPBD 4, and ILs with high (~80%) oleic acid in addition to high genome recovery. These ILs provide further opportunities for pyramiding FDR and high oleic acid in all three genetic backgrounds as well as for conducting multi-location yield trials for further evaluation and release for cultivation in target regions of India.

Breeding on a new peanut variety Yuhua91 with high oleic acid content

Yuhua91 is a new peanut variety with high oleic acid content bred by Qingdao Agricultural University. The crossing was conducted with Luhua11 as female parent and with Kainong1715, an F435-type variety with high oleic acid content as male parent. The real F1 hybrids were screened by sequencing on PCR amplification products, and those homozygotes with bb genotype in F2 populations were screened by the same sequencing method as above. The content of oleic and linoleic acid was measured on the kernels harvested from F2 single plants by near infrared ray method, and those kernels whose content of oleic was above 80%, oleic and linoleic acid ratio was above 10.0 were obtained and planted into a row, with pedigree method for subsequent selection breeding. Yuhua91 has some characters of small pod, light and obvious pod texture, 148.06 g per 100 pods, 63.31 g per 100 kernels, 75.15% shelling percentage, long elliptic seed kernel, pink seed coat, without crack, white endotesta. Its content of protein, oil, oleic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic acid was 26.57%, 52.72%, 80.40%, 2.50% and 5.57% respectively. Yuhua91 has other characters of strong seedlings, compact pod areas, and moderate resistance to leaf spot disease and bacterial wilt. Average pod yield is 215.79 kg per Mu, 15.27% higher than the control variety Huayu20. Average seed kernels yield is 157.33 kg per Mu, 21.64% higher than the control variety Huayu20. Yuhua 91 has been registered on department of agriculture in 2018, and the registration No. is GPD peanut (2018) 370210, fit for growing in Shandong Province.

Variability of the total oil content and fatty acid profile of creole avocados from Nuevo Leon, Mexico

Introduction. The State of Nuevo Leon is considered the depositary of a wide genetic diversity of creole avocados (Persea americana var drimyfolia). Objective. The aim of this work was to determine the variability of the total oil content and the fatty acids profile in creole avocados from Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Materials and methods. During the spring and summer of 2016, 36 varieties of creole avocados were collected in the northern and southern region of the State of Nuevo Leon, Mexico for chemical characterization. The commercial variety “Hass” was included as a control. To determine the variability that exists in the content of total oils and fatty acids in the collected materials, analyzes of the main components and conglomerates were carried out. Results. Six fatty acids were detected in the total oil of the creole avocados: palmitic, stearic, oleic, palmitoleic, linoleic and linolenic. The outstanding varieties were “Platano temprano”, “Platano delgado”, “Huevo de toro”, “Cuerno”, “Pato”, and “Especial”, which presented an average of 17.28, 24.93 and 66.29 % more in the content of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids respectively, and an average of 28.12 % less stearic acid compared to the commercial variety “Hass”. According to the analysis of main components, materials with high oleic acid content usually have low palmitic and palmitoleic acid contents. The dendrogram presented six groups within the evaluated materials, most of the outstanding materials are located in groups one and four. Conclusion. High variability in the content of total oils and fatty acids was determined in creole avocados from Nuevo Leon. Therefore, they are considered promising for their incorporation into genetic improvement programs.

Not Your Grandma's Goobers: Designing the Future of Peanut Breeding

ABSTRACT The peanut producer has realized a 130% increase in yield since 1969, with production averaging 4,563 kgha−1 nationwide for the US in 2017. Advances in agricultural engineering, agricultural practices, and chemicals for pests, diseases and weed management have all contributed to increased peanut production efficiency and profitability. Perhaps greatest contribution to sustainable peanut production has been made by area-targeted peanut breeding programs. Charged with hitting the moving target of a 'perfect peanut cultivar', peanut breeders have managed to deliver to their customers by focusing on developing cultivars with traits of high importance such as disease resistance, high oleic acid content, early maturity, and drought tolerance, while advancing essential traits such as yield and grade. Conventional peanut breeding has provided a continuous supply of improved cultivars over the last 50 years. However, this success may be difficult to exceed if only conventional technologies continue to be used. Fortunately, recent advances in molecular technologies have resulted in the sequencing of both the ancestral and cultivated peanut genomes, opening the door for the mapping of traits and molecular marker development. By extensively phenotyping populations designed for trait mapping, steps can now be taken over the next decade to develop trait-specific markers for use in rapidly mining vast germplasm collections, efficiently identifying useful breeding material, pyramiding traits into cultivars and drastically reducing time and resources required for cultivar development. Future generations of peanut breeders will undoubtedly be well-trained in the use of such markers and will finally have the tools necessary to break through the bottle-neck of the cultivated peanut narrow genetic base. The age of peanut breeding by design may be just around the corner.

Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals the High-Oleic Acid Feedback Regulating the Homologous Gene Expression of Stearoyl-ACP Desaturase 2 (SAD2) in Peanuts.

Peanuts with high oleic acid content are usually considered to be beneficial for human health and edible oil storage. In breeding practice, peanut lines with high monounsaturated fatty acids are selected using fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2), which is responsible for the conversion of oleic acid (C18:1) to linoleic acid (C18:2). Here, comparative transcriptomics were used to analyze the global gene expression profile of high- and normal-oleic peanut cultivars at six time points during seed development. First, the mutant type of FAD2 was determined in the high-oleic peanut (H176). The result suggested that early translation termination occurred simultaneously in the coding sequence of FAD2-A and FAD2-B, and the cultivar H176 is capable of utilizing a potential germplasm resource for future high-oleic peanut breeding. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis identified 74 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in lipid metabolism in high-oleic peanut seed, of which five DEGs encoded the fatty acid desaturase. Aradu.XM2MR belonged to the homologous gene of stearoyl-ACP (acyl carrier protein) desaturase 2 (SAD2) that converted the C18:0 into C18:1. Further subcellular localization studies indicated that FAD2 was located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Aradu.XM2MR was targeted to the plastid in Arabidopsis protoplast cells. To examine the dynamic mechanism of this finding, we focused on the peroxidase (POD)-mediated fatty acid (FA) degradation pathway. The fad2 mutant significantly increased the POD activity and H2O2 concentration at the early stage of seed development, implying that redox signaling likely acted as a messenger to connect the signaling transduction between the high-oleic content and Aradu.XM2MR transcription level. Taken together, transcriptome analysis revealed the feedback mechanism of SAD2 (Aradu.XM2MR) associated with FAD2 mutation during the seed developmental stage, which could provide a potential peanut breeding strategy based on identified candidate genes to improve the content of oleic acid.