High Collisions Research Articles

Trauma in Pregnancy.

Trauma in pregnancy can range from a mild injury, such as a fall from standing height, to a major injury, involving a penetrating injury or a high force motor vehicle collision. Providing care to a pregnant patient with trauma presents a unique challenge as 2 patients are at risk for complications, that is, the mother and the fetus, both of whom require evaluation and management. Health care professionals should be aware of and be prepared to manage complications of trauma in pregnancy, given its significant associated morbidity and mortality. This article details the epidemiology, etiology, assessment, diagnosis, and management of trauma in pregnancy.

Cosmic ray interactions in the atmosphere: QGSJET-III and other models

The physics content of the QGSJET-III Monte Carlo generator of high energy hadronic collisions is discussed. New theoretical approaches implemented in QGSJET-III are addressed in some detail and a comparison to alternative treatments of other cosmic ray interaction models is performed. Calculated characteristics of cosmic ray-induced extensive air showers are presented and differences between the respective results of QGSJET-III and other models are analyzed. In particular, it is demonstrated that those differences are partly caused by severe deficiencies of the other interaction models.

Properties of the particle distribution in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV and sNN=2.76 TeV

Properties of the particle distribution in high energy heavy-ion collisions are important for understanding the particle production. In Tsallis statistics with a multisource production, we study the transverse momentum spectra of D0, D+, D*+, Ds+, J/ψ in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN = 5.02 TeV and charged particles in Pb–Pb collisions at sNN = 2.76 TeV. A good agreement can be observed between the results obtained in the model and the experimental results of ALICE and CMS collaboration. The nuclear modification factor RAA is reproduced. Properties reflected in the multiparticle system are discussed by the parameters provided in the improved model. It is found that the temperature T and the tft/τ increase with the centrality for the same particle due to the excitation degree of the multiparticle system. The non-equilibrium degree at sNN = 5.02 TeV is larger than that at sNN = 2.76 TeV. It shows that the system at the larger collision energy deviates farther from the equilibrium state.

A sensitive and rapid electrochemical biosensor for sEV-miRNA detection based on domino-type localized catalytic hairpin assembly

Small extracellular–vesicule-associated microRNA (sEV-miRNA) is an important biomarker for cancer diagnosis. However, rapid and sensitive detection of low-abundance sEV-miRNA in clinical samples is challenging. Herein, a simple electrochemical biosensor that uses a DNA nanowire to localize catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA), also called domino-type localized catalytic hairpin assembly (DT-LCHA), has been proposed for sEV-miRNA1246 detection. The DT-LCHA offers triple amplification, (i). CHA system was localized in DNA nanowire, which shorten the distance between hairpin substrate, inducing the high collision efficiency of H1 and H2 and domino effect. Then, larger numbers of CHAs were triggered, capture probe bind DT-LCHA by exposed c sites. (ii) The DNA nanowire can load large number of electroactive substance RuHex as amplified electrochemical signal tags. (iii) multiple DT-LCHA was carried by the DNA nanowire, only one CHA was triggered, the DNA nanowire was trapped by the capture probe, which greatly improve the detection sensitivity, especially when the target concentration is extremely low. Owing to the triple signal amplification in this strategy, sEV-miRNA at a concentration of as low as 24.55 aM can be detected in 20 min with good specificity. The accuracy of the measurements was also confirmed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Furthermore, the platform showed good performance in discriminating healthy donors from patients with early gastric cancer (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.96) and was equally able to discriminate between benign gastric tumors and early cancers (AUC: 0.77). Thus, the platform has substantial potential in biosensing and clinical diagnosis.Graphical

An overview of scholarly literature on navigation hazards in Arctic shipping routes.

Maritime transport plays a crucial role in international trade. As the number and tonnage of ships continue to increase, traditional shipping routes are becoming progressively congested. The development of Arctic shipping routes has the potential to significantly improve trade efficiency and decrease reliance on traditional shipping routes. At the same time, the harsh navigation conditions in the Arctic pose a huge challenge to ships crossing the Arctic shipping routes. To address the above issues, this paper reviews the natural, navigational environment and unique navigational modes of ships in the Arctic shipping routes. Furthermore, the navigational risks caused by factors including low temperature, sea ice, poor visibility, communication, lack of infrastructure, lack of navigational experience, lack of historical data, high collision risk, and complex navigational environment are summarized and analyzed, providing a reference for researchers and policymakers to conduct research related to Arctic shipping routes.

Ceragenin-CSA13 loaded high strength coatings of nano- and micro-SrHA implanted N-Carboxymethyl chitosan – Polyetheretherketone by low temperature high speed collision approach: In vitro pro-osteogenicity and bactericidal activity against MRSA

Cationic steroid antimicrobials (CSA13) loaded in the uniform coatings synthesized by micro and nano sized particles of strontium substituted hydroxyapatite implanted into the surface of N-carboxymethyl chitosan (N-CMCh) pre-embedded on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) substrate and their biocompatibility and antibacterial efficacy were investigated. Release of CSA13 from the nano SrHA implanted substrate showed faster release of the drug till 48 h with a release of 48% of total drug. It was found that CSA13 rich nano SrHA implanted substrate damaged the Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus biofilm mass in 30 h, while micron sized SrHA implanted substrate reduced the biofilm mass to 27% at the same culture period. MG63 cell viability on these specimens exhibited significant cell growth even in the presence of CSA13. Nano SrHA implanted substrate showed better biocompatibility simultaneously providing antibacterial efficacy than the micro sized coating. The sustained release of CSA13 from the nano Sr-HA coating could be beneficial for long term eradication of infection. In silico docking approach between CSA13 and 1VQQ penicillin binding protein 2a from MRSA strain showed strong negative binding energy of (−) 68.78 kcal/mol demonstrating an in-visual predicting anti-bacterial efficacy.

Results on light (anti)hypernuclei production with ALICE at the LHC

The high collision energies reached at the LHC lead to significant production yields of light (anti)hypernuclei in proton–proton (pp), proton–lead (p–Pb) and, in particular, Pb–Pb collisions. The lightest known hypernucleus is the hypertriton, which is a bound state of a proton, a neutron, and a Λ hyperon. It decays weakly with a decay length of a few centimeters. The excellent tracking and particle identification capabilities of the ALICE detector, exploiting the energy loss measurement of the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) and using the Inner Tracking System (ITS) to distinguish between primary and secondary (decay) vertices, allow for the determination of the hypertriton yield across different collision systems, its lifetime, and its binding energy. The latest hypertriton lifetime measurement in Pb–Pb collisions performed in the 2-body decay channel will be presented. This measurement contributes to the solution of the hypertriton lifetime puzzle. In addition, the hypertriton production in different collision systems and at different energies will be compared to model predictions. Due to its low binding energy, and hence to its large size, the hypertriton is the ideal candidate to distinguish between statistical hadronization and coalescence models. With the precision of the presented yield measurements some variants of the aforementioned models can be excluded.

Intramolecular Accelerated Assembly of Molecular Beacons: A DNA Nanoarchitecture-based Spatial Confinement Strategy toward Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Biosensing.

Physiological function analysis of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in clinical medicine and hematopathology highlights its significance to be extensively utilized as a diagnostic biomarker for leukemia diagnosis. Herein, taking advantage of the spatial-confinement effect on a three-dimensional (3D) DNA nanoarchitecture, we reported a target-triggered intramolecular accelerated molecular beacon (MB) assembly for rapid and real-time analysis of TdT activity. In this strategy, the 3D DNA nanoarchitecture is first engineered via a cross-linking network hybridization chain reaction (HCR). A number of MBs, which were designed with a polythymine (poly-T) loop, were then conjugated on the scaffold DNA nanoarchitecture, allowing the obtained MB-DNA nanoarchitecture to contain lots of free 3'-hydroxyl (OH) termini inside or outside the super DNA nanostructure. Moreover, the distance between different MBs is closed, and the local concentration of MB is significantly improved owing to the confinement of MBs on this DNA nanoarchitecture. Once encountered with target TdT, the free -OH groups can be recognized by TdT immediately to catalyze the template-independent incorporation of adenine nucleotides, which results in the generation of multiple poly-A chains that rapidly react with many MBs via an intramolecular accelerated assembly process. The time-dependent substantial enhancement of the fluorescence from MBs can thus be applied for robustly analyzing TdT. Our observations suggest that the DNA nanostructure-based spatial confinement effect enables a high molecular collision frequency to accelerate the reaction kinetics, and the super DNA nanoarchitecture exhibits a better nuclease resistance to maintain signal stability. With these advantages, TdT can be rapidly detected with high sensitivity, specificity, and biostability.

Efficiency of Magnetohydrodynamic Wave Generation in Weakly Ionized Atmospheres

The generation of Alfvén and slow magnetoacoustic waves in weakly ionized atmospheres by excitation of the charges-only component of the two-fluid (charge and neutral) plasma is shown to be more or less efficient depending on the energy fraction initially allocated to the three stationary flow differential modes, which characterize the inter-species drift. This is explained via detailed analysis of the full 10-dimensional spectral description of two-fluid linear magnetohydrodynamics. Excitation via the velocity of the charges only is found to be very inefficient, in accord with previous results, while excitation via the magnetic field perturbation alone is highly efficient. All 10 eigenvalues and eigenvectors are presented analytically in the high collision frequency regime.

Decomposition of multi-particle azimuthal correlations in Q-cumulant analysis* *Supported by the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12035006, 12075085, 12147219), and the U.S. Department of Energy (de-sc0012910).

The method of Q-cumulants is a powerful tool for studying the fine details of azimuthal anisotropies in high energy nuclear collisions. This paper presents a new method, based on mathematical induction, to evaluate the analytical form of high-order Q-cumulants. The capability of this method is demonstrated via a toy model that uses the elliptic power distribution to simulate the anisotropic emission of particles, quantified in terms of Fourier flow harmonics . The method can help in studying the large amount of event statistics that can be collected in the future and allow measurements of the very high central moments of the distribution. This can, in turn, facilitate progress in understanding the initial geometry, the input to the hydrodynamic calculations of medium expansion in high energy nuclear collisions, and the constraints on it.

Heavy-ion physics with Compact Muon Solenoid detector

Recent results on heavy-ion physics at the LHC (CERN) by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) collaboration are analyzed. The tests of quark-gluon plasma carried out with the CMS detector provide valuable information about the behavior of matter in the extreme regime of very high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.

Unbinned deep learning jet substructure measurement in high Q2ep collisions at HERA

The radiation pattern within high energy quark- and gluon-initiated jets (jet substructure) is used extensively as a precision probe of the strong force as well as an environment for optimizing event generators with numerous applications in high energy particle and nuclear physics. Looking at electron-proton collisions is of particular interest as many of the complications present at hadron colliders are absent. A detailed study of modern jet substructure observables, jet angularities, in electron-proton collisions is presented using data recorded using the H1 detector at HERA. The measurement is unbinned and multi-dimensional, using machine learning to correct for detector effects. All of the available reconstructed object information of the respective jets is interpreted by a graph neural network, achieving superior precision on a selected set of jet angularities. Training these networks was enabled by the use of a large number of GPUs in the Perlmutter supercomputer at Berkeley Lab. The particle jets are reconstructed in the laboratory frame, using the kT jet clustering algorithm. Results are reported at high transverse momentum transfer Q2>150GeV2, and inelasticity 0.2<y<0.7. The analysis is also performed in sub-regions of Q2, thus probing scale dependencies of the substructure variables. The data are compared with a variety of predictions and point towards possible improvements of such models.

First Measurement of Antideuteron Number Fluctuations at Energies Available at the Large Hadron Collider.

The first measurement of event-by-event antideuteron number fluctuations in high energy heavy-ion collisions is presented. The measurements are carried out at midrapidity (|η|<0.8) as a function of collision centrality in Pb-Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV using the ALICE detector. A significant negative correlation between the produced antiprotons and antideuterons is observed in all collision centralities. The results are compared with a state-of-the-art coalescence calculation. While it describes the ratio of higher order cumulants of the antideuteron multiplicity distribution, it fails to describe quantitatively the magnitude of the correlation between antiproton and antideuteron production. On the other hand, thermal-statistical model calculations describe all the measured observables within uncertainties only for correlation volumes that are different with respect to those describing proton yields and a similar measurement of net-proton number fluctuations.

A novel distributed multi-slot TDMA-based MAC protocol for LED-based UOWC networks

Underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) networks are promising for many civilian and industrial applications due to underwater high-speed data transmission demand. This paper focuses on the distributed time division multiple access (TDMA) protocol design for UOWC networks. Unlike existing research, we focus on a more general underwater communication scenario where nodes are scattered, and node mobility is considered. We propose a distributed TDMA-based medium access control(MAC) protocol, called cluster-based cross-layer multi-slot MAC(CCM-MAC), which can assign multiple slots to each node according to the slot-occupying information. When using CCM-MAC, the network is divided into clusters. Each node maintains knowledge of the cluster topology and slot-occupying information of surrounding nodes through routing techniques; by updating this knowledge, collisions can also be detected and eliminated dynamically. Analysis results are presented to evaluate the performance of CCM-MAC, and simulations show that high network throughput and low collision rate can be realized in comparison with existing contention-based MAC protocols.

Assessing the role of asymmetric charge transfer reactions in analytical glow discharges in argon

Charge transfer reactions between argon ions and analyte atoms occur at a much higher rate in analytical glow discharges than in other similar plasmas, as follows from experimental Boltzmann plots of glow discharge emission spectra and the spectra generated by an inductively coupled plasma. A simple model of a Grimm-type discharge suggests that charge transfer-excited emission of the analyte elements comes largely from the cathode sheath, due to a high collision rate between the sputtered analyte atoms and argon ions accelerated in the cathode fall. The contribution to this radiation from the negative glow is several times lower. The mentioned enhancement of the charge transfer-excited emission in the cathode sheath is, however, not sufficiently high to explain the anomalously high rates of those charge transfer reactions relative to other plasmas. The different characteristics of emission from the cathode sheath and the negative glow also means that Boltzmann plots of glow discharge spectra cannot be interpreted in the conventional way. Further work is needed to explain the observed features of glow discharge excitation, as reflected in the emission spectra.

PH and H-bonding energy for pure water

This paper is devoted to the estimation of pH for pure water. We assume that the dissociation of water molecules is mainly caused by binary high energetic collisions. The dissociation energy in liquid water is identified with the energy of H-bonding. The density dependence of the dissociation energy TD is described. It is shown that this dependence allows to successfully reproduce the experimental values of pH up to the boiling temperature.

He+ +N2 Charge Transfer Reaction: An Ab initio Analysis.

An ab initio analysis on the involved potential energy surfaces is presented for the investigation of the charge transfer mechanism for the He+ +N2 system. At high collision energy, as many as seven low-lying electronic states are observed to be involved in the charge transfer mechanism. Potential energy surfaces for these low-lying electronic states have been computed in the Jacobi scattering coordinates, applying multireference configuration interaction level of theory and aug-cc-pVQZ basis sets. Asymptotes for the ground and various excited states are assigned to mark the entrance (He+ +N2 ) and charge transfer channels (He+N2 + ). Nonadiabatic coupling matrix elements and quasi-diabatic potential energy surfaces have been computed for all seven states to rationalize the available experimental data on the charge transfer processes and to facilitate dynamics studies.

Wildlife mortality on roads crossing a protected area: The case of Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli National Park in north-eastern Greece

Wildlife-vehicle collisions have been identified as an important ecological problem in most countries around the world, during the last decades. In the present work we examined the impacts on wildlife arising from two road categories crossing and adjoining the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli National Park (DLS NP), in north-eastern Greece. The study area is consisted of one of the most diverse fauna in Europe, with 202 bird species including 36 out of 38 European diurnal raptors, 60–65 mammal species, 29 reptiles and 13 amphibians. Vehicle collisions was the highest mortality factor in the study (83.9%) among five recorded categories, poison, electrocution, drowning, vehicle collisions and unidentified causes. 204 vehicle casualties were recorded out of 243 in total. Mammals (90.7%) were the vertebrates that mainly suffered from road mortality, including 11 species. The stone marten Martes foina contributed with the highest numbers, followed by the red fox Vulpes vulpes, the hedgehog Erinaceus roumanicus and the wild cat Felis silvestris. Although the contribution of birds on the road casualties was low, nine species were identified, including five diurnal and four nocturnal species, with raptors predominating. Most road casualties were observed in the national road network (71.6%), mainly during holidays (58.3%). Traffic volume, road category, season and blind bend were all dominant factors with different effects determining high wildlife-vehicle collision values. Mitigation measures that can reduce the harmful effects of roads on wildlife in the DLS NP are also discussed.

Are the Gas-Phase Structures of Molecular Elephants Enduring or Ephemeral? Results from Time-Dependent, Tandem Ion Mobility.

The structural stability of biomolecules in the gas phase remains an important topic in mass spectrometry applications for structural biology. Here, we evaluate the kinetic stability of native-like protein ions using time-dependent, tandem ion mobility (IM). In these tandem IM experiments, ions of interest are mobility-selected after a first dimension of IM and trapped for up to ∼14 s. Time-dependent, collision cross section distributions are then determined from separations in a second dimension of IM. In these experiments, monomeric protein ions exhibited structural changes specific to both protein and charge state, whereas large protein complexes did not undergo resolvable structural changes on the timescales of these experiments. We also performed energy-dependent experiments, i.e., collision-induced unfolding, as a comparison for time-dependent experiments to understand the extent of unfolding. Collision cross section values observed in energy-dependent experiments using high collision energies were significantly larger than those observed in time-dependent experiments, indicating that the structures observed in time-dependent experiments remain kinetically trapped and retain some memory of their solution-phase structure. Although structural evolution should be considered for highly charged, monomeric protein ions, these experiments demonstrate that higher-mass protein ions can have remarkable kinetic stability in the gas phase.

Exploring the versatile reactivity of the F- + SiH3Cl system on a full-dimensional coupled-cluster potential energy surface.

We develop a full-dimensional analytical potential energy surface (PES) for the F- + SiH3Cl reaction using Robosurfer for automatically sampling the configuration space, the robust [CCSD-F12b + BCCD(T) - BCCD]/aug-cc-pVTZ composite level of theory for computing the energy points, and the permutationally invariant polynomial method for fitting. Evolution of the fitting error and the percentage of the unphysical trajectories are monitored as a function of the iteration steps/number of energy points and polynomial order. Quasi-classical trajectory simulations on the new PES reveal rich dynamics resulting in high-probability SN2 (SiH3F + Cl-) and proton-transfer (SiH2Cl- + HF) products as well as several lower-probability channels, such as SiH2F- + HCl, SiH2FCl + H-, SiH2 + FHCl-, SiHFCl- + H2, SiHF + H2 + Cl-, and SiH2 + HF + Cl-. The Walden-inversion and front-side-attack-retention SN2 pathways are found to be competitive, producing nearly racemic products at high collision energies. The detailed atomic-level mechanisms of the various reaction pathways and channels as well as the accuracy of the analytical PES are analyzed along representative trajectories.