High Catalytic Performance Research Articles

Discovery of a new family member of arsenic–vanadium polyoxometalates with high catalytic performance for one-pot coupling of CO2, epoxides and amines

Discovery of a new family member of arsenic–vanadium polyoxometalates with high catalytic performance for one-pot coupling of CO2, epoxides and amines

Co-doped C3N5 with enhanced RhB degradation by activating PMS

The application of advanced oxidation processes in wastewater treatment has attracted wide attention, in the past year. With excellent photoelectric properties and catalytic stability, graphitic carbon nitride and its derivatives have high catalytic performance. Compared to traditional g-C3N4 materials, g-C3N5 has a narrower band gap (g-C3N5 has a band gap of about 2.0 eV and g-C3N4 has a band gap of about 2.6 eV) and better electron excitation distribution due to it has a higher proportion of N atoms. In this study, the composites of Co atom doped g-C3N5 were synthesized and characterized. Co atoms are successfully doped into g-C3N5, which is proved by TEM, XPS and XRD experimental results. PMS can be activated by Co-C3N5, and RhB degradation efficiency is as high as 95.8 % within 40 min. The experimental results show that the doping of metal Co can effectively improve the catalytic performance of carbon nitride materials. The degradation efficiency of RHB activated by C3N5, C3N4 and Co-C3N4 was 18.2 %, 11.2 % and 41.8 %, respectively, while the degradation efficiency of Co-C3N5 was as high as 95.8 %. RhB was effectively degraded over a wide pH range (3.0–10.9) and under various anion conditions, indicating the excellent environmental suitability of Co-C3N5. The results of free radical quenching experiments and EPR tests showed that the contribution of active species to RhB degradation was as follows: SO4•− >1O2 > O2•−. This paper provides a new perspective using Co-C3N5 as a catalyst for PMS-based Fenton reaction.

Facile Synthesis of Silanol Group Rich Sn‐Beta for Highly Efficient Isomerization of Glucose to Fructose

AbstractThe isomerization of glucose to fructose is an important process in the conversion of biomass into valuable fuels and chemicals. Development of efficient catalyst for this reaction has attracted much attention. In this study, Sn‐Beta zeolites with rich silanols were synthesized for glucose isomerization by solid‐state ion‐exchange method, where Si‐Beta zeolites with different amounts of silanols were applied as the precursors. It is confirmed that open Sn sites show much higher catalytic performance than closed Sn sites for glucose isomerization (about 2.1 times). The silanol amount in Si‐Beta not only affects the formation of framework Sn sites in Sn‐Beta but also influences the isomerization reaction. More silanols in the catalyst can promote the 1,2‐H shift in isomerization and reduce the side reactions of formation of mannose and C3 products. Over 3Sn‐Beta‐3h with rich silanols, 64 % of fructose yield was obtained. Furthermore, the prepared Sn‐Beta catalyst is stable and recyclable. High fructose yield and facile synthesis method of Sn‐Beta reported in this work will contribute to the development of biomass and sugar industry.

Confinement-Induced Biocatalytic Activity Enhancement of Light- and Thermoresponsive Polymer@Enzyme@MOF Composites.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are favorable hosting materials for fixing enzymes to construct enzyme@MOF composites and to expand the applications of biocatalysts. However, the rigid structure of MOFs without tunable hollow voids and a confinement effect often limits their catalytic activities. Taking advantage of the smart soft polymers to overcome the limitation, herein, a protection protocol to encapsulate the enzyme in zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) was developed using a glutathione-sensitive liposome (L) as a soft template. Glucose oxidase (GOx) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were first anchored on a light- and thermoresponsive porous poly(styrene-maleic anhydride-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-spiropyran) membrane (PSMDSP) to produce PSMDSP@GOx-HRP, which could provide a confinement effect by switching the UV irradiation or varying the temperature. Afterward, embedding PSMDSP@GOx-HRP in L and encapsulating PSMDSP@GOx-HRP@L into hollow ZIF-8 (HZIF-8) to form PSMDSP@GOx-HRP@HZIF-8 composites were performed, which proceeded during the crystallization of the framework following the removal of L by adding glutathione. Impressively, the biocatalytic activity of the composites was 4.45-fold higher than that of the free enzyme under UV irradiation at 47 °C, which could benefit from the confinement effect of PSMDSP and the conformational freedom of the enzyme in HZIF-8. The proposed composites contributed to the protection of the enzyme against harsh conditions and exhibited superior stability. Furthermore, a colorimetric assay based on the composites for the detection of serum glucose was established with a linearity range of 0.05-5.0 mM, and the calculated LOD value was 0.001 mM in a cascade reaction system. This work provides a universal design idea and a versatile technique to immobilize enzymes on soft polymer membranes that can be encapsulated in porous rigid MOF-hosts. It also holds potential for the development of smart polymer@enzyme@HMOFs biocatalysts with a tunable confinement effect and high catalytic performance.

Magnetic PdNi@CN as a versatile catalyst for Suzuki reaction and 4-nitrophenol reduction

Palladium-based non-homogeneous catalysts have attracted considerable attention due to their high catalytic efficiency and adaptability. However, they still face the challenges of long reaction routes and poor cycling stability. An economical, efficient, stable and environmentally friendly catalyst PdNi@CN was prepared by loading nickel-palladium nanoparticles onto nitrogen-doped carbon functionalized carrier material. The catalyst was thoroughly characterized using XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, VSM, and ICP. PdNi@CN could efficiently catalyze the Suzuki coupling reaction (Iodobenzene and phenylboronic acid, 97 % yield, TON (Turnover Number)=1.62 × 102, TOF (Turnover Frequency)=2.43 × 102 h-1). Furthermore, PdNi@CN exhibited high activity in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP, Kapp=8.01 × 10–2 s-1). After five cycles of catalysis, the conversion of 4-NP still reached 95 %, demonstrating the excellent structural stability and high catalytic performance of PdNi@CN.

Bio-oil production from the catalytic pyrolysis of raw and torrefied corn waste by using MgO and CaO catalysts

Abstract This research investigates the influence of torrefaction and catalytic pyrolysis of raw corn waste (RCW) to upgrade the quality of bio-oil. RCW was torrefied at 280°C for 16 mins to produce torrefied corn waste (TCW). Natural basic oxides (CaO and MgO) catalysts were selected because of inexpensive and high catalytic performance. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a bench-scaled bubbling fluidized bed reactor at 500°C. The effects of torrefaction and the presence of a catalyst on the pyrolysis product both yield and composition were investigated. The results from non-catalytic pyrolysis revealed that TCW pyrolysis gave 15 wt.% lower in oil yield, and about 6.8 wt.% lower in gas yield but the char yield was approximately 22 wt.% higher compared to the pyrolysis of RCW. Considering the effect of catalyst, the yield of bio-oil reduced slightly, while the yield of char and gas increased compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis for both RCW and TCW. The bio-oil composition derived from TCW pyrolysis contained more phenolic and aromatic compounds and significantly lower oxygenated compounds when compared to that of RCW pyrolysis. Moreover, with the presence of the catalysts, the bio-oil composition and HHVs of bio-oil was also improved.

Synthesis of Fe-Loaded Biochar Obtained from Rape Straw for Enhanced Degradation of Emerging Contaminant Antibiotic Metronidazole

In this study, magnetic (Fe)-loaded biochar was successfully prepared by a simple impregnation pyrolysis method. Meanwhile, its degradation capability and mechanism for typical antibiotic metronidazole (MNZ) were systematically investigated under different conditions. The characterization of the synthesized material showed that the specific surface area, pore diameter, and pore volume changed significantly. Also, functional groups and metal element Fe were introduced on the surface of the biochar, leading to its better capability to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The degradation experiments showed that the removal of MNZ in the Fe-BC/PMS system can reach up to 95.3% in 60 min under optimal conditions. Free-radical capture experiments showed that there were several active species of •OH, SO4•−, •O2−, and 1O2 present in the catalyst to synergistically degrade MNZ, among which SO4•− played a major role; it was also found that the material can be easily recycled and was still effective after several uses. Further, the main degradation pathways of MNZ include nitrohydroxylation, hydroxyethyl functional group deletion, carboxylation of the amino functional group of •OH, demethylation, oxidation, and carboxylation. It is obvious that the synthesized magnetic-loaded biochar, Fe-BC, generated from waste rape straw crops, shows high catalytic performance in pollutant degradation, providing an insight into the recycling potential of waste biomass in the catalytic field for pollutant removal.

Coordination engineering of defective F and N co-doped carbon dots anchored silver nanoparticles for boosting oxygen reduction reaction

The carbon-based catalysts exhibit excellent electrocatalytic and stable performance toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which are expected to replace expensive and scarce Pt-based catalysts. However, how to regulate the interaction between silver and carrier carbon dots (CD) to improve electrocatalytic performance toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and stability, has not been systematically studied. In this study, we in-situ synthesized fluorine and nitrogen co-doped CD anchoring Ag nanoparticles by UV irradiation reduction method. The peak potential, onset-potential and half-wave potential of F, N-CD@Ag-0.1 are 0.85 V, 1.056 V, and 0.9 V, respectively, indicating outstanding ORR performance. The current density of F, N-CD@Ag-0.1 remains 97.5 % after 50, 000 s, showing more excellent stability than Pt/C. The impressive ORR catalytic activity and stability of F, N-CD@Ag-0.1 could be attributed to the strong anchoring effect of nitrogen-doped CD on Ag. This effect leads to a significant interaction and charge transfer between Ag and CD, thereby enhancing the charge transfer process during the catalytic reaction. This project aims to design a carbon dot/silver composite catalyst with high ORR catalytic performance and favorable stability. The implementation of this project provides good theoretical guidance for the design of carbon nanomaterial-based catalytic systems.

Nanocones: A Compressive Review of Their Electrochemical Synthesis and Applications.

The development in the field of nanomaterials has resulted in the synthesis of various structures. Depending on their final applications, the desired composition and therefore alternate properties can be achieved. In electrochemistry, the fabrication of bulk films characterized by high catalytic performance is well-studied in the literature. However, decreasing the scale of materials to the nanoscale significantly increases the active surface area, which is crucial in electrocatalysis. In this work, a special focus is placed on the electrodeposition of nanocones and their application as catalysts in hydrogen evolution reactions. The main paths for their synthesis concern deposition into the templates and from electrolytes containing an addition of crystal modifier that are directly deposited on the substrate. Additionally, the fabrication of cones using other methods and their applications are briefly reviewed.

Co and N co-doped carbon nanotubes catalyst for PMS activation: Role of non-radicals

Metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts demonstrate significant advantages in the remediation of water environments. Here, a cobalt-nitrogen-carbon catalyst (Co(1.5)-NCNT) with abundant Co-Nx active sites and excellent electron transfer capability was prepared via a simple method and used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for efficient removal of Acetaminophen (APAP). As a result, the Co(1.5)-NCNT/PMS system removed 100% of APAP within 10 min. The reaction process characterization suggested that PMS is adsorbed by Co(1.5)-NCNT to form a Co(1.5)-NCNT-PMS complex, which accelerates PMS activation. Additionally, the singlet oxygen (1O2) generated by PMS activation can effectively attack electron-rich contaminants, facilitating the rapid degradation of APAP. Furthermore, Co(1.5)-NCNT/PMS exhibits strong environmental adaptability, maintaining high catalytic performance in complex water environments for the effective degradation of various pollutants. This study elucidates the properties of Co-Nx active sites in the Co(1.5)-NCNT/PMS system and the activation mechanism of PMS, providing new insights into the removal of pollutants through non-radical pathways.

High efficiency catalytic transfer hydrogenation of ethyl levulinate to γ‑valerolactone over Hf-based catalyst

The transformation of biomass platform compounds to value-added products is of great significance in biomass development. Herein, a series of wHfO2/SBA-15 (w = 0.7–12.5 wt%) catalysts were synthesized and applied to the catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of ethyl levulinate (EL) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) reaction. The physicochemical properties of the prepared samples have been characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, ICP, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, XPS, UV–vis, 29Si NMR, NH3-TPD, and Pyridine-FTIR. The introduction of hafnium species could produce abundant Lewis acid sites (LAS) without altering the ordered mesoporous structure of SBA-15. In addition, part of Hf species entered the SBA-15 framework and formed a small amount of Brønsted acid sites (BAS). Among these catalysts, 10.4HfO2/SBA-15 showed an excellent catalytic performance, providing a very high EL conversion (96 %) and GVL selectivity (91 %) at 130 °C in 3 h using isopropanol as the H-donor. The high catalytic performance maybe related to the high surface area and large amount of LAS. Furthermore, this catalyst also showed a good stability and reusability.

Greenly synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles: An efficient, cost-effective catalyst for dehydrogenation of formic acid and with improved antioxidant and phyto-toxic properties

Formic acid (FA) dehydrogenation is of particular industrial interest as a source of alternative fuels such as H2. However, the development of economical, highly efficient, and selective catalysts for this reaction is a challenging task. Most highly selective catalysts for the conversion of formic acid (FA)/sodium formate (SF) system into hydrogen are based on precious noble metals. Rendering their large-scale utilization more cumbersome and expensive. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to explore a facile and cost-effective strategy for the fabrication of a simple structured solid nano-catalyst with outstanding performance and selectivity for H2 generation without CO evolution from the FA/SF system. In the current study, a phenolic-enriched extract of wild olive leaves was employed for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO@WOLE-NPs). TEM analysis revealed that the size of ZnO@WOLE nanoparticles was about33 nm. Zeta potential evaluation (38.39 ± 1.32 mV) demonstrated the significant stability of the nanoparticles. XRD analysis provided insights into the formation of hexagonal wurtzite phase ZnO nanoparticles. The reaction conditions were optimized. These resulting ZnO@WOLE-NPs showed extraordinarily high catalytic performance and about 80 % selectivity for H2 generation from the FA/SF system at 50 °C. A turn over frequency and activation energy values for dehydrogenation of FA were noted as 1519 h−1 and 32.1 kJ mol−1, respectively. The kinetics and thermodynamics of FA dehydrogenation were also determined. Furthermore, ZnO@WOLE-NPs exhibited potent antioxidant activity against hydroxyl, DPPH, superoxide, and peroxide radicals. Moreover, the synthesized nanoparticles demonstrated the highest seed germination of Okra seed at a concentration of 1.25 µg mL−1. Whereas, the highest shoot length and root length were observed at the concentration of 1 µg mL−1.

Biodiesel production from spent coffee grounds utilizing pomegranate/orange peel biochar as a green and renewable nanocatalyst: Compression ignition engine performance and emission

In this research, a novel pomegranate/orange peel-derived activated carbon (POPAC) green heterogeneous nanocatalyst was developed for the conversion of spent coffee grounds oil (SCGO) into biodiesel by ultrasonication and its application in diesel engine characteristics. The surface and texture attributes of the POPAC green nanocatalyst were scrutinized employing SEM, EDX, CO2-TPD, XRD, TEM, FTIR, Raman, and BET. Based on the response surface methodology (RSM) outcomes, the highest biodiesel efficiency employing POPAC green nanocatalysts was 95.24 %, which was attained at optimal conditions (i.e., molar proportion of 11.02, nanocatalyst content of 2.56 wt%, ultrasonic time of 30.77 min, and temperature of 60 0C). Moreover, the stability assessment demonstrated the high reusability of POPAC green nanocatalysts, with biodiesel efficiency remaining at 87.43 % even after the 7th round. Further, the kinetic survey exhibited that the biodiesel synthesis is endothermic and the conversion rate is enhanced by boosting the temperature. Besides, the impact of merging biodiesel with the diesel/biodiesel combination at diverse torques was scrutinized on the emission of exhaust output (e.g., UHC, NOx, CO, and CO2) and engine crucial characteristics (i.e., BP, EGT, BTE, and BSFC), and encouraging results were acquired. Briefly, due to special attributes including high catalytic performance, substantial recyclability, and eco-friendliness, POPAC green nanocatalyst are highly suggested for biodiesel generation.

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of (In–Sr–P) tridoped TiO2/Bi2O3 composite loaded on mesoporous carbon: A facile sol-hydrothermal synthesis approach

Photocatalysis attracted attention as a promising technique for wastewater treatment, especially for water contaminated with organic pollutants such as dyes. However, designing a suitable photocatalyst with a simple procedure and high catalytic performance is still a big challenge for large-scale production. Here, indium-strantiom and phosphorous tridoped Bi2O3–TiO2 composite loaded on mesoporous carbon (ISP–TiO2/Bi2O3@C) was prepared via the sol-hydrothermal method. The as-prepared ISP-TiO2/Bi2O3@C displayed a mesoporous structure with a BET surface area of 84.804 m2 g−1. The photocatalytic activity of the ISP-TiO2/Bi2O3@C composite was investigated toward the degradation of rhodamine B (RB) under exposure to UV, and sunlight. It was found that ISP-TiO2/Bi2O3@C photocatalyst exhibited superior photocatalytic activity against photodegradation of RB under UV light and sunlight irradiation with a degradation percentage of 99.12, and 95.71 %, respectively. In addition, ISP-TiO2/Bi2O3@C composite displayed a distinguished recycling ability after the fifth recovery cycle, indicating a promising candidate for photocatalytic applications under UV light and sunlight. Consequentially, the higher photocatalytic activity of ISP-TiO2/Bi2O3@C under sunlight irradiation implies that the sol-hydrothermal method is promising for the preparation of efficient and low-cost TiO2-based photocatalysts for the photodegradation of various environmental pollutants.

Molecular Wiring of Electrocatalytic Nitrate reduction to Ammonia and Water Oxidation by Iron-Coordinated Macroporous Conductive Networks.

Developing stable electrocatalysts with accessible isolated sites is desirable but highly challenging due to metal agglomeration and low surface stability of host materials. Here we report a general approach for synthesis of single-site Fe electrocatalysts by integrating a solvated Fe complex in conductive macroporous organic networks through redox-active coordination linkages. Electrochemical activation of the electrode exposes high-density coordinately unsaturated Fe sites for efficient adsorption and conversion of reaction substrates such as NO3- and H2O. Using the electrode with isolated active Fe sites, electrocatalytic NO3- reduction and H2O oxidation can be coupled in a single cell to produce NH3 and O2 at Faradaic efficiencies of 97% and 100%, respectively. The electrode exhibits excellent robustness in electrocatalysis for 200 hours with small decrease in catalytic efficiencies. Both the maximized Fe-site efficiency and the microscopic localization effect of the conductive organic matrix contribute to the high catalytic performances, which provides new understandings in tuning the efficiencies of metal catalysts for high-performance electrocatalytic cells.

Molecular Wiring of Electrocatalytic Nitrate reduction to Ammonia and Water Oxidation by Iron‐Coordinated Macroporous Conductive Networks

AbstractDeveloping stable electrocatalysts with accessible isolated sites is desirable but highly challenging due to metal agglomeration and low surface stability of host materials. Here we report a general approach for synthesis of single‐site Fe electrocatalysts by integrating a solvated Fe complex in conductive macroporous organic networks through redox‐active coordination linkages. Electrochemical activation of the electrode exposes high‐density coordinately unsaturated Fe sites for efficient adsorption and conversion of reaction substrates such as NO3− and H2O. Using the electrode with isolated active Fe sites, electrocatalytic NO3− reduction and H2O oxidation can be coupled in a single cell to produce NH3 and O2 at Faradaic efficiencies of 97 % and 100 %, respectively. The electrode exhibits excellent robustness in electrocatalysis for 200 hours with small decrease in catalytic efficiencies. Both the maximized Fe‐site efficiency and the microscopic localization effect of the conductive organic matrix contribute to the high catalytic performances, which provides new understandings in tuning the efficiencies of metal catalysts for high‐performance electrocatalytic cells.

Au@AgPt core/cage nanoframes as photothermal catalyst for enhanced NIR-induced 4-nitrophenol reduction

The selection and optimization of catalysts have been a subject of considerable research interest in recent decades. Bimetallic and multimetallic nanocatalysts, comprised of plasmonic and catalytic components, have recently emerged as a promising approach to achieving high catalytic performance due to synergistic effects. In this study, an Au@AgPt core/cage nanoframe has been successfully fabricated. It features a controllable hollow silver-platinum alloy nanoframe with an in-built plasmonic gold nanorod, serving as a plasmon-enhanced photothermal catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). This well-designed trimetallic nanostructure exhibits a unique core-cage nanoframes structure and surface roughness, offering advantages in both composition and structure. The LSPR-excited local heating effect and hot-electron generation, as well as the intrinsic catalytic active sites, work synergistically and are highly beneficial for temperature-sensitive reaction of 4-NP reduction. Experimental results have shown that the optimized nanocatalysts of Au@AgPt-4, featuring an optimal Pt content and robust photothermal performance, display stable photothermal catalytic properties and the best photothermal catalytic performance compared with other nanostructures, completing the reduction reaction within approximately one minute. This study provides a rational design of nanoscale materials with plasma-enhanced properties, which can help to inspire further catalyst design and optimization.

Catalytic Dehydrogenation on Ultradisperse Sn-Promoted Ir Catalysts Supported on MgAl2O4 Prepared by Different Techniques

Ir and IrSn catalysts with different Sn contents (0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 wt%) were prepared using MgAl2O4 supports synthesized using two different techniques (the citrate–nitrate combustion and coprecipitation methods). Both supports, with a spinel structure, presented low acidity and good textural properties. However, the support prepared by coprecipitation had higher specific surface area and pore volume than the one prepared by combustion, which would favor the dispersion of the metals to be deposited. Likewise, during the preparation of the catalytic materials, a very good interaction was achieved between the metals and both supports, which was confirmed by the presence of sub-nanometer atomic clusters in the mono- and bimetallic catalysts. Regarding the catalytic properties, while the monometallic Ir/MgAl2O4 samples lead to a very low conversion of n-butane and a selectivity towards hydrogenolysis products, the addition of Sn to Ir increases the conversion, decreases hydrogenolysis and therefore sharply increases the selectivity towards the different butenes. Catalysts with higher Sn loadings present better catalytic behavior. One of the roles of the Sn promoter would be to geometrically modify the Ir clusters, drastically decreasing the hydrogenolytic activity. This effect, added to the strong electronic modification of the Ir sites by the action of Sn, with probable Ir-Sn alloy formation, is responsible for the high catalytic performance of these bimetallic catalysts.

Designing Advanced Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Alloys by Controlling the Energy State.

Amorphous alloys, also known as metallic glasses, exhibit many advanced mechanical, physical, and chemical properties. Owing to the nonequilibrium nature, their energy states can vary over a wide range. However, the energy relaxation kinetics are very complex and composed of various types that are coupled with each other. This makes it challenging to control the energy state precisely and to study the energy-properties relationship. This brief review introduces the recent progresses on studying the enthalpy relaxation kinetics during isothermal annealing, for example, the observation of two-step relaxation phenomenon, the detection of relaxation unit (relaxun), the key role of large activation entropy in triggering memory effect, the influence of glass energy state on nanocrystallization. Based on the above knowledge, a new strategy is proposed to design a series of amorphous alloys and their composites consisting of nanocrystals and glass matrix with superior functional properties by precisely controlling the nonequilibrium energy states. As the typical examples, Fe-based amorphous alloys with both advanced soft magnetism and good plasticity, Gd-based amorphous/nanocrystalline composites with large magnetocaloric effect, and Fe-based amorphous alloys with high catalytic performance are specifically described.

Multifold Fermions Boosted Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Catalysis in Cubic Palladium Bronze LaPd3S4

Topological materials are currently considered excellent catalysts for heterogeneous processes because of their surface metallic states and excellent carrier mobility. This work will show that cubic palladium bronze LaPd3S4 is an ideal topological material with multifold fermions, Fermi arcs on the (001) surface, and high catalytic performance for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). A direct correlation has been discovered between the position of the multifold fermions (related to the Fermi level) and Gibbs free energy (ΔGH*). Moreover, by applying the vertical electric field and uniaxial strain to the LaPd3S4, the multifold fermions disappear, and the |ΔGH*| increases, weakening the HER activity. This correlation establishes a clear connection between increased catalytic performance and topological states and fully elucidates the underlying process in topological catalysis.