High-carbohydrate Group Research Articles

Prolonged Glycemic Adaptation Following Transition From a Low- to High-Carbohydrate Diet: A Randomized Controlled Feeding Trial.

OBJECTIVEConsuming ≥150 g/day carbohydrate is recommended for 3 days before an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for diabetes diagnosis. For evaluation of this recommendation, time courses of glycemic changes following transition from a very-low-carbohydrate (VLC) to high-carbohydrate diet were assessed with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSAfter achieving a weight loss target of 15% (±3%) on the run-in VLC diet, participants (18–50 years old, BMI ≥27 kg/m2) were randomly assigned for 10 weeks to one of three isoenergetic diets: VLC (5% carbohydrate and 77% fat); high carbohydrate, high starch (HC-Starch) (57% carbohydrate and 25% fat, including 20% refined grains); and high carbohydrate, high sugar (HC-Sugar) (57% carbohydrate and 25% fat, including 20% sugar). CGM was done throughout the trial (n = 64) and OGTT at start and end (n = 41). All food was prepared in a metabolic kitchen and consumed under observation.RESULTSGlucose metrics continued to decline after week 1 in the HC-Starch and HC-Sugar groups (P < 0.05) but not VLC. During weeks 2–5, fasting and 2-h glucose (millimoles per liter per week) decreased in HC-Starch (fasting −0.10, P = 0.001; 2 h −0.10, P = 0.04). During weeks 6–9, 2-h glucose decreased in HC-Starch (−0.07, P = 0.01) and fasting and 2-h glucose decreased in HC-Sugar (fasting −0.09, P = 0.001; 2 h −0.09, P = 0.003). The number of participants with abnormal glucose tolerance by OGTT remained 10 (of 16) in VLC at start and end but decreased from 17 to 9 (of 25) in both high-carbohydrate groups.CONCLUSIONSPhysiological adaptation from a low- to high-carbohydrate diet may require many weeks, with implications for the accuracy of diabetes tests, interpretation of macronutrient trials, and risks of periodic planned deviations from a VLC diet.

Molecular cloning and characterization of GLUT2 from pompano (Trachinotus ovatus), and its gene expression in response to exogenous enzymes supplementation in high carbohydrate diet

Glucose transport across membranes mediated by glucose transporter protein (GLUTs) is a momentous process in tissue glucose metabolism and blood glucose regulation. In this experiment, the glucose transporter 2 of pompano, Trachinotus ovatus (ToGLUT2) was cloned and identified. A 56-day breeding experiment was performed to study the effects of exogenous enzymes supplementation in high carbohydrate diets on the mRNA expression of ToGLUT2. The pompano (38.50 ± 0.50 g) used in this experiment were fed five diets (46% protein, 5.8% lipid), one of which was the control group (non-enzyme) and the remaining four groups were supplemented with four kinds of exogenous enzymes (amylase, glucoamylase, pullulanase and complex enzymes). The experimental results showed that the cDNA full length of 2280 bp, a 3′-UTR of 610 bp, a 5′-UTR of 32 bp, an open reading frame of 1638 bp, and a polypeptide of 546 amino acids are characteristic of ToGLUT2 (GenBank accession No: MK649830). Analysis of the phylogenetic tree revealed that the highest similarity was found between ToGLUT2 and Dicentrarchus labrax GLUT2. The results of qRT-PCR showed that ToGLUT2 gene was ubiquitously observed among tissues tested and was expressed at the highest level in the liver, closely followed by the intestine and brain. However, the poorest expression of ToGLUT2 was detected in the muscle, kidney and heart; the findings indicated that the glucokinase (GK) and 6-phosphofructo kinase − 1 (PFK-1) activities were significantly highest in the high carbohydrate group (H) (P < 0.05), followed by the amylase group (A) (P < 0.05), and finally the complex enzymes group (C) (P < 0.05); to respects of digestive enzymes, the intestinal amylase (AMS) in the amylase group (A) was not significantly difference compared to the high carbohydrate group (H) (P > 0.05), and was significantly lower in all other groups (P < 0.05). The trypsin (TRP) in the complex enzymes group (C) was significantly highest compared to the high carbohydrate group (H), followed by the amylase group (A), and finally in the glucoamylase group (G). The lipase (LPS) was significantly highest in the amylase group (A) compared to the high carbohydrate group (H) (P < 0.05), while it was significantly lower in the glucoamylase (G) and pullulanse groups (P) (P < 0.05), with no significant difference in the complex enzyme group (C) (P > 0.05). Hence, the activity of digestive enzymes can be improved by the addition of carbohydrase in feed; in terms of serum biochemical parameters, there was no significant difference in glucose concentration for all treatment groups (P > 0.05). Insulin concentration was not significant difference in the pullulanase group (P) compared to the high carbohydrate group (H) (P > 0.05), while it was significantly lower in all other groups (P < 0.05). Liver glycogen in the amylase group (A), glucoamylase group (G) and pullulanase group (P) was significantly higher compared to the high carbohydrate group (H) (P < 0.05), with no significant difference in the complex enzyme group (C) (P > 0.05). Muscle glycogen was not significantly different in the glucoamylase group (G) compared to the high carbohydrate group (H) (P > 0.05), while it was significantly lower in all other groups (P < 0.05); GLUT2 mRNA expression from liver and muscle was significantly up-regulated in the glucoamylase group (G) compared to the high carbohydrate group (H) (P < 0.05), while it was significantly lowest in the pullulanase group (P) and the complex enzyme group (C) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, GLUT2 from pompano showed the typical structure of glucose transporter protein family with high sequence homology with other species, which could improve the utilization of enhanced carbohydrates; the addition of carbohydrase to the high carbohydrate diet had different degrees of impacts on the growth performance, digestive enzymes, glucose metabolism and GLUT2 gene expression of pompano trevally, especially the glucoamylase group, which could significantly improve the utilization of carbohydrate.

Metabolomics Study of Isocaloric Different Dietary Patterns on the Life Span in Healthy Population.

PurposeHow to prolong life by diet has been widely concerned. There are many reports about the effects of different dietary patterns on life span, but the results are not consistent. The main reason may be that total energy intake has not been considered. This study aims to explore the effects of isocaloric different dietary patterns on population life span.Materials and MethodsFrom the data of the follow-up population, eligible participators were divided into normal control (NC) group (28.31% fat, 12.37% protein, 62.30% carbohydrate), isocaloric high-fat (IHF) group (38.39% fat, 12.21% protein, 51.32% carbohydrate), isocaloric high-protein (IHP) group (33.41% fat, 17.10% protein, 52.67% carbohydrate) and isocaloric high-carbohydrate (IHC) group (22.23% fat, 10.52% protein, 70.13% carbohydrate) according to the dietary structure and the age stratification. Global serum metabolic profiling analysis by UPLC−Q-TOF-MS/MS technology, fatty acid and amino acid profiles in serum were determined by GC-MS and UPLC-TQ-MS technology. One-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett post hoc test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were used to statistical analysis.ResultsNon-targeted metabolomics was to identify 18 potential metabolites related to longevity. ROC curve analysis to identify biomarkers indicated that the areas under the ROC (AUC) of the 12 of 18 biomarkers are above 0.9. The 12 biomarkers were mainly enriched in three metabolic pathways: lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Compared to control, 11 and 10 of 12 biomarkers showed the same trend with aging in IHP and IHC groups, respectively. Conversely, no differences were observed between IHF group and NC group.ConclusionWithout consideration of the nature of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, IHP and IHC diets might shorten life span by influencing amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism, while the isocaloric IHF diet has no effects on longevity.

Modulation of growth, antioxidant status, hepatopancreas morphology, and carbohydrate metabolism mediated by alpha-lipoic acid in juvenile freshwater prawns Macrobrachium nipponense under two dietary carbohydrate levels

Carbohydrate is commonly used in aquatic organism as the cheapest energy source. However, most aquatic animals are low efficient in utilizing dietary carbohydrate for energy provision. Therefore, improving the utilization efficiency of high carbohydrate by aquatic organisms is important for sustainable aquaculture development. Alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) is a cofactor of key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism. However, its role in regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in aquatic animals is currently unknown. This study investigated the effects of α-LA on growth, antioxidant status, hepatopancreas morphology, and carbohydrate metabolism of freshwater prawns Macrobrachium nipponense under two dietary carbohydrate levels. Six diets were formulated using casein and fish meal as the protein sources, fish oil and soybean oil as the lipid sources, and corn starch as the carbohydrate source, at two carbohydrate levels (15% and 30%) and three concentrations of α-LA supplementation (0, 700, and 1400 mg/kg). Each experimental diet was fed to juvenile prawns (mean weight 0.050 ± 0.003 g), twice daily to apparent satiation, in five replicates. In the 15% (low)-carbohydrate groups, weight gain was significantly reduced in prawns fed 1400 mg/kg α-LA compared with 0 or 700 mg/kg α-LA, but there was no significant effect in the 30% (high)-carbohydrate groups. Survival was significantly higher among prawns fed 700 mg/kg α-LA compared with 0 or 1400 mg/kg α-LA regardless of the carbohydrate level. The levels of dietary carbohydrate and α-LA also significantly affected the activities of key enzymes involved in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. The activities of hexokinase and pyruvate kinase activities were highest in prawns fed l400 mg/kg α-LA, in both the low- and high-carbohydrate groups. Supplementation with 700 or 1400 mg/kg α-LA significantly increased the activities of 6-phosphofructokinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase regardless of the carbohydrate level. The level of malondialdehyde decreased significantly with increased α-LA supplementation; in contrast, the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione were significantly higher in prawns fed 700 or 1400 mg/kg α-LA when compare with those fed no α-LA supplement. Dietary α-LA did not affect the overall morphology of the hepatopancreas, but 1400 mg/kg α-LA reduced the number of B (blister-like) cells. Thus, 700 mg/kg α-LA supplementation under either dietary carbohydrate level could improve the antioxidant status, carbohydrate metabolism, and morphology of the hepatopancreas in juveniles of M. nipponense. We conclude that α-LA supplementation can be used to improve the efficiency of carbohydrate utilization when a 30% carbohydrate diet is used for this prawn.

201-OR: Remission of Type 2 Diabetes and Decreased Inflammatory Markers with a High-Protein Diet

The purpose of this study was to determine if remission of type 2 diabetes(T2D) and a decrease in inflammatory cytokines (IC) can be achieved by macronutrients dietary changes without diabetes medications. High Protein (HP)(30% protein, 30% fat, 40% carbohydrates) or High Carbohydrate (HC)(15% protein, 30% fat, 55% carbohydrates) diets were used to study remission of type 2 diabetes(T2D) to Normal Glucose Tolerance(NGT), inflammatory cytokines, weight loss, body composition, and metabolic parameters in this randomized controlled clinical trial feeding study for 6 month(mo). Obese, age 20-65 years subjects withT2D were randomized to a HP or HC diet for 6 mo with all food provided. Caloric need for weight loss was determined by Resting Metabolic Rate-500 calories/day. Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT) were performed at Baseline (BL) and 6 mo to determine T2D/NGT status. Glucose BL≥126 mg/dl and HbA1c≥6.5% and 2 hr glucose &amp;gt;199mg/dl was considered T2D and remission at 6 mo was glucose BL&amp;lt;126 mg/ml and HbA1c&amp;lt;6.5% and 2 hr glucose &amp;lt;140 mg/dl. DXA was done at BL and 6 mo. Food pick up and weight checks were weekly.T2D subjects on HP diet had 100% remission to NGT while HC diet subjects had 16% remission. IC were significantly decreased in HP compared to HC subjects at 6 mo for TNFa pg/ml (p=0.001) [HP 3.9±0.7 vs. HC 12.6±1.9] and IL-6 pg/ml (p=0.005) [HP 4.7±0.5 vs. HC 9.1±0.9]. Both diet groups had improvement in insulin sensitivity: HOMA IR [HP(BL 5.3±0.29; 6 mo 2.1±0.13)], [HC(BL 5.2±0.27; 6 mo 4.4±0.26)] and decrease in HbA1c [HP(BL 7.7±.05; 6 mo 5.6±.02)], [HC(BL 7.8±.04; 6 mo 6.6±.06)]. While both HP and HC groups has similar weight loss (HP =15.4±5 lb, HC=19.9±5 lb), HP group had a 2.7± 0.4% increase in lean body mass(LM) and 2.9± 0.4% decrease in fat mass(FM) while the HC group had a 1.9±0.3% LM and 3.3±0.9 % FM decrease respectively. The HP diet demonstrated improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity with 100% remission of T2D to NGT and a significant decrease in inflammatory cytokines. Disclosure F. B. Stentz: None. A. Ammons: None. J. V. Christman: None. Funding AD Baskin (R073316012)

Obesity-like metabolic effects of high-carbohydrate or high-fat diets consumption in metabolic and renal functions

Present study investigated which diet, high-carbohydrate (HCD) or high-fat (HFD), most effectively induces classical characteristics of obesity in mice. Mice were fed commercial chow (control), an HCD, or an HFD for 12 weeks. HFD and HCD increased body weight, fat mass, and glycaemia, whereas the HFD augmented insulinemia. In the kidney, the HFD caused albuminuria, and reductions in fractional Na+ excretion, Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) excretion, and urinary flow, whereas the HCD reduced glomerular filtration, plasma osmolality, and TXB2 and Prostaglandin E2 excretion. The consumption of HFD and HCD modified parameters that indicate histopathological changes, such as proliferation (proliferating-cell-nuclear antigen), inflammation (c-Jun N-terminal-protein), and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (vimentin, and desmin) in renal tissue, but the HCD group presents fewer signals of glomerular hypertrophy or tubule degeneration. In summary, the HCD generated the metabolic and renal changes required for an obesity model, but with a delay in the development of these modifications concerning the HFD.

The effects of high‐macronutrient (protein, fat and carbohydrate) diets on growth performance and muscular metabolic responses in grass carp

Four purified diets were fed to quadruplicate groups of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) (initial body weight 55 g; 20 fish per replicate) for 11 weeks. The gross energy of three high-macronutrient diets was 11% higher than that of the control diet. The high-protein diet led to the highest weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR), while the lowest protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein retention efficiency (PRE) (p < .05). No significant effect on the above four indexes was observed in fish fed the high-fat diet (p > .05). Fish fed high-carbohydrate diet had the lowest WG and SGR (p < .05), while no significant difference was found in PER and PRE (p > .05). The contents of crude fat, total polyunsaturated fatty acids in muscle in high-fat and high-carbohydrate groups, but not in high-protein group, were significantly higher than those of control group (p < .05). The contents of muscular protein and most amino acids did not show any clear change in response to high-macronutrient diet (p > .05). Gene expression data in muscle indicated that g6pd, fas and acc1 in muscle were up-regulated in high-fat and high-carbohydrate groups, and fbp and pck were significantly up-regulated in high-macronutrient groups (p < .05). In conclusion, the high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets increased muscular fat deposition by up-regulation the key enzymes expressions of pentose phosphate pathway and fat synthesis, and high-macronutrient diets increased muscular glycogen content by up-regulation gluconeogenesis enzymes expressions.

Energy Requirement Is Higher During Weight-Loss Maintenance in Adults Consuming a Low- Compared with High-Carbohydrate Diet

ABSTRACTBackgroundLonger-term feeding studies suggest that a low-carbohydrate diet increases energy expenditure, consistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity. However, the validity of methodology utilized in these studies, involving doubly labeled water (DLW), has been questioned.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether dietary energy requirement for weight-loss maintenance is higher on a low- compared with high-carbohydrate diet.MethodsThe study reports secondary outcomes from a feeding study in which the primary outcome was total energy expenditure (TEE). After attaining a mean Run-in weight loss of 10.5%, 164 adults (BMI ≥25 kg/m2; 70.1% women) were randomly assigned to Low-Carbohydrate (percentage of total energy from carbohydrate, fat, protein: 20/60/20), Moderate-Carbohydrate (40/40/20), or High-Carbohydrate (60/20/20) Test diets for 20 wk. Calorie content was adjusted to maintain individual body weight within ± 2 kg of the postweight-loss value. In analyses by intention-to-treat (ITT, completers, n = 148) and per protocol (PP, completers also achieving weight-loss maintenance, n = 110), we compared the estimated energy requirement (EER) from 10 to 20 wk of the Test diets using ANCOVA.ResultsMean EER was higher in the Low- versus High-Carbohydrate group in models of varying covariate structure involving ITT [ranging from 181 (95% CI: 8–353) to 246 (64–427) kcal/d; P ≤0.04] and PP [ranging from 245 (43–446) to 323 (122–525) kcal/d; P ≤0.02]. This difference remained significant in sensitivity analyses accounting for change in adiposity and possible nonadherence.ConclusionsEnergy requirement was higher on a low- versus high-carbohydrate diet during weight-loss maintenance in adults, commensurate with TEE. These data are consistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model and lend qualified support for the validity of the DLW method with diets varying in macronutrient composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02068885.

Changes of DNA Methylation Pattern in Metabolic Pathways Induced by High-Carbohydrate Diet Contribute to Hyperglycemia and Fat Deposition in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus).

Although studies have determined that epigenetics plays an essential role in regulating metabolism in mammals, research on nutrition-related DNA methylation remains to be lacking in teleosts. In the present study, we provided a hepatic whole-genome DNA methylation analysis in grass carp fed with moderate- or excessive-carbohydrate-level diet. Although a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet significantly changed the mRNA expression levels of metabolic genes, it did not affect the global genomic DNA methylation levels in grass carp liver. However, compared with the control group, 3,972 genes were hyper-methylated and 2,904 genes were hypo-methylated in the promoter region. Meanwhile, 10,711 genes were hyper-methylated and 6,764 genes were hypo-methylated in the gene body region in the HC group. These differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were enriched in multiple pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, insulin pathway, lipid metabolism, and adipocytokine signaling pathway. In addition, the variations in DNA methylation significantly regulated the transcription levels of key genes of metabolism, which could affect the glucose concentrations and the lipid deposition of grass carp. Furthermore, we compared the DNA methylation alterations of genes in glucose metabolism and obesity pathways of grass carp with those of mammalian models in different nutritional states. The results showed that most of the DMGs in grass carp were also regulated by DNA methylation in mammals when the nutritional state changed. The findings revealed more differentially methylated regions and candidate genes for glucose metabolism and broken species boundaries.

1862-P: Remission of Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Parameters Changes with a High-Protein Diet

The purpose of this study was to determine if remission of type 2 diabetes(T2D) can be achieved by macronutrients dietary changes without diabetes medications. High Protein (HP)(30% protein, 30% fat, 40% carbohydrates) or High Carbohydrate (HC)(15% protein, 30% fat, 55% carbohydrates) diets were used to study remission of type 2 diabetes(T2D) to Normal Glucose Tolerance(NGT), weight loss, body composition, and metabolic parameters in this randomized controlled clinical trial feeding study for 6 month(mo) in obese T2D adults. T2D adults age 20-65 years were randomized to a HP or HC diet for 6 mo with all food provided. Caloric need for weight loss was determined by Resting Metabolic Rate(RMR) -500 calories/day. Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT) were performed at Baseline (BL) and 6 mo to determine T2D/NGT status. A BL ≥126 mg/dl and HbA1c ≥6.5% and 2 hr glucose &amp;gt;199mg/dl was considered T2D and remission was BL&amp;lt;126 mg/ml and HbA1c&amp;lt;6.5% and 2 hr glucose &amp;lt;140 mg/dl. DXA was done at BL and 6 mo. Food pick up and weight checks were weekly.The T2D subjects on HP diet had 100% remission to NGT while the HC diet subjects had 33% remission. Both diet groups had significant weight loss (HP =15.4±5 lb, HC=19.9±5 lb), improvement in insulin sensitivity determined by HOMA IR [HP(BL 5.3±0.29; 6 mo 2.1±0.13)], [HC(BL 5.2±0.27; 6 mo 4.4±0.26)] and decrease in HbA1c [HP(BL 7.7±.05; 6 mo 5.6±.02)], [HC(BL 7.8±.04; 6 mo 6.6±.06)] and blood pressure improvement S/D [HP (BL 129/85, 6 mo 117/78)], [HC(BL 130/85; 6 mo 117/78)]. HP group had a 2.7%± 0.4% increase in lean body mass and 2.9± 0.4% decrease in fat mass while the HC group had a 1.9%±0.3 and 3.3±0.9 % decrease in lean and fat mass respectively. Both diets resulted in weight loss, improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity but only the HP diet produced 100% remission of T2D to NGT. Disclosure F.B. Stentz: None. A. Ammons: None. Funding AD Baskin (R073316012)

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Content on Circulating Metabolic Fuel Availability in the Postprandial State.

ContextAccording to the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity, an elevated insulin-to-glucagon ratio in response to a high-carbohydrate diet directs metabolic fuels toward storage, resulting in lower circulating energy.ObjectiveTo determine differences in total circulating energy post-meal related to dietary carbohydrate.DesignAncillary study within the Framingham State Food Study.SettingUniversity community.Participants29 adults (aged 20 to 65 years) with overweight or obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2)InterventionAfter achieving 10% to 14% weight loss on a run-in diet, participants were randomized to weight-loss-maintenance test diets varying in carbohydrate content (high-carbohydrate, 60% of total energy, n = 11; moderate-carbohydrate, 40%, n = 8; low-carbohydrate, 20%, n = 10) and controlled for protein (20%). During 24-hour metabolic ward admissions between 10 and 15 weeks on the test diets, metabolic fuels and hormones were measured.Main Outcome MeasureEnergy availability (EA) based on energy content of blood glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acids, in the late postprandial period (180 to 300 minutes). Insulin at 30 minutes into the test meal (Meal Insulin-30) was measured as an effect modifier.ResultsInsulin-to-glucagon ratio was 7-fold higher in participants on the high- vs low-carbohydrate diet (2.5 and 0.36, respectively). Late postprandial EA was 0.58 kcal/L lower on the high- vs low-carbohydrate diet (P < 0.0001), primarily related to suppression of free fatty acids. Early postprandial EA (30 to 180 minutes) declined fastest in the high-carbohydrate group, and Meal Insulin-30 modified this diet effect.ConclusionsDuring weight-loss maintenance on a high-carbohydrate diet, late postprandial EA is reduced, consistent with the carbohydrate-insulin model.

The effect of a low carbohydrate high fat diet on emerging biochemical markers of cardiometabolic risk

AbstractWorldwide, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number 1 cause of mortality and is associated with insulin resistance (IR). Emerging biomarkers such as FGF21 and adiponectin are associated with cardiometabolic risk. Low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diets have been reported to reduce cardiometabolic risk markers; however, few studies have compared a LCHF diet vs. a high carbohydrate (HC), lower fat diet under ad libitum conditions on adiponectin and FGF21. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an ad libitum LCHF vs. HC diet on IR, FGF21 and adiponectin in 16 healthy adults. Ethical approval: Liverpool John Moores University Research Ethics Committee (16/ELS/029); registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Ref. NCT03257085). Participants were randomly assigned to a HC diet (n = 8, the UK Eatwell guidelines; ≥ 50% of energy from carbohydrates) or a LCHF diet (n = 8, consume &lt; 50 g/day of carbohydrates). All provided plasma samples at 0, 4 and 8 weeks. FGF21 (R&amp;D Systems) was analysed via ELISA and adiponectin, insulin and glucose were analysed via immunoassay technology (Randox Evidence Investigator™ Metabolic Syndrome Arrays I &amp; II). Mann Whitney, Friedmans, Wilcoxon tests and 2×3 ANOVA (IBM SPSS 25®) were undertaken to investigate significant differences between and within groups. The homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) was used to calculate IR. FGF21 significantly (P = 0.04) decreased (Mdn, IQR:148.16, 78.51–282.02 to 99.4, 39.87–132.29 pg/ml) after 4 weeks and significantly (P = 0.02) increased (Mdn, IQR:167.38, 80.82–232.89 pg/ml) by 8 weeks vs. baseline with LCHF. No significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed between groups. Adiponectin was significantly (P = 0.03) different at week 4 only between groups. Adiponectin increased after 4 weeks (Mdn, IQR:13.44, 9.12–25.47 to 16.64, 11.96–21.51 ng/ml) but was only significantly (P = 0.03) different by 8 weeks vs. baseline in the HC group (Mdn, IQR:16, 10.8–27.43 ng/ml). Adiponectin remained unchanged (P = 0.96) in the LCHF group. HOMA significantly decreased with both diets after 8 weeks only (mean ± SD, LCHF: 2.9 ± 1.3 to 1.8 ± 0.8, HC: 2.5 ± 0.6 to 1.9 ± 0.6, P = 0.008) but was not significantly (P = 0.60) different between groups. These preliminary data reveal that while both diets improved insulin sensitivity, they may do so by different mechanisms. Future studies are warranted to investigate further, how a LCHF vs. HC diet affects FGF21 and adiponectin, and the subsequent regulation of IR. Furthermore, studies that extend these findings by determining the impact of LCHF vs. HC on peripheral metabolism to determine potential nutrition-mediated mechanisms of metabolic adaptation are warranted.

Sodium acetate alleviated high-carbohydrate induced intestinal inflammation by suppressing MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

With the development of aquaculture industry, high-carbohydrate diet is used to stimulate protein-sparing effect and reduce feed cost. However, fish utilize carbohydrates poorly in general, and instead, high level of carbohydrates in the diet influence the growth condition of fish. How to alleviate the side effects of high carbohydrate diet on fish health has attracted more and more attentions. In the present study, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed with 25% and 45% of carbohydrate diet for eight weeks. Higher body weight but lower resistance to pathogen was found in 45% carbohydrate diet group. Higher expression level of inflammation cytokines, increased expression of total NF-κB protein and phosphorylated NF-κB protein (p-NF-κB) were detected in higher carbohydrate group. Concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was measured and the results indicated that high-carbohydrate diet decreased acetate content in the intestine. In order to detect the relationship between the decreased concentration of acetate and lower resistance to pathogen in high-carbohydrate group, 45% of carbohydrate diets (HC) supplemented with different concentrations of sodium acetate (HC + LA, 100 mmol/L; HC + MA, 200 mmol/L; HC + HA, 400 mmol/L) were used to raise Nile Tilapia for eight weeks. The results indicated that addition of 200 mmol/L sodium acetate (HC + MA) reduced the mortality when fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Furthermore, we also found that addition of 200 mmol/L sodium acetate mainly inhibited p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and NF-κB phosphorylation to decrease the expression level of inflammation cytokines (IL-8, IL-12, TNF-α and IL-1β) in the intestine. The present study indicated that certain concentration of sodium acetate could alleviate high-carbohydrate induced intestinal inflammation mainly by suppressing MAPK activation and NF-κB phosphorylation.

Dietary non-protein energy source regulates antioxidant status and immune response of barramundi (Lates calcarifer)

This study evaluates the effects of different dietary sources of non-protein energy on growth performance, histological structure, antioxidant status and immune response of barramundi Lates calcarifer. Fish were fed with isoenergetic diets (18 kJ/g) with two types of non-protein energy in the experimental groups and a regular diet was used as the control for 56 days. The specific growth rate and survival of fish were not significantly different between experimental diets. Hepatic histology did not reveal significant differences between dietary treatments at cellular level. The activity of most antioxidant enzymes in the lipid group significantly increased, and the antioxidant capacity in the carbohydrate group was significantly higher than that in other treatments. In the TOR pathway, LST8 homolog (mLST8) expression in the high lipid group was downregulated, and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression in the high carbohydrate group was downregulated and eIF4E expression was upregulated. The C-reactive protein (CRP) expression in the high lipid and high carbohydrate groups was upregulated. The expression levels of heat shock protein genes in the high lipid group and the high carbohydrate group were significantly downregulated. This study indicates that the lipid diet have less effect in fish immunity but is more suitable as a non-protein ingredient for energy supply for barramundi.

Effects of High-Protein and High-Carbohydrate Diets on Body Weight Were Similar in Healthy Young Vietnamese Women With Normal Body Weight

Recently, attention has been paid to the effects of certain nutrients on body weight. High-protein (HP) diets are recommended, and high-carbohydrate (HC) diets are discouraged. However, HP is costly, and recently, some adverse effects of prolonged HP diets have been reported, involving risk factors for coronary artery, kidney, bone, and liver disease and other effects. Given this background, the question arises whether an HP diet is appropriate for healthy young people with normal body mass indices, and so we compared it with an HC diet in such individuals. We recruited 20 healthy women subjects with normal body weight and formed 10 pairs matched by energy intake, physical activity, height, weight, living conditions, and other factors. One member of each pair was then randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups—HP (approximately 30% energy from protein, 40% from carbohydrate, and 30% from fat) or HC (approximately 55% energy from carbohydrate, 15% from protein, and 30% from fat)—for 4 weeks. They were provided all food and drinks in 3-day cycle menus for 28 days. Diets provided basal and ad libitum components. Physical activity level was monitored everyday by a pedometer. The pedometers were worn everyday aside from sleeping and bathing. Body weight was measured before and after the intervention. During the 4-week intervention period, the HP group's protein intake was significantly higher at 30.1% energy than that of the HC group at 15.1% energy (P &lt; .001). The HP group's carbohydrate intake was 41.1% energy, and that of the HC group was 56.3% energy; they were significantly different (P &lt; .001). Daily energy, lipid, and fiber intakes were similar among the 2 groups (1558 and 1551 kcal, 49.4 and 49.5 g, and 8.9 and 8.9 g, respectively). Changes in body weight during the intervention period were similar in the HP and HC groups, being 0.00 ± 3.43 and 0.04 ± 0.65 kg, respectively (P &gt; .05). In healthy young Vietnamese women with a normal body mass index, those who consumed the HP and HC diets were similar in their energy intakes and changes in body weight, indicating that neither an HP nor an HC diet had any advantage or disadvantage in weight control in healthy young nondieting women.

Effect of High Carbohydrate Diet on Complete Freund’s Adjuvant Induced Inflammation in Rats

Chronic low grade inflammation is an essential pathological feature of a variety of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). These diseases have now superseded infectious diseases where the burden of disease is concerned. One of the important modifiable factors contributing to chronic disease is food high in carbohydrate. This study was planned to study the role of high carbohydrate diet on a model of inflammation induced by Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) in male Wistar rats. Animals were divided into 3 groups of 10 rats each. Group I fed with standard diet serving as control; Group II fed with high carbohydrate diet (HCD) and Group III fed with standard diet serving as disease free normal group. CFA was injected subcutaneously into the hind paw 4weeks after starting the diet into groups I and II only. Diet was continued for up to 21days after CFA injection. Digital plethysmometer measured the paw volume. Blood obtained before euthanasia served for estimating cytokines and oxidative stress parameters. A rise in paw edema was seen in control and high carbohydrate diet groups up to day 21. In the high carbohydrate group there were high serum cytokine levels and significant depletion of antioxidant enzymes. The authors conclude that, a high carbohydrate diet contributes significantly to the process of inflammation which has now been established as a significant factor in the causation of NCDs. Therefore it would be prudent to restrict carbohydrates in our diet.

THE COMBINATION OF EXERCISE AND ASCORBIC ACID DECREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL AND TEND TO AMELIORATE PANCREATIC ISLETS AREA ON HIGH CARBOHYDRATE DIET RATS

Objective: This study is conducted to determine the protective effects of physical exercise and ascorbic acid on increasing blood glucose (BG) levels and islet pancreatic area in high-carbohydrate (HC) diet rats.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 20 rats were divided into four groups: Control group which was a HC and treatment groups which were HC plus exercise (HCEx), HC plus ascorbic acid (HCAs), and HCEx and ascorbic acid (HCExAs). The duration of treatment was 9 weeks. Swimming to exercise held 6 times a week and ascorbic acid dose was 9 mg.&#x0D; Results: It showed that the smallest body weight was HCEx group. BG difference (before and after treatment = BG diff) had a significant difference (p=0.021) among groups, and the lowest level of BG diff was HCEx group. HCAs had the biggest BG diff. However, there was no significantly difference among groups on islet pancreatic area, but HC group had the largest area.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study suggests that a combination of exercise and ascorbic acid on HC diet subject may regulate BG level compared to the exercise or ascorbic acid alone. However, they do not influence pancreatic islet area.

Feeding restriction alleviates high carbohydrate diet-induced oxidative stress and inflammation of Megalobrama amblycephala by activating the AMPK-SIRT1 pathway

This study investigated the effects of restricted feeding on the growth performance, oxidative stress and inflammation of Megalobrama amblycephala fed high-carbohydrate (HC) diets. Fish (46.94 ± 0.04 g) were randomly assigned to four groups containing the satiation of a control diet (30% carbohydrate) and three satiate levels (100% (HC1), 80% (HC2) and 60% (HC3)) of the HC diets (43% carbohydrate) for 8 weeks. Results showed that HC1 diet remarkably decreased final weight (FW), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), hepatic activities of total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), the AMP/ATP ratio, the p-AMPKα/t-AMPKα ratio, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) protein expression and hepatic transcriptions of AMPKα2, SIRT1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), catalase (CAT), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) and interleukin10 (IL 10) compared to the control group, whereas the opposite was true for protein efficiency ratio (PER), nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE), energy retention efficiency (ERE), plasma glucose levels, alanine transaminase (AST) and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) activities, hepatic contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), tumour necrosis factor α (TNF α) and interleukin 1β (IL 1β), ATP and AMP contents and hepatic transcriptions of kelch-like ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1), IkB kinase α (IKK α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), TNF α, IL 1β, interleukin 6 (IL 6) and transforming growth factor β (TGF β). As for the HC groups, fish fed the HC2 diet obtained relatively high values of SGR, PER, NRE, ERE, hepatic activities of T-AOC, SOD and CAT, the AMP/ATP ratio, the p-AMPKα/t-AMPKα ratio, SIRT1 protein expression and hepatic transcriptions of AMPKα2, Nrf2, CAT, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), Mn-SOD, GPx1, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and interleukin10 (IL 10), while the opposite was true for hepatic content of IL 6 and transcription of IKK α. Overall, an 80% satiation improved the growth performance and alleviated the oxidative stress and inflammation of blunt snout bream fed HC diets via the activation of the AMPK-SIRT1 pathway and the up-regulation of the activities and transcriptions of Nrf2-modulated antioxidant enzymes coupled with the depression of the levels and transcriptions of the NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Metformin improves the glucose homeostasis of Wuchang bream fed high-carbohydrate diets: a dynamic study.

After a 12-week feeding trial, the glucose tolerance test was performed in Megalobrama amblycephala to evaluate the effects of metformin on the metabolic responses of glycolipids. Plasma insulin peaked at 2 h, then decreased to the basal value at 8–12 h post-injection. Plasma triglyceride levels and liver glycogen contents of the control group was decreased significantly during the first 2 and 1 h, respectively. Then, they returned to basal values at 12 h. During the whole sampling period, the high-carbohydrate groups had significantly higher levels of plasma metabolites and liver glycogen than those of the control group, and metformin supplementation enhanced these changes (except insulin levels). Glucose administration lowered the transcriptions of ampk α1, ampk α2, pepck, g6pase, fbpase, cpt IA and aco, the phosphorylation of Ampk α and the activities of the gluconeogenic enzymes during the first 2–4 h, while the opposite was true of glut 2, gs, gk, pk, accα and fas. High-carbohydrate diets significantly increased the transcriptions of ampk α1, ampk α2, glut 2, gs, gk, pk, accα and fas, the phosphorylation of Ampk α and the activities of the glycolytic enzymes during the whole sampling period, while the opposite was true for the remaining indicators. Furthermore, metformin significantly upregulated the aforementioned indicators (except accα and fas) and the transcriptions of cpt IA and aco. Overall, metformin benefits the glucose homeostasis of Megalobrama amblycephala fed high-carbohydrate diets through the activation of Ampk and the stimulation of glycolysis, glycogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, while depressing gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis.

Dietary Protein Deficit and Deregulated Autophagy: A New Clinico-diagnostic Perspective in Pathogenesis of Early Aging, Skin, and Hair Disorders.

Background:Diet has an important role to play in the well-being of human body.Aims:The study intends to establish the “hypothesis of conscious, selective, and self-destruction i.e., deregulated autophagy of skin and hair in low dietary protein scenario” by determining the facial profile, clinical presentation, and histopathological correlation of deficient protein intake and missing of meals in a tertiary care aesthetic skin institute.Methods:A total of 98 patients of skin- and hair-related complaints were enrolled in the study and a histopathological correlation was established by skin and scalp biopsies in high and low protein groups.Results:A significant number of subjects (68.4%) were taking less than half of the recommended daily allowance of proteins and faced problems like hair fall, acne, pigmentation, vitiligo, hirsutism, melasma, and premature aging. Subjects missing breakfast were found to have hypothyroidism, diffuse hairfall, autoimmune disorders like vitiligo, lichen planus, and alopecia areata. Histopathological images from submental area showed loose and fragmented collagen in high carbohydrate group in comparison to high protein group where thick, uniformly stained collagen bundles were found in dermis. Histopathology of scalp tissue showed chronic perifollicular inflammatory infiltrate and fibrosis in high carbohydrate group which was absent in histopathology specimen of high protein group. Patients taking early and nutrient-rich breakfast had higher mean protein intakes and less severe skin and hair problems suggesting a role of circadian rhythm as well.Conclusion:Dietary protein adequacy and early breakfast have significant role in preventing self-destruction or deregulated autophagy in trichology and cosmetic dermatology and may prevent various autoimmune, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases.