High Budget Research Articles

ALOKASI ANGGARAN PENDIDIKAN DALAM ANGGARAN PENDAPATAN DAN BELANJA NEGARA (APBN) DI INDONESIA

Abstract. Education as a learning tool that can increase insight and knowledge and make the community have more value and be able to explore and develop them existing potentials, so that they become quality human resources. The government provides an allocation of education funds with a minimum amount of 20% of the total state budget each year. With this high budget allocation, education in Indonesia should be able to reach all people. However, children drop out of school still happen because of motivation and economic factors. Most of the education budget allocation is still used for the payment of salaries for teachers so that the education quality has not been considered, even though it should be with a large budget that the education quality can be improved and developed. The purpose of this study is to find out how the education budget allocations in the APBN in Indonesia. The research method is to conduct a literature review. The results obtained are: 1. Education budget is allocated more for local governments than for the central government. 2. Indonesia has a large proportion of the expenditure budget and this budget is mostly used to pay teachers. 3. There has been no effort to improve the quality of education that has been able to motivate people to attend education.

Analysis of III-V material-based dual source T-channel junction-less TFET with metal implant for improved DC and RF performance

In this paper, two III-V material-based junctionless tunnel FET devices, D-1 and D-2, are proposed. The proposed device D-1 has a low bandgap (GaSb-based) dual source and a higher bandgap (GaAs-based) T-channel junctionless, and the proposed device D-2 has the same architecture as D-1 in addition to a metal strip implant in the gate oxide near both source regions. Due to junctionless architecture, the proposed D-1 and D-2 eliminate random dopant fluctuations (RDF), remove the need for high thermal budgeting, and give better performance with less variability. The wide bandgap (GaAs) T-channel and the drain region formed far from the gate fully suppress the ambipolarity for both the proposed D-1 and D-2. The low-bandgap GaSb material in the source improves the ON current for D-1 and D-2. Compared to the conventional junctionless TFET (JL-TFET), the proposed D-2 (even at a lower bias of 0.5 V) improves the ON current by 1.7 times and the ION/IOFF ratio by 216.66 times, with a much-reduced average subthreshold swing value of 32.7 mV/dec compared to 70 mV/dec of the conventional JL-TFET. Furthermore, the proposed D-2 also provides much improved RF performance with a higher transconductance (gm) of 147.8 μs, higher cut-off frequency (fT) of 32.26 GHz, a higher gain-bandwidth product (GBW) of 3.52 GHz, higher transconductance-frequency product (TFP) of 286 GHz, and a lower transit time (τ) of 5 × 10–12 s. Furthermore, we analyze various linearity parameters such as gm2, gm3, VIP2, VIP3, IIP3, and IMD3 for both D-1 and D-2, and our findings indicate that D-2 exhibits improved linearity performance.

Enhancement of NiOx/Poly‐Si Contact Performance by Insertion of an Ultrathin Metallic Ni Interlayer

Nickel oxide () is a promising hole transport material for perovskite/Si tandem solar cells. Various silicon cell architectures may be used as bottom cells. The polycrystalline (poly‐Si) tunnel diode is expected to be a high‐efficiency interconnection scheme between the two subcells of monolithic tandems in p‐i‐n configuration with a high thermal budget, excellent passivation properties, and low contact resistivity. However, is then interfaced to poly‐Si() and the chemical integrity of the interface due to the necessity of annealing treatments has to be questioned. For this purpose, the /poly‐Si contact resistivity for different annealing temperatures is investigated between 100 and 500 °C, and two different deposition techniques, namely, wet‐chemically applied and sputter‐deposited . The values of more than are obtained. The insertion of a nm‐thin metallic Ni interlayer is shown to enable a tremendous decrease of the contact resistivity by 2–3 orders of magnitude. The formation of is proven by highly resolved (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDXS). This interfacial engineering approach is expected to provide an effective way of improving the contact properties and integrability of into various tandem cell processes.

Microanalysis of Employee Retention Strategies

Maintaining top-tier personnel is difficult for convenience stores, as they must compete against larger businesses with higher budgets and more employee advantages. This study aimed to determine the employee retention management practices in selected convenience stores in Cavite, Philippines. It utilized a descriptive research design and convenience sampling technique to select the respondents. The data was acquired by utilizing self-constructed questionnaires and Likert-scale to determine the effectiveness of employee retention. The study found that most respondents who manage a convenience store have 1 to 9 employees, have been operating for 6 to 8 years, and were small enterprises. The study found that variables such as employee compensation, physical working environment, employee growth, engagement, and employee support were highly effective in retaining employees. The researchers recommend that employees seek a good organization that listens to them and cares about their general well-being. Respectively, managers and/or owners should develop efficient and effective strategies to retain and manage employees in a sustainable manner.

P-Type Conversion of WS2 and WSe2 by Position-Selective Oxidation Doping and Its Application in Top Gate Transistors.

For the complementary operation of two-dimensional (2D) material-based field-effect transistors (FETs), high-performance p-type FETs are essential. In this study, we applied surface charge-transfer doping from WOx, which has a large work function of ∼6.5 eV, selectively to the access region of WS2 and WSe2 by covering the channel region with h-BN. By reducing the Schottky barrier width at the contact and injecting holes into the valence band, the p-type conversion of intrinsically n-type trilayer WSe2 FET was successfully achieved. However, trilayer WS2 did not show clear p-type conversion because its valence band maximum is 0.66 eV lower than that of trilayer WSe2. Although inorganic WOx boasts high air stability and fabrication process compatibility due to its high thermal budget, the trap sites in WOx cause large hysteresis during back gate operation of WSe2 FETs. However, by using top gate (TG) operation with an h-BN protection layer as a TG insulator, a high-performance p-type WSe2 FET with negligible hysteresis was achieved.

Public–private partnerships and economic growth: a sectoral analysis from developing countries

Governments, particularly in developing countries, are continuously faced with the challenge of expanding infrastructure to keep up with population growth and rapid urbanisation. This challenge arises from the fact that public resources are strained as governments face high budget deficits and rising debt-to-GDP ratios. At the same time, development institutions alone have not succeeded in narrowing this financing gap. The constraints placed on the budgetary requirements of governments have shifted attention to public and private partnerships in financing infrastructure projects, which are at the heart of service delivery in developing countries. Whilst the use of Public–Private Partnership (PPPs) is a growing trend in developing countries, there is limited empirical studies that have assessed the impact of PPP investments on economic growth. This article, therefore, extends the limitations in the literature by investigating the effect of PPP sectoral investments on economic growth among 35 developing countries from 1997 to 2018 within the neoclassical growth framework. Using the system GMM estimation technique, we find aggregate PPP investment and energy investment to positively contribute to economic growth, which highlights the multiplier effect of energy in stimulating economic growth in developing economies. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.

Estimation of Covid-19 Prevalence Dynamics from Pooled Data

Abstract Estimating the prevalence of a disease, such as COVID-19, is necessary for evaluating and mitigating risks of its transmission. Estimates that consider how prevalence changes with time provide more information about these risks but are difficult to obtain due to the necessary survey intensity and commensurate testing costs. Motivated by a dataset on COVID-19, from the University of Notre Dame, we propose pooling and jointly testing multiple samples to reduce testing costs. A nonparametric, hierarchical Bayesian model is used to infer population prevalence from the pooled test results without needing to retest individuals from pools that test positive. This approach is shown to reduce uncertainty compared to individual testing at the same budget and to produce similar estimates compared to individual testing at a much higher budget through simulation studies and an analysis of COVID-19 infections at Notre Dame.

The creation of an online grocery store for experimental purposes: A pilot study

More households shop for groceries online than ever in the United States. Thus, changes in online grocery store environments can affect the nutritional quality of food choices on a large scale. In response, we built a simulated online grocery store for experimental purposes. This paper describes the development of an online grocery store that displays actual products, brands, sizes, prices, pictures, and ingredient lists sold in current online grocery stores in the United States. We ran a pilot study to evaluate this research tool by calculating adherence and accounting for participants’ experiences. We assessed the impact of game elements (point scoring and a scoreboard) and different budgets on the nutritional quality of the food bundle in the final shopping baskets of participants (n = 654). Participants in the treatment group saw the nutritional quality rating system illustrated for each food item as 1 to 5 “crowns.” Ordinary least square regressions compared the nutritional quality of the final shopping baskets between experimental groups. Participants who saw the game elements selected food bundles with 2.53 (CI 95% [0.72; 4.33], p = 0.006) more crowns in their final basket. Receiving a high budget ($50) increased the number of crowns by 2.78 (CI 95% [0.66;4.90], p = 0.010) compared to a low budget ($30). We found no significant interaction between the game intervention and budget level. Participants noted that the store was intuitive to navigate, had a high-quality interface, and easily found the products they often buy. The game elements encouraged shoppers to make healthier food choices. Our simulated grocery store can help researchers gain insight into online consumer behavior by testing interventions.

Immature feathers preserved in Burmite provide evidence of rapid molting in enantiornithines

Fossil feathers are recorded in the greatest fidelity in amber. A new specimen of Cenomanian aged Burmese amber provides the first unequivocal evidence of immature feathers in the Mesozoic fossil record. The small, clear piece, identified as aerial amber, preserves a cluster of body feathers with their basal portions encased in keratinous sheaths. The feathers are identified as belonging to a young enantiornithine individual based on the combination of preserved feather morphotypes, degree of feather asymmetry in the single preserved remix, their diminutive size, and because only enantiornithines have so far been recovered from these amber deposits. The body feathers are all at approximately the same stage of development suggesting that immature enantiornithines rapidly molted body feathers. This interpretation is supported by evidence from lithic specimens of juveniles from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol group that preserve immature feathers throughout the body. This specimen contributes to evidence that indicates enantiornithines hatched flight ready, with fully developed remiges, but with sparse body plumage that was simultaneously replaced during the prejuvenal molt. Rapid molts indicate periodic increases in thermostatic costs due to the temporary loss of insulation. This information leads to an intriguing new hypothesis regarding the extinction of Enantiornithes: that periods of increased thermostatic cost during early ontogeny created untenable energetic budgets during the asteroid induced impact winter, which resulted in both decreased global temperature and resource scarcity. High energetic budgets are associated with extinction vulnerability and may have been a major factor underpinning the extinction of this clade.

Medical Students’ Communication Preferences for the Ideal Surgical Educator

Medical students have expectations and preferences for how they are taught by clinical surgical educators. The goal of this study was to (a) determine medical students' prioritizations of ideal teaching behaviors and characteristics for surgical educators, and (b) delineate which teaching behaviors and characteristics were considered to be less important for surgical education. Using a necessity (low) and luxury (high) budget allocation methodology to build their ideal surgical educator, MSIII and MSIV students (N = 82) completed a survey to prioritize and invest in 10 effective teaching behaviors and characteristics identified in the instructional communication literature (assertiveness, responsiveness, clarity, relevance, competence, character, caring, immediacy, humor, and disclosure). Repeated-measures ANOVAs indicated MSIII and MSIV students invested significantly more of their teaching budget allocations for their ideal surgical educator into instructor clarity, competence, relevance, responsiveness, and caring, both within a (low) necessity budget (F[5.83, 472.17] = 24.09, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.23) and (high) luxury budget (F(7.65, 619.76) = 67.56, p < 0.001, η2p = 0.46). Using paired t-tests, comparisons of repeated investments in low and high budget allocations revealed that students invested slightly more of a percentage of funds in instructor immediacy (+2.62%; t(81) = 2.90, p = 0.005; d = 0.32) and disclosure (+1.44%; t(81) = 3.26, p = 0.002; d = 0.36), indicating they viewed these teaching behaviors more as luxury components of surgical education rather than necessities, but these behaviors were significantly less important than their ideal prioritizations of instructor clarity, competence, relevance, responsiveness, and caring. Results indicated that medical students want a surgical educator who is largely a rhetorical educator; that is, a surgical specialist who clearly communicates expertise and relevant content that students can apply to their careers as future surgeons. However, a relational component was viewed as ideal by students as students also preferred surgical educators to be sensitive and sympathetic to their academic needs.

Low-thermal-budget synthesis of monolayer molybdenum disulfide for silicon back-end-of-line integration on a 200 mm platform.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are promising candidates for future electronics due to their excellent electrical and photonic properties. Although promising results on the wafer-scale synthesis (≤150 mm diameter) of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have already been reported, the high-quality synthesis of 2D materials on wafers of 200 mm or larger, which are typically used in commercial silicon foundries, remains difficult. The back-end-of-line (BEOL) integration of directly grown 2D materials on silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits is also unavailable due to the high thermal budget required, which far exceeds the limits of silicon BEOL integration (<400 °C). This high temperature forces the use of challenging transfer processes, which tend to introduce defects and contamination to both the 2D materials and the BEOL circuits. Here we report a low-thermal-budget synthesis method (growth temperature < 300 °C, growth time ≤ 60 min) for monolayer MoS2 films, which enables the 2D material to be synthesized at a temperature below the precursor decomposition temperature and grown directly on silicon CMOS circuits without requiring any transfer process. We designed a metal-organic chemical vapour deposition reactor to separate the low-temperature growth region from the high-temperature chalcogenide-precursor-decomposition region. We obtain monolayer MoS2 with electrical uniformity on 200 mm wafers, as well as a high material quality with an electron mobility of ~35.9 cm2 V-1 s-1. Finally, we demonstrate a silicon-CMOS-compatible BEOL fabrication process flow for MoS2 transistors; the performance of these silicon devices shows negligible degradation (current variation < 0.5%, threshold voltage shift < 20 mV). We believe that this is an important step towards monolithic 3D integration for future electronics.

Building a Timeline for LGBTQ+ Global Cinemas (1910–2019): Movie Production Trends from a Collaborative Internet Cinema Database

Building a Timeline for LGBTQ+ Global Cinemas (1910–2019): Movie Production Trends from a Collaborative Internet Cinema Database

Implementation of iPad-based digital classroom services at al Azhar Islamic school 21 Solo Baru, Central Java, Indonesia

The need for digital innovation in the educational paradigm is increasingly clear after the Covid-19 phenomenon. This has also been strengthened by government policies in responding to this need, by launching “kurikulum merdeka” that demands the use of “merdeka mengajar” platform with all its characteristics. The concept of digital learning with a variety of devices is offered. SMP Islam Al Azhar 21 Solo Baru has implemented a program that is quite progressive in an effort to find an education digitalization system. It is in the form of digital class services, which can be used as an option for students and parents to carry out all digital-based and e-learning activities. Furthermore, the digital system used is relatively new and not many are used in Indonesia. The use of iPad 1:1 (every 1 student uses 1 iPad) as the main device with various Apple for education applications integrated in it. Regarding to this implementation, there is an interest from the researcher for further research related to its implementation. This type of research is descriptive qualitative which reports on how the school’s role in implementing iPad and its functions and contributions to classroom learning. The description regarding this matter was developed based on the results of semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations to see how this implementation could be carried out. Student group interviews were also used to support the findings. The result is an overview of the iPad-based digital classroom implementation starting from the initial ideas, the stages and steps of implementation, the perceptions of students and teachers, and the evaluation of those implementation. On the other hand, the main challenge lies in the relatively high budget requirements, and parents' doubts about the bad consequences of excessive iPad use, both in terms of health and social behavior

Hybridization of Evolutionary Operators with Elitist Iterated Racing for the Simulation Optimization of Traffic Lights Programs.

In the traffic light scheduling problem, the evaluation of candidate solutions requires the simulation of a process under various (traffic) scenarios. Thus, good solutions should not only achieve good objective function values, but they must be robust (low variance) across all different scenarios. Previous work has shown that combining IRACE with evolutionary operators is effective for this task due to the power of evolutionary operators in numerical optimization. In this article, we further explore the hybridization of evolutionary operators and the elitist iterated racing of IRACE for the simulation-optimization of traffic light programs. We review previous works from the literature to find the evolutionary operators performing the best when facing this problem to propose new hybrid algorithms. We evaluate our approach over a realistic case study derived from the traffic network of Málaga (Spain) with 275 traffic lights that should be scheduled optimally. The experimental analysis reveals that the hybrid algorithm comprising IRACE plus differential evolution offers statistically better results than the other algorithms when the budget of simulations is low. In contrast, IRACE performs better than the hybrids for a high simulations budget, although the optimization time is much longer.

Strategies to Strengthen Integrated Solid Waste Management in Small Municipalities

Many developing countries have problems associated with waste management; therefore, this research aims to propose strategies for waste management in small municipalities (less than 50,000 inhabitants), pointing out the importance of involving the stakeholders responsible for improving each phase of this process. The methodology consisted of carrying out a diagnosis to show the current situation at the national, state, and municipal levels, as well as several strategies. The results revealed that in Mexico the waste management system consists of a collection and final disposal model, while waste recovery and treatment are incipient. To strengthen integrated waste management in small municipalities, the strategies proposed in this research consider higher budgets by the federal government to enable an infrastructure for collection, treatment, and final disposal, allowing waste valorization. Other strategies consist of improving coordination between the different stakeholders involved, based on actions by federal, state, and municipal authorities to promote the participation of the social, service, productive, and educational sectors, through public policies, as well as formal incorporation of scavengers and the formation of inter-municipal associations responsible for waste management. Among the conclusions, it is highlighted that the implementation of these strategies will favor the transition towards a circular economy model for small municipalities.

Upper Crustal Structure of Superfast‐Spread Oceanic Crust Exposed at the Pito Deep Rift: Implications for Seafloor Spreading

AbstractA tectonic window into the upper 2,000 m of oceanic crust generated at the superfast spreading (∼142 mm/yr) southern East Pacific Rise exposes a continuous layered structure of basaltic lavas and sheeted dikes over gabbroic rocks. This relatively simple structure is in accord with expectations for crustal accretion at a very fast spreading rate and high magma budget where magmatic construction keeps pace with plate separation. Detailed observations show that basaltic lava flows dip progressively more steeply inward (toward the spreading axis where they were erupted). Underlying sheeted dikes are faulted and tectonically rotated to dip steeply outward. These structures are interpreted in terms of subsidence beneath the axis of the southern East Pacific Rise during crustal construction that allowed the lava unit to thicken to &gt;400 m without creating comparable relief at the spreading center. Transitional units above and below the sheeted dike complex show that the thickness of upper crustal rock units is modified by tectonic and intrusive processes during accretion. The crustal structure shows that even approaching the superfast spreading end‐member of seafloor spreading, crustal accretion involves dramatic tectonic processes that are not obvious from the surface geology of spreading centers.

The monetary value of competencies: A novel method and case study in smart manufacturing

Driven by technological transformation, changing competency requirements are receiving increased attention. Technological developments, such as digitization, automation, and cyber-physical systems, will change occupational requirements. Additionally, many companies are already confronted with a shortage of a skilled workforce due to demographic change. Companies can satisfy their demand for skilled labor through training or hiring. Both options are expensive and require careful planning. However, human capital is often neglected in this financial planning process. The aim of the present research is to devise and test a novel tool for companies to better plan the current and future organizational and employee competencies, and to coordinate their human and financial resources. Employing a budget-allocation approach, our exploratory study is based on a survey of 228 human resource and production managers. Respondents provide monetary valuations of competencies required by mechatronics technicians in the face of new technological challenges of smart manufacturing systems. Results show that managers are willing to allocate a relatively high budget to competencies such as complex problem-solving, analytical thinking, and troubleshooting. In addition, domain-based knowledge remains essential and valuable. We also find some differences in the monetary valuation between human resource and production managers.

An Emerging Local Annealing Method for Simultaneous Crystallization and Activation in Xtacking 3-D NAND Flash

The high thermal budget of three-dimensional NAND Flash (3D NAND Flash) is the key issue limiting the increase in vertical integration. The main purpose of this article is to design a local and high temperature annealing function to reduce the thermal budget and gain a high activation rate without diffusion at a target depth to improve the performance of 3D NAND Flash devices by laser annealing with green wavelength. The method of nanosecond pulse laser annealing (ns-PLA) for amorphous silicon (a-Si) crystallization and activation has been proven, and this method has the benefits of a low thermal budget and controllable heating. According to previous experiments, one of the important results is that ns-PLA with high energy can provide a high temperature that reaches the melting point of a-Si and obtain a deep and monocrystal-like silicon channel through liquid phase crystallization in 3D NAND applications and obtain a higher activation rate. These results cast emerging light on low thermal budget processes based on ns-PLA in 3D NAND flash for future architecture such as Xtacking architecture, and have significant ramifications for impurity activation rates and reducing channel leakages.

Fabrication of thin ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 films by millisecond flash lamp annealing

We used millisecond flash lamp annealing (FLA) to form thin ferroelectric Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) films with thicknesses of less than 10 nm and with remanent polarization up to 30 μC cm−2. A clear dependency of the polarization on the annealing temperature and time was observed, indicating that the precise management of the thermal budget is a key factor in forming ferroelectric HZO. We also show and compare the process windows within which ferroelectricity in 10 and 5 nm samples is obtained. The results show that a high thermal budget is necessary for thinner samples. We examined the endurance characteristics and a greater endurance compared to rapid thermal annealing treatment was observed with more than 1010 cycles without breakdown confirmed in 5 nm thick samples. The data indicates that there is the possibility of further thickness scaling whilst retaining highly durable characteristics for films annealed by FLA.

Nanopinhole Passivating Contact Si Solar Cells Fabricated with Metal‐Assisted Chemical Etching

AbstractMonocrystalline Si (c‐Si) solar cells with passivating contacts based on doped polycrystalline Si (poly‐Si) on ≈2.0 nm silicon oxide (SiOx) require &gt;1000 °C thermal processing to create conducting pinholes in the SiOx layer. However, this high thermal budget can induce bulk defects in the Czochralski c‐Si wafers used as the cell absorber layer. In this work, it is demonstrated that pinholes can instead be created using metal‐assisted chemical etching on planar or textured morphologies, at room temperature. This wet process creates up to 200 nm wide conducting pinholes that are directly observed with transmission electron and atomic force microscopies. High‐performance hole‐selective poly‐Si/SiNy/SiOx and electron‐selective poly‐Si/SiOx passivating contacts are fabricated and implemented in laboratory‐scale solar cells. This process development significantly broadens the range of passivation layer materials, their thicknesses, and surface morphologies, which enables the design of poly‐Si contacts with superior passivating quality.