High Antioxidant Potential Research Articles

Cranberry and black chokeberry extracts isolated with pressurized ethanol from defatted by supercritical CO2 pomace inhibit colorectal carcinoma cells and increase global antioxidant response of meat products during in vitro digestion

Berry phenolics are considered as phytochemicals, which might mitigate development of degenerative diseases, including cancer. Many studies demonstrated their antiproliferative effects in various cancer cell lines while the studies with real foods are rather scarce. We report antiproliferative properties of unique extracts, which were obtained from the defatted by supercritical CO2 cranberry (CrE) and black chokeberry (ChoE) pomace using pressurized ethanol, and global antioxidant response of meat products enriched with berry polyphenolics during in vitro digestion. ChoE was more effective against HCT116 and DLD1 cells than CrE, while the HCT116 cells were more sensitive to digested meat samples than DLD1. At 1000 μL ChoE reduced cell viability to 51% (HCT116) and ∼50% (DLD1), while in case of CrE >69% of HCT116 cells remained viable. The extracts added at 2% increased antioxidant capacity values of hamburgers and cooked ham at oral and gastric digestion phases; however, at intestinal phase no regular effects were observed. The highest antioxidant potential was determined in hamburgers/cooked ham with 2% of CrE (TPC: 1.45/2.01 mg GAE/mL; ABTS●+: 9.82/15.66 mg TE/mL; ORAC: 13.58/12.08 mg TE/mL). The content of quantifiable anthocyanins remarkably decreased in the digesta at all phases and particularly at intestine phase: >99% with CrE and 97–99% with ChoE. Digested liquids of cooked ham prepared with extracts significantly stronger inhibited HCT116 cells at selected dilution factors. The results obtained provide preliminary information that cranberry and black chokeberry pomace extracts may provide health benefits when added in meat products.

Novel series of N-acyl substituted indole based piperazine, thiazole and tetrazoles as potential antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and cytotoxic agents, and their docking investigation as potential Mcl-1 inhibitors

Indoles condensed with other heterocyclic compounds 4a-4e, and 5a-5e were synthesized and characterized using FT-IR, NMR and HR-MS. Bromo compounds 4a, 4c and 4d exhibit better antibacterial activity against Klebsiella planticola and Escherichia coli. Compound 4a has higher antioxidant potential towards DPPH radicals. Cytotoxic studies were carried out on four different cell lines namely, Hela, MCF7, A549 and K562. Bromo indole derivatives 4c has shown a good response (0.9 µg) against cancer cell line K562 than nitro indole derivatives 5c (1.76 µg). Indole-based thiazole 4d and 4c and piperazine 5a exhibited the highest activity against these mentioned cancer cell lines among all the synthesized compounds. The binding sites of these molecules were deduced theoretically using the AutoDock-1.5.6 docking tool and observed compounds 4d and 4e can actively bind at Mcl-1.

Alpha-Ketoglutarate or 5-HMF: Single Compounds Effectively Eliminate Leukemia Cells via Caspase-3 Apoptosis and Antioxidative Pathways.

Background: We recently showed that a combined solution containing alpha-ketoglutarate (aKG) and 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural (5-HMF) has a solid antitumoral effect on the Jurkat cell line due to the fact of its antioxidative, caspase-3 and apoptosis activities, but no negative effect on human fibroblasts was obtained. The question arises how the single compounds, aKG and 5-HMF, affect peroxynitrite (ONOO−) and nitration of tyrosine residues, Jurkat cell proliferation and caspase-activated apoptosis. Methods: The ONOO− luminol-induced chemiluminescence reaction was used to measure the ONOO− scavenging function of aKG or 5-HMF, and their protection against nitration of tyrosine residues on bovine serum albumin was estimated with the ELISA technique. The Jurkat cell line was cultivated in the absence or presence of aKG or 5-HMF solutions between 0 and 3.5 µM aKG or 0 and 4 µM 5-HMF. Jurkat cells were tested for cell proliferation, mitochondrial activity and caspase-activated apoptosis. Results: aKG showed a concentration-dependent reduction in ONOO−, resulting in a 90% elimination of ONOO− using 200 mM aKG. In addition, 20 and 200 mM 5-HMF were able to reduce ONOO− only by 20%, while lower concentrations of 5-HMF remained stable in the presence of ONOO−. Nitration of tyrosine residues was inhibited 4 fold more effectively with 5-HMF compared to aKG measuring the IC50%. Both substances, aKG and 5-HMF, were shown to cause a reduction in Jurkat cell growth that was dependent on the dose and incubation time. The aKG effectively reduced Jurkat cell growth down to 50% after 48 and 72 h of incubation using the highest concentration of 3.5 µM, and 1, 1.6, 2, 3 and 4 µM 5-HMF inhibited any cell growth within (i) 24 h; 1.6, 2, 3 and 4 µM 5-HMF within 48 h (ii); 2, 3 and 4 µM 5-HMF within 72 h (iii). Furthermore, 4 µM was able to eliminate the starting cell number of 20,000 cells after 48 and 72 h down to 11,233 cells. The mitochondrial activity measurements supported the data on aKG or 5-HMF regarding cell growth in Jurkat cells, in both a dose- and incubation-time-dependent manner: the highest concentration of 3.5 µM aKG reduced the mitochondrial activity over 24 h (67.7%), 48 h (57.9%) and 72 h (46.8%) of incubation with Jurkat cells compared to the control incubation without aKG (100%). 5-HMF was more effective compared to aKG; the mitochondrial activity in the presence of 4 µM 5-HMF decreased after 24 h down to 68.4%, after 48 h to 42.9% and after 72 h to 32.0%. Moreover, 1.7 and 3.4 µM aKG had no effect on caspase-3-activated apoptosis (0.58% and 0.56%) in the Jurkat cell line. However, 2 and 4 µM 5-HMF increased the caspase-3-activated apoptosis up to 22.1% and 42.5% compared to the control (2.9%). A combined solution of 1.7 µM aKG + 0.7 µM 5-HMF showed a higher caspase-3-activated apoptosis (15.7%) compared to 1.7 µM aKG or 2 µM 5-HMF alone. In addition, 3.5 µM µg/mL aKG + 1.7 µM 5-HMF induced caspase-activated apoptosis up to 55.6% compared to 4.5% or 35.6% caspase-3 activity using 3.5 µM aKG or 4 µM 5-HMF. Conclusion: Both substances showed high antioxidative potential in eliminating either peroxynitrite or nitration of tyrosine residues, which results in a better inhibition of cell growth and mitochondrial activity of 5-HMF compared to aKG. However, caspase-3-activated apoptosis measurements revealed that the combination of both substances synergistically is the most effective compared to single compounds.

A Comparative Study for Nutritional and Phytochemical Profiling of Coffea arabica (C. arabica) from Different Origins and Their Antioxidant Potential and Molecular Docking.

Coffee is the most widely used beverage globally and contains many bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, alkaloids, triterpenes, organic acids, amino acids, hormones, and fatty acids. The main objective of this study was the comparative profiling of Australian, Colombian, Ethiopian, and Peruvian C. arabica using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. In this study, we tentatively identified 136 bioactive metabolites, including five (05) organic acids, six (06) alkaloids, three (03) amino acids (l-phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, and l-pyroglutamic acid), two (02) hormones (melatonin and serotonin), two fatty acids, one (01) furopyrans (goniothalenol), one (01) carotenoid (crocetin), three (03) terpenoids, thirty-eight (38) phenolic acids, forty-one (41) flavonoids, five (05) stilbenes, three (03) lignans and twenty-three (23) other polyphenols in C. arabica. The highest TPC value (17.74 ± 0.32 mg GAE/g) was measured in Colombian coffee while the lowest TPC value (10.24 ± 0.73 mg GAE/g) was in Peruvian coffee. Colombian coffee has a higher antioxidant potential than other studied coffee samples. A total of nineteen phenolic metabolites were mapped through LC-MS/MS. Quinic acid derivatives were quantified in higher concentrations than other metabolites. Furthermore, molecular docking predicted that chlorogenic acid is a main bioactive compound that contributes to anti-Alzheimer and anti-diabetic activities of C. arabica. The obtained results indicate that C. arabica contains a vast number of bioactive compounds which have potential health benefits. Furthermore, research could be conducted to validate the effect of these metabolites on the flavor profile of coffee beverages.

Cellular Regulation of Kynurenic Acid-Induced Cell Apoptosis Pathways in AGS Cells.

Kynurenic acid was included in the three compounds (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and kynurenic acid) that showed high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential among the phenolic compounds contained in Gynura procumbens. In this study, the mechanism of cancer cell death induced by kynurenic acid (KYNA), which has the highest molecular binding affinity, in the gastric cancer cell line AGS was confirmed in molecular docking analysis. KYNA showed the most cancer cell death effect on AGS cells among several gastric cancer cell lines (MKN, AGS, and SNU). AGS cells were used for later experiments, and KYNA concentrations of 0, 150, 200, and 250 µM were used. KYNA inhibited cell migration and proliferation in AGS cells in a concentration-dependent manner. G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and reduction of related proteins (Cdc25C, CDK1 and CyclinB1) were confirmed in KYNA-treated AGS cells. Apoptosis of KYNA-treated AGS cells was confirmed by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining flow cytometry analysis. As a result of morphological chromatin condensation through DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), intense blue fluorescence was confirmed. The mechanism of apoptosis induction of KYNA-treated AGS cells was confirmed by western blotting. In the extrinsic pathway, apoptosis induction markers FasL, Fas, and Caspase-3 and -8 were increased in a concentration-dependent manner upon KYNA treatment. In the intrinsic pathway, the expression of anti-apoptotic factors PI3K, AKT, and Bcl-xL was down-regulated, and the expression of apoptosis-inducing factors BAD, Bak, Bax, Cytochrom C, and Caspase-9 was up-regulated. Therefore, in the present study, we strongly imply that KYNA induces apoptosis in AGS gastric cancer cells. This suggests that KYNA, a natural compound, could be the basis for drug for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Synthesis, molecular docking and enzyme inhibitory approaches of some new chalcones engrafted pyrazole as potential antialzheimer, antidiabetic and antioxidant agents

About 25 chalcones engrafted pyrazole scaffold combined with benzothiophene and indole moieties 5a-y were designed and constructed in two steps using readily available acetyl acetone, phenyl hydrazine and DMF-DMA as starting material. The synthesized chalcone analogs were screened for in vitro anti-acetylcholinesterase potential, antidiabetic potential against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, and antioxidant potentials against DPPH free radicals. The compounds 5a, 5r, 5m, 5o and 5p showed strongest acetylcholine esterase inhibition (AChEI) with IC50 values of 5 ± 1.16 μg/mL (5p), 8 ± 0.14 μg/mL (5a), 8 ± 0.57 μg/mL (5r), 10 ± 1.73 μg/mL (5m) and 10 ± 0.60 μg/mL (5o). The highest inhibition against α-glucosidase was demonstrated by compounds 5f, 5o, 5j, 5e, 5c, and 5a with IC50 values of 4 ± 0.14, 6 ± 0.43, 8 ± 0.43, 10 ± 0.11, 11 ± 0.28 and 12 ± 0.57 μg/mL respectively, whereas, the compounds 5x, 5d, 5w, 5y and 5u showed prominent α-amylase inhibition with IC50 values of 20 ± 1.15 μg/mL (5x), 30 ± 0.60 μg/mL (5d), 40 ± 0.72 μg/mL (5w), 40 ± 0.50 μg/mL (5y), and 60 ± 2.19 μg/mL (5u). The highest anti-oxidant potential against DPPH free radicals was demonstrated by compounds 5w, 5v and 5y with IC50 values of 160 ± 5.77, 260 ± 4.63, and 360 ± 4.04 μg/mL respectively. Molecular docking was used to study their interaction with the active site of enzymes.

Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of Bioactive Compounds from Rhinacanthus nasutus Cell Suspension Culture

The potential benefits of natural plant extracts have received attention in recent years, encouraging the development of natural products that effectively treat various diseases. This is the first report on establishing callus and cell suspension cultures of Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz. A yellow friable callus was successfully induced from in vitro leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1 mg/L 1-naphthalene acetic acid. A selected friable callus line was used to establish the cell suspension culture with the same medium. The antioxidant assays showed that the leaf- and ethanolic-suspension-cultured cell (SCC) extracts exhibited high antioxidant potential. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxicity revealed by the MTT assay demonstrated potent antiproliferative effects against the oral cancer cell lines ORL-48 and ORL-136 in a dose-dependent manner. Several groups of compounds, including terpenoids, phenolics, flavonoids, quinones, and stilbenes, were identified by UHPLC–QToF–MS, with the same compounds detected in leaf and SCC extracts, including austroinulin, lucidenic acid, esculetin, embelin, and quercetin 3-(2″-p-hydroxybenzoyl-4″-p-coumarylrhamnoside). The present study suggests the value of further investigations for phytochemical production using R. nasutus cell suspension culture.

Evaluation of nanofibril chitosan@8‐formyl‐7‐hydroxy‐coumarin hydrogel having distinct auto‐fluorescence efficiency: Structure–properties relation, improved antioxidant, and cellular imaging

AbstractThe modification at the branching of chitosan using 8‐formyl‐7‐hydroxy‐coumarin (ChCm) through chemically cross‐linked has been structured for hydrogel fabrication. ChCm produced stable mechanical properties, improved swelling capacity, and delayed degradation for new cross linking‐functionalized during experimental works. It also imparted high antioxidant potency. The swelling water ratio of this hydrogel makes it robust and elastic, providing a mechanical basis to keep the hydrogel strong and steady. A remarkable self‐fluorescence behavior has been witnessed. The distinct photo‐sensitiveness has been studied thoroughly as time, temperature, and solvent‐dependent spectral analysis to establish the ESIPT mechanism and improve stability in various conditions. Detailed instrumental‐structural evaluations are explored as required, and optimized the gel skeleton and photo activities are using DFT calculations. The effectiveness of radical scavenging using DPPH, antioxidant power using FRAP assay, and chelation ability have been observed during the evaluation of antioxidant potency for hydrogel. The role of phenolic‐OH is very significant not only for optical fluorescence enhancement by ESIPT but also for the improved antioxidant abilities. As well as being less toxic, bio‐compatible, and photostable, it could be used to image fibroblast 3T3 cells by fluorescence; current hydrogel has gained vast potential for developing dynamic biomaterials in multiple applications.

Complexations of β-cyclodextrins with naringenin, naringin and catechin: thermodynamic parameters and regulation of mitochondrial functions in vitro

ABSTRACT Flavonoids are exogenous phytochemicals with high antioxidative potential. The present work provides the mechanism of the complexations of low water-soluble flavanone naringenin, its glycosylated form naringin, and water-soluble flavan-3-ol catechin with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD). The flavonoids studied showed high affinity in the interactions with HPβCD (the association constants K and the stoichiometry N were equal to 8500 ± 950 М−1 and 0.85 ± 0.05, 9400 ± 1200 М−1 and 1.7 ± 0.10, 7550 ± 600 M−1 and 1.25 ± 0.05 in the case of naringenin, naringin and catechin, respectively). The formations of the complexes with β-cyclodextrins markedly increased the water solubility of naringenin and naringin. The flavonoid–HPβСD complexations were exothermic (ΔH ˂ 0) and spontaneous (ΔG ˂ 0). The naringenin and naringin complexations with HPβCD were entropy-driven, and the catechin complexation was enthalpy-driven. Flavonoid molecules dispersed in the HPβCD structure during complexations. The flavonoid–HPβCD associations demonstrated enthalpy–entropy compensation. Naringenin (5–50 μM) and, to a lesser extent, catechin inhibited the respiration of isolated rat liver mitochondria. Naringenin, naringin and catechin (5–25 μM) increased the rate of Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. The complexations with HPβCD did not significantly influence the effects of the flavonoids on respiration and enhanced the effects on mitochondrial permeability transition.

Increasing Value of Winery Residues through Integrated Biorefinery Processes: A Review

The wine industry is one of the most relevant socio-economic activities in Europe. However, this industry represents a growing problem with negative effects on the environment since it produces large quantities of residues that need appropriate valorization or management. From the perspective of biorefinery and circular economy, the winery residues show high potential to be used for the formulation of new products. Due to the substantial quantities of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins with high antioxidant potential in their matrix, these residues can be exploited by extracting bioactive compounds before using the remaining biomass for energy purposes or for producing fertilizers. Currently, there is an emphasis on the use of new and greener technologies in order to recover bioactive molecules from solid and liquid winery residues. Once the bio compounds are recovered, the remaining residues can be used for the production of energy through bioprocesses (biogas, bioethanol, bio-oil), thermal processes (pyrolysis, gasification combustion), or biofertilizers (compost), according to the biorefinery concept. This review mainly focuses on the discussion of the feasibility of the application of the biorefinery concept for winery residues. The transition from the lab-scale to the industrial-scale of the different technologies is still lacking and urgent in this sector.

Antioxidant Potential of Indian Gooseberry (Emblica officinalis) Paste in Chicken Meatballs

The aim of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of Indian gooseberry (Emblica officinalis) paste in chicken meatballs and its effect on physicochemical and sensory properties. Chicken meatballs were prepared with the inclusion of Indian gooseberry paste (GBP) at 0, 12%, 15%, and 18% levels. The emulsion pH, product pH, emulsion stability, and product yield were determined. DPPH Scavenging Activity (%) was studied to establish the antioxidant potential of the GBP in the product. Sensory properties were evaluated using 8 points hedonic scale. Emulsion pH and Product pH decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the addition of GBP. Product yield decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the addition of GBP for 15% and 18% levels. DPPH scavenging activity significantly (P<0.01) increased with an increase in the GBP inclusion level, where 18% treatment had the highest antioxidant potential followed by 15% and 12% treatments. The sensory scores for control and 12% treatment were comparable and significantly (P<0.05) lower for 15% and 18% treatments. From this study, it was observed that Indian gooseberry paste could be added as a potential antioxidant in the chicken meatballs, up to a level of 12% without affecting the sensory qualities of the product.

Quality and shelf life assessment of steam-cooked chicken fingers coated with essential oil nanoemulsions

Cinnamon nanoemulsion (CNE), clove nanoemulsion (CvNE), and thyme nanoemulsion (TNE) were prepared using three different essential oils (EOs: cinnamon, clove, and thyme) and chitosan for the coating of chicken fingers. The nanoemulsions were investigated for their active functional groups, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity. CNE had the highest antioxidant potential and a significant bacterial inhibition rate followed by CvNE, and TNE. The polydispersity index (PDI) was found between 0.13 ± 0.01–0.31 ± 0.02 showing a homogenous particle distribution with a lower mean size of the particles. The steam-cooked chicken fingers were divided into four batches for coatings, such as control (without coating), CNE, CvNE, and TNE and stored at 4 ± 1 °C. The pH, moisture content, proximate values, lipid oxidation of coated samples were determined during the storage period. Moreover, the sensory analysis and shelf life study were also conducted throughout the storage period. It was observed that the coated samples had a relatively higher shelf life (20 days) with minimum microbial count (4.7 ± 0.0 log10 cfu/g), while the untreated sample (control) spoiled within 10 days of storage. In addition, coated chicken fingers exhibited a higher sensory acceptance than the control. The study concluded that the EOs rich nanoemulsion may be utilized as an alternative to synthetic antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. It may also be used for shelf life extension of food products.

Studies Regarding the Pharmaceutical Potential of Derivative Products from Plantain

In this study, three types of extracts isolated from leaves of Plantain (Plantago lanceolata) were tested for their chemical content and biological activities. The three bioproducts are combinations of polysaccharides and polyphenols (flavonoids and iridoidic compounds), and they were tested for antioxidant, antifungal, antitumor, and prebiotic activity (particularly for polysaccharides fraction). Briefly, the iridoid-enriched fraction has revealed a pro-oxidant activity, while the flavonoid-enriched fraction had a high antioxidant potency; the polysaccharide fraction also indicated a pro-oxidant activity, explained by the co-presence of iridoid glycosides. All three bioproducts demonstrated moderate antifungal effects against Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and dermatophytes, too. Studies in vitro proved inhibitory activity of the three fractions on the leukemic tumor cell line THP-1, the main mechanism being apoptosis stimulation, while the polysaccharide fraction indicated a clear prebiotic activity, in the concentration range between 1 and 1000 µg/mL, evaluated as higher than that of the reference products used, inulin and dextrose, respectively.

Antioxidant Potential of Some Plant Foods Commonly Consumed in Cameroon

Plant foods contain antioxidants and their efficiency in the management of non-communicable diseases like cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases has long been proven. Nonetheless, the antioxidant potential of plant foods is continuously being studied with the aim of valorizing those foods that are still not well known. As such, the aqueous filtrates of forty-eight (48) plant foods currently consumed in Cameroon were screened for antioxidant potential. Their polyphenol content, ability to scavenge the 2,2’azinobis (3ethylbenzo-tiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) free radicals as well as their Ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) were assessed. Seven of these plant foods which exhibited very high antioxidant capacity in their filtrates were selected and their aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts prepared for antioxidant evaluation using six methods notably, FRAP, polyphenol, scavenging of ABTS, 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrilhydrazyl (DPPH) and Nitric oxide (NO) free radicals as well as metal chelating capacity. It was found that; Raphia farinifera (Raffia fruit), Spondias cytherea Sonner (Casmango) fruit, Manihot utilissima (Cassava leaf), Solanum scabrum (small leaf Garden huckle berry), Cola verticillata (Bamiléké Kola) and Colocasia esculenta (Taro leaf) portayed very high antioxidant potential. The evaluation of their antioxidant capacity showed that all seven selected foods could be considered for studies related to the management of age-related diseases, especially R. farinifera, Cola verticillata and S. scabrum.

Metabolomic Profiling and Identification of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Compounds from Leaves of Different Varieties of Morus alba Linn Grown in Kashmir.

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is commonly cultivated in Asian countries as a traditional medicine and food supplement. Four Kashmiri Morus alba varieties (Zagtul, Chtattatual, Chattatual Zaingir, and Brentul Kashmir) were evaluated for their proximate composition, mineral content, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant potential, and antihyperglycemic activity. Furthermore, TLC-MS-bioautography was used for the identification of antioxidant and antidiabetic compounds in the best active extract. Lastly, UPLC-MS was employed for metabolomic profiling of the best variety of M. alba. Among all the varieties, the Zagtul variety was found to have the highest phenolic (71.10 ± 0.44 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (53.22 ± 0.69 mg rutin/g DW) content. The highest antioxidant potential (DPPH) with an IC50 value of 107.88 ± 3.8 μg/mL was recorded for the Zagtul variety. Similarly, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition for antidiabetic potential with IC50 74.76 ± 6.76 and 109.19 ± 5.78 μg/mL, respectively, was recorded in Zagtul variety. TLC-MS-bioautography for identification of bioactive compounds revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid for antioxidant potential and 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) and syringic acid for antidiabetic potential. Further, bioactive compounds responsible for diverse functions of M. alba were confirmed by UPLC-MS in both negative and positive modes. However, major compounds in the Zagtul variety were identified as chlorogenic acid, moracin N, gallic acid, ferulic acid, morin, 1-deoxynojirimycin, and syringic acid. Hence, based on our findings, it can be concluded that M. alba leaves can be consumed as a promising dietary supplement and can be formulated as phytopharmaceutical for the management of various metabolic disorders.

Edamame protein hydrolysis using Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus paracasei produce short peptides with higher antioxidant potential

Abstract. Anggraeni SL, Jayus J, Ratnadewi AAI, Nurhayati N. 2022. Edamame protein hydrolysis using Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus paracasei produce short peptides with higher antioxidant potential. Biodiversitas 23: 3604-3613. The high demand for protein sources for functional vegetable foods, especially proteins that have ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) inhibitory activity has encouraged efforts to meet this need through exploration of potential protein sources and the development of food processing technology to modify the protein into derivative compounds in the form of short peptides to promote higher bioactivity than the native protein. This research focused on the hydrolysis of edamame proteins into shorter peptides through a fermentation process using a group of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LABs), that is Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and L. paracasei, to gain a higher functional activity of its protein hydrolysate. Edamame milk was fermented with that LABs as starter culture until 24 hours at 37ºC. The activity of the protease released by the LABs was confirmed using the agar diffusion method based on the emergence of a clear zone surrounding the culture, while the antioxidant activity was confirmed with the ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging methods. The results exhibited that the population density of starter culture in edamame milk reached 108 CFU/mL, and the pH decreased from 6.75 to 4.15. All LABs used in fermentation were able to hydrolyze protein as indicated by the increasing degree of hydrolysis and changes in protein profile of SDS-PAGE analysis. In addition, when compared to the unfermented edamame milk, the protein hydrolysate from LABs fermentation showed an increase of ABTS and hydroxyl radical inhibitory activity, in which the highest IC50 values ??of 8.96 and 13.33 g/mL of each were found in edamame milk fermented by Lc. lactis InaCC B187. An increase in ACE inhibitory activity was also observed in edamame milk fermented using this microbe (9.80 g/µL). These findings indicate that Lc. lactis InaCC B187, L. delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus FNCC41, and L. paracasei InaCC B145 have the potency as an effective starter culture to increase bioactive peptides in edamame soybeans potential for functional food sources.

Multimode Assessment of Commercial Polyherbal Formulation: an In Vitro and In Silico Approach.

Antidiabetic polyherbal formulations (APH) are used in management of diabetes mellitus (DM). High glucose levels in DM are related to oxidative stress leading to its associated complications. Therefore, assessing antioxidant activity of various APH might unveil an antioxidant-rich formulation for management of DM and its associated complications. Subsequently selecting an antioxidant assessment method is a challenging aspect, considering various in vitro assays working with diverse mechanism of action. Therefore, present study aims to validate the sensitivity/capacity of different antioxidant assay, thereby assessing the antioxidant potential of 9-APH. Obtained results revealed the ABTS·+ values were higher compared to DPPH+ assay. I-9-HAE (DPPH+: IC50 53.31µg/ml), NK-HAE (ABTS·+: IC50 2.71µg/ml), and MN-HAE (FRAP and TAC) exhibited highest antioxidant capacity. A significant correlation was obtained between TPC-DPPH+ (r2: 0.8187****). Furthermore, three APH with better antiradical potential was chosen for various in vitro and in silico method, for validating scientific antidiabetic propensities. Among the tested extracts, I-9-HAE (α-amylase inhibition: IC50 831.84µg/ml) and MN-HAE (α-glucosidase inhibition: IC50 558.64µg/ml and antiglycation: IC50 883.74µg/ml) have showed highest antihyperglycemic and antiglycation properties. Finally, the secondary-metabolites of selected APH were screened through literature search, Lipinski rule, ADMET, and ProTox-II. Subsequently, in molecular docking for the selected 9 secondary metabolites, highest binding affinity was observed in apigenin-7-glucuronide for DPPiv (- 9.6), GLP-1 (- 8.8), NADPH (- 8.7), and HSA (- 9.4). Thus, obtained result proposes synergistic interaction with high antioxidant potential of the selected 3-APH and can be considered an alternative for management of DM, where multiple secondary metabolites exert holistic biological effects. Furthermore, our study also provides data on sensitivity/capacity of different in vitro antioxidant assays.

The Influence of Red and Blue Light Ratios on Growth Performance, Secondary Metabolites, and Antioxidant Activities of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban

This study aimed to determine the optimal light conditions for the protected cultivation of Centella asiatica—a herbaceous medicinal plant with high bioactive content and antioxidant potential. The growth, triterpene glycoside content, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities of seedlings grown for five weeks under different light intensities (150 and 200 μmol m−2 s−1) and qualities (red and blue light ratios: 10:0, 8:2, and 6:4) were evaluated. Light intensity and quality significantly affected the studied parameters. At 150 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), most growth parameters decreased as the blue light ratio increased; however, the plants showed extreme epinasty under the sole red light treatment. Growth performance was highest under 20% blue light and 200 μmol m−2 s−1 PPFD. At both light intensities, the total triterpene glycoside content was higher for the sole red light and 20% blue light treatments than the 40% blue light treatment. Moreover, the TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity increased as the blue light ratio increased. In conclusion, artificial light conditions affect the growth and secondary metabolite production of C. asiatica differentially, and 20% blue light at a higher light intensity (200 μmol m−2 s−1) is optimum for growing C. asiatica.

Pharmacotherapeutic potential of astaxanthin: Human and animal targeting roles – A review

Abstract The recent pandemic stress and the impacts of climatic changes on humans’ and animals’ health status and well-being resulted in severe drawbacks. Initially, stress-induced oxidation resulting from the generation of free radicals led to the impairment of cellular function and a high possibility of attack with infection. Astaxanthin is a bioactive material derived from fish, crustaceans, and algae with high antioxidative potential. Astaxanthin is a lipid-soluble carotenoid that can easily cross through the cellular membrane layers to catch the reactive oxygen metabolites. Astaxanthin also has pigmentation properties making it suitable for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, agriculture, and aquaculture sectors. Recently, astaxanthin is suggested as a natural scavenger for free radicals induced by COVID-19. Besides, using astaxanthin as antioxidative and immunostimulant agents is well-reported in several clinical studies. The output of these investigations should be simplified and presented to the scientific community to utilize the available information and fill the gap of knowledge. Also, it is necessary to update the researchers with the recent recommendations of applying astaxanthin in vivo and in vitro to help in proposing new horizons for engaging natural antioxidative agents to protect human and animal health. Herein, this review article tackled the nature, sources, potential roles, applicable sides, and availability of astaxanthin to fortify the scientific community with the required knowledge for further research efforts.

Cinética de secagem em camada de espuma da polpa mista de jambolão e acerola

ABSTRACT Acerola and jambolan are fruits with several bioactive compounds of phenolic origin and a product made with these two raw materials appears to be a food with high antioxidant and nutraceutical potential. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the foam mat drying of the mixed pulp of jambolan and acerola. Mixed pulp formulations, containing 1.0% albumin with 0.5% xanthan gum (F1), 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (F2) and 0.5% guar gum (F3), were dehydrated at 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C, with foam mat thickness of 0.5 cm. The elevation of the drying temperature decreased the water content and dehydration time of the samples. Formulation F3 obtained the shortest drying times; all drying models resulted in good adjustments, especially Midilli. Formulation F3 obtained greater effective diffusivity; the activation energy was higher in the F1 combination. The samples with albumin-guar (F3) showed greater enthalpy and entropy and samples with albumin-xanthan gum (F1) showed the highest Gibbs free energy. Foam mat drying is an efficient way of preserving the jambolan and acerola mixed pulp.