High Adaptation Capability Research Articles

Introduction of varieties of чубушник (Philadelphus L.) selected by N.K. Vekhov in the Stavropol Botanical Garden

To create sustainable and long-lasting landscape gardening, gardeners need a wide range of ornamental plants, among which considerable importance is given to Philadelphus L. For recreational development of territories and enrichment of the assortment of ornamental plants in the zone of insufficient moisture, varieties with good xerothermal characteristics, high decorative qualities and adaptive capabilities are proposed.The biological and decorative features of seven varieties Philadelphus L. in the soil and climatic conditions of the Stavropol upland have been studied. Earlier and later periods of vegetation onset in different years are highlighted. The dates of the beginning and end of flowering have been set. The average duration of flowering was 18–23 days, the maximum was 25 days, the minimum was 16 days. The analysis of habitual indicators is carried out, the characteristic of the crown shape is given. The study of phytoentomological resistance has shown high resistance of these varieties to diseases and pests in local soil and climatic conditions. According to the results of the introduction variety study, seven varieties of Philadelphus L. with high decorative qualities and resistance to a complex of adverse environmental factors were proposed for mass use in decorative gardening in the Stavropol territory.

Study of regulation and adaptive capabilities of the cardiovascular system of young people with different levels of physical activity

The study of HRV of students indicates that regardless of the level of physical activity, young men had a more favorable type of regulation of the heart and high adaptive capabilities of the body. In students with a high level of physical activity, these differences are less pronounced.

Pancreatic cancer acquires resistance to MAPK pathway inhibition by clonal expansion and adaptive DNA hypermethylation

BackgroundPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. It is marked by extraordinary resistance to conventional therapies including chemotherapy and radiation, as well as to essentially all targeted therapies evaluated so far. More than 90% of PDAC cases harbor an activating KRAS mutation. As the most common KRAS variants in PDAC remain undruggable so far, it seemed promising to inhibit a downstream target in the MAPK pathway such as MEK1/2, but up to now preclinical and clinical evaluation of MEK inhibitors (MEKi) failed due to inherent and acquired resistance mechanisms. To gain insights into molecular changes during the formation of resistance to oncogenic MAPK pathway inhibition, we utilized short-term passaged primary tumor cells from ten PDACs of genetically engineered mice. We followed gain and loss of resistance upon MEKi exposure and withdrawal by longitudinal integrative analysis of whole genome sequencing, whole genome bisulfite sequencing, RNA-sequencing and mass spectrometry data.ResultsWe found that resistant cell populations under increasing MEKi treatment evolved by the expansion of a single clone but were not a direct consequence of known resistance-conferring mutations. Rather, resistant cells showed adaptive DNA hypermethylation of 209 and hypomethylation of 8 genomic sites, most of which overlap with regulatory elements known to be active in murine PDAC cells. Both DNA methylation changes and MEKi resistance were transient and reversible upon drug withdrawal. Furthermore, MEKi resistance could be reversed by DNA methyltransferase inhibition with remarkable sensitivity exclusively in the resistant cells.ConclusionOverall, the concept of acquired therapy resistance as a result of the expansion of a single cell clone with epigenetic plasticity sheds light on genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic patterns during evolvement of treatment resistance in a tumor with high adaptive capabilities and provides potential for reversion through epigenetic targeting.

Alien Algae Species Invasions in Humic Rivers within Weakly Human Impact Basin.

Increasing anthropogenic influence and climate change are leading to significant transformations in living conditions for indigenous representatives of aquatic communities. The problem of alien species invasions is actively discussed in the example of large rivers and water reservoirs, but medium and small rivers with weak anthropogenic influence have been insufficiently studied in this aspect. With the help of analysis of literary data and the results of our own long-term observations of phytoplankton using morphological and molecular genetic methods in some left-bank Volga tributaries, we identified six invasive species of different taxonomic groups of algae, with a predominance of diatoms. The relevance of using both traditional and modern approaches to identifying invasive algae species is revealed. Such invasive species as Thalassiosira incerta, T. faurii, Skeletonema subsalsum, Unruhdinium kevei, and Gonyostomum semen were part of planktonic communities; the benthic species Plagiotropis lepidoptera var. proboscidea sometimes reached a significant level of development (up 6 to 44% from total biomass) in plankton. It was demonstrated that some algae species have firmly taken the position of dominants and subdominants in planktonic algae communities. The expansion of alien representatives of microphytobenthos was noted in the Volga River basin for the first time. For Gonyostomum semen, its European origin was revealed, for plankton and benthic diatom-Ponto-Caspian. Our study showed that the processes of invasion and subsequent development of alien species take place in habitats with weak anthropogenic influence, which is likely determined by the hydrological, hydrochemical, and climatic changes in river basins and the high adaptive capabilities of invasive species.

MORPHOLOGICAL, AGRONOMIC, AND QUALITY PROPERTIES OF THE TWO DEVELOPED POPULATIONS OF ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) UNDER NON-IRRIGATED CONDITIONS OF SEMIARID REGIONS

Alfalfa is the most important crop in Turkey but there is no alfalfa cultivar developed for rainfed conditions under the semiarid regions in Turkey. For this reason, new cultivars are needed for using of rangeland improvement, artificial pasture establishment, and hay production. For this reason, the two alfalfa populations were developed by the mass selection method in the breeding project. These two advanced populations (L-533, and L-1739) were examined with the three control cultivars of alfalfa (Bilensoy-80, Savaş and Kayseri) for morphological, yield and quality traits in two various regions of Turkey in three experimental years. The present study results demonstrated that there were significant differences in terms of the plant height, but no differences in stem diameter, and stem number among the study genotypes. When evaluating all genotypes, the L-533 and Kayseri had the highest yield value, but the Savaş cultivar was the lowest. As compared to Bilensoy-80 cultivar, the L-533, and L-1739 populations gave higher at 22.27 and 11.57% in green forage yield; 18.30 and 10.13% in dry forage yields, respectively.
 In addition, statistically significant differences were found for ADF, NDF, and digestible dry matter yield among the study genotypes, except crude protein contents. Moreover, the highest crude protein content and digestible dry matter yield were obtained from the L-533 and L-1739, but the L-533 had also the lowest NDF content. The present study result showed that the L-533, and L-1739 had high adaptation capability, excellent yield, and good quality performance in dry conditions under semi-arid regions and could be used as commercial cultivars.

Merging Minds and Machines: The Role of Advancing AI in Robotics

The relentless pursuit of creating intelligent robotic systems has led to a symbiotic relationship between human inventiveness and artificial intelligence (AI). Artificial intelligence is a theory. It is the development of computer systems that are able to perform tasks that would require human intelligence. This abstract explores the pivotal role that AI plays in advancing the capabilities and applications of robotic systems. The integration of AI algorithms and machine learning techniques has launched robotics beyond mere automation, enabling machines to modify, alter, adjust, learn, and interact with the world in ways previously deemed science fiction. Design fictions that vividly imagines future scenarios of AI or robotics in use offer a means both to explain and query the technological possibilities. Examples of these tasks are visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages. The three key dimensions of AI’s role in robotics are Cognitive Augmentation, Human-Robot Collaboration, and Autonomous Intelligence. The abstract also discusses the societal implications of this AI-driven advancement in robotic systems, including ethical considerations, job market impacts, and the democratization of access to advanced technology. The convergence of human intellect and artificial intelligence in robotics marks a transformative era where machines become not just tools, but companions, collaborators, and cognitive extensions of human capabilities. Researchers are taking inspiration from the brain and considering alternative architectures in which networks of artificial neurons and synapses process information with high speed and adaptive learning capabilities in an energy-efficient, scalable manner. The indispensable role of AI in shaping the future of robotic systems and bridging the gap between human potential and machine capabilities is highlighted. The major impact of this synergy reverberates across industries, promising the world where robots become not just mechanical contraptions / defective apparatus but intelligent partners in our journey of progress.

Assessment of low-growing forms of apple clonal rootstocks in the conditions of the Orenburg region

In Russia, as in other countries, breeding work is being carried out to remove the weakest clonal apple rootstocks that are most resistant to adverse environmental factors. The study of the forms of clonal rootstocks of apple trees in irrigated conditions was carried out in 2021-2022 on the basis of the Orenburg branch of the Federal State Budgetary Research Center for Horticulture. The objects of research were the forms of clonal rootstocks of apple trees: OB 2-15, OB 2-24, OB 4-3, OB 2-14, OB 3-14, OB 3-11, OB 2-2, Volga 8, Volga 3, K-1, K-2, ARM-18, 76-23-2, 54 118, 58238, 64-143, Ural 1, Ural 3, Ural 5 No. 8, Ural 5 No. 10, Ural 11, Ural 11 KR. According to the results of the research, the forms of low-growing clonal rootstocks of apple trees OB 2-14, OB 3-14, OB 3-11 were distinguished, characterized by the following indicators: the yield of cuttings from the bush and the unit area (ha) of 2.7 pcs. and 48.1 thousand pcs./ha, 4.2 pcs. and 50.3 thousand pcs./ha, 3.9 pcs. and 50.6 thousand pcs./ha, respectively, with rooting up to 4.5 points. These forms have shown high adaptive capabilities in the extreme conditions of the steppe zone of the Orenburg region and are the starting material for laying intensive plantings.

A multiport hybrid DC circuit breaker with high economic efficiency and adaptive reclosing capability

In a high voltage direct current (HVDC) grid, hybrid DC circuit breakers (HCBs) are one of the effective solutions to interrupt fault currents. The conventional two-port HCB features high economic costs since the expensive insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are needed. Each line in the multiterminal HVDC grid must be equipped with the HCB, which is extremely costly to implement. In addition, the likelihood of temporary faults is considerably raised by the fact that the HVDC grid transfers power across overhead lines (OHLs). By reclosing operations after temporary faults, the HVDC grid can resume normal operation. However, it is vital to discern between temporary faults and permanent faults before reclosing operation to prevent secondary shocks to the HVDC grid caused by blindly reclosing on permanent faults. For the problems of high cost and blind reclosing of HCBs, this article proposes a multiport HCB (MHCB) with high economy and adaptive reclosing capability. All ports of the MHCB share a single main breaker (MB) for fault isolation. The MHCB utilizes the capacitor voltage to lower the operating voltage of the metal oxide varistor (MOV), which reduces the number of IGBTs connected together at both ends of the MOV. With the above design, the expense of the MHCB is significantly decreased. Additionally, the MHCB achieves adaptive reclosing by using the difference of current amplitudes in the capacitor branch under permanent and temporary faults.

Еvaluation of productivity and adaptability of coriander varieties under forest-steppe conditions of the middle Volga region

Coriander is a common essential oil crop and a source of a number of valuable products. Coriander is grown mainly for oil seeds (fruits) and spicy greens (cilantro). The article presents a comparative assessment of the productivity and adaptability of 14 varieties of coriander in the conditions of the Penza region (forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region). Over the years of research (2020-2022), the duration of the growing season of coriander was, on average for varieties, 89-109 days. Early ripening was noted in varieties Karibe, Borodinsky and Silach (89-92 days). The yield of coriander seeds ranged from 1.41 to 1.83 t/ha, with the maximum values in the Nectar and Santo varieties (1.75 and 1.83 t/ha), 0.15-0.42 t/ha higher other varieties (LSD05 = 0.11). The highest content of fatty oil was noted in the varieties Commander (20.09 %), Venera (19.58 %) and Santo (19.04 %). All varieties had a fairly high adaptive potential: the coefficient of adaptability ranged from 0.85 to 1.19, with the highest values in varieties Nectar (1.19), Santo (1.13) and Karibe (1.12). These varieties had the highest breeding value (1.32-1.42). According to the values of the indicator of the level of stability of the variety (19.09) and the stability index (13.66), the variety Karibe was characterized by the highest stability of the trait "yield". The analysis of the crop structure showed that the varieties Nectar (4.89 g) and Santo (5.49 g) were selected according to the productivity of one plant. The largest fruits were formed in varieties Taiga (10.26 g), Santo (10.94 g) and Karibe (10.85 g). According to the number of fruits in one umbel, 7 varieties are of the greatest interest, in which this indicator reached more than 40 pieces. The maximum number of umbel 21.6 and 22.6 was formed by varieties Nectar and Santo. Evaluation of coriander varieties showed their high adaptive capabilities in contrasting weather conditions of the Penza region.

Genetic Diversity of Listeria Detected in the Production Environment of Meat Processing.

The safety of food production as concerns Listeria is the key to the sanitary wellbeing of manufactured products. Molecular-genetic methods for the analysis of Listeria, including whole-genome sequencing, are effective in monitoring persistent contaminants and in the epidemic investigation of cases of foodborne infections. They have been adopted in the European Union, United States, and Canada. In Russia, multilocus and whole-genome sequencing has proven itself in the analysis of clinical food isolates and Listeria from the environment. The objective of the study was molecular-genetic characterization of Listeria detected in the industrial environment of meat processing. To characterize the Listeria isolates, microbiological methods were used according to GOST (State Standard) 32031-2012, as well as multilocus sequencing, including the analysis of seven housekeeping genes and four virulence genes, as well as whole-genome sequencing. In swabs that were positive for the presence of Listeria spp. taken at two meat-processing plants in Moscow, Listeria monocytogenes constituted 81% and L. welshimeri 19%. The predominant genotype (Sequence Type, ST) of L. monocytogenes was ST8. The variety was supplemented with ST321, ST121, and ST2330 (CC9 (Clonal Complex 9)). L. welshimeri, which prevailed in the second production, was represented by ST1050 and ST2331. The genomic characteristics of L. welshimeri isolates confirmed that they have high adaptive capabilities both as concerns production conditions (including resistance to disinfectants) and the metabolic peculiarities of the gastrointestinal tract of animals. L. monocytogenes CC9 and CC121 are also correlated with food production in other countries. However, L. monocytogenes CC8 and CC321 can cause invasive listeriosis. The concordance in the internalin profile of the ST8 isolates from the industrial environment with the clinical isolates ST8 and ST2096 (CC8) is a cause for concern. The study showed the effectiveness of molecular-genetic methods in determining the diversity of Listeria detected in the production environment of meat processing, and laid the foundation for monitoring of persistent contaminants.

Transcriptome analysis indicates the involvement of herbicide-responsive and plant-pathogen interaction pathways in the development of resistance to ACCase inhibitors in Apera spica-venti.

The continuous use of the herbicides contributes to the emergence of the resistant populations of numerous weed species that are tolerant to multiple herbicides with different modes of action (multiple resistance) which is provided by non-target-site resistance mechanisms. In this study, we addressed the question of rapid acquisition of herbicide resistance to pinoxaden (acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibitor) in Apera spica-venti, which endangers winter cereal crops and has high adaptation capabilities to inhabit many rural locations. To this end, de novo transcriptome of Apera spica-venti was assembled and RNA-sequencing analysis of plants resistant and susceptible to pinoxaden treated with this herbicide was performed. The obtained data showed that the prime candidate genes responsible for herbicide resistance were those encoding 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 12-like, UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT) including UGT75K6, UGT75E2, UGT83A1-like, and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) such as GSTU1 and GSTU6. Also, such highly accelerated herbicide resistance emergence may result from the enhanced constitutive expression of a wide range of genes involved in detoxification already before herbicide treatment and may also influence response to biotic stresses, which was assumed by the detection of expression changes in genes encoding defence-related proteins, including receptor kinase-like Xa21. Moreover, alterations in the expression of genes associated with methylation in non-treated herbicide-resistant populations were identified. The obtained results indicated genes that may be involved in herbicide resistance. Moreover, they provide valuable insight into the possible effect of resistance on the weed interaction with the other stresses by indicating pathways associated with both abiotic and biotic stresses. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Роль генов серотонинергической медиаторной системы в формировании регуляторно-адаптивных возможностей человека

The purpose of this article was to establish the role of polymorphisms of genes regulating serotonin metabolism in the formation of human regulatory and adaptive capabilities. Materials and methods. The research involved 89 students of Kuban State Medical University. Their adaptation level was assessed at the end of the academic year according to the index of regulatory and adaptive status (IRAS) using the cardiorespiratory synchronism test (V.M. Pokrovskiy) on the VNS-Mikro device (Neurosoft, Russia). In addition, a molecular genetic analysis was performed (by DNA isolation from the peripheral blood using the standard phenol–chloroform extraction method) to identify polymorphisms of genes involved in serotonin biosynthesis (tryptophan hydroxylase genes TPH1 and TPH2) and genes encoding serotonin receptors (HTR2C and HTR2A). Results. The subjects were divided into three groups: with high (52.8 % of students), satisfactory (34.8 %) and low (12.4 %) regulatory and adaptive capabilities. In the group with high regulatory and adaptive capabilities, the most common alleles and genotypes were the following: *C allele for the ТРН1 gene; *G allele and *G/*T genotype for the ТРН2 gene, *G allele and *G/*G genotype for the HTR2С gene, and *A/*G genotype for the HTR2A gene. Statistically significant differences in the frequency of the *A/*G heterozygous genotype for the G1438A marker of the HTR2А gene were found between the groups with high and satisfactory regulatory and adaptive capabilities as well as in the groups with high and low regulatory and adaptive capabilities. In both cases, the *A/*G heterozygous genotype prevailed in individuals with high regulatory and adaptive capabilities, whereas the *G/*G heterozygous genotype was only identified in the group with low regulatory and adaptive capabilities. Thus, medical students with high regulatory and adaptive capabilities had alleles and genotypes that provide high sensitivity of serotonin receptors and sufficient activity of its biosynthesis enzymes. The obtained data revealed a dependence between the regulatory and adaptive capabilities and the polymorphisms of genes involved in both biosynthesis and reception of serotonin in humans.

Accelerated adaptation of spring wheat to climate change necessary

Associated with global warming environmental changes lead to an increase in the frequency of extreme weather conditions, while the enormously hot weather observed during the last years led to enhanced grain yield variability in many countries, to a gross production decrease, and growing in the number of the hungry in the world. For these reasons, the reducing the crop production industry dependence on weather fluctuations has to become the main task for agricultural science that will become even more relevant if to take into account the further increase in the population (up to 9.73 billion by 2064) as it will require an additional increase in agricultural production by more than 30%. The analysis of weather conditions in Samara region over a 31-year period in the decade context indicates significant negative changes in temperature conditions and precipitation during the notional vegetation of early grain crops (May-August). The near future forecast according to the linear regression equations (1990-2020) confirms a further temperature background increase during the notional vegetation to 22.1 °С on average per decade (+3.0 °С to the long-term average data for the 1980s) and a precipitation reduction to 113.2 mm (-49.8 mm). However, despite the high adaptive capabilities of cultivated crops, we believe that today it is necessary to correct the current breeding programs for high potential productivity, paying special attention to the creation of varieties with high drought and heat resistance that will require the search for new sources and methods of their identification.

Genetically Modified Crop vs Hybrid Crops and their Impact on Health and Environment

Genetically modified crop (GMC) is a technology which includes transferring Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in plant cells. On the other hand, Hybrid Crops are naturally occurring crops but it also involves manmade crosses to have at least 15-20% higher yield potential over high yielding inbred crop varieties using almost the same level of inputs and also can perform better even under unfavourable environments like drought and saline condition. These days, hybrid crops are one of the most commonly consumed foods for humans. In line with this GM crops have high yield potential and adaptive capability under wide range of environments even under fragile ecosystems. There are different aspects of both these types of crops. Human consumption of these crops has been a highly debatable topic in recent times. In this study, a brief discussion on GM crops and hybrid crops will be presented. Additionally, a comparison between them, in terms of health and productivity, will also be discussed.

Pseudomonas fluorescens group bacteria as responsible for chromatic alteration on rabbit carcasses. Possible hygienic implications.

Bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas are ubiquitous and characterized by a high adaptation capability to different environmental conditions and wide range of temperatures. They may colonize food, sometimes causing alteration. Quite recently, a blue pigmentation due to Pseudomonas fluorescens has been widely reported in mozzarella cheese. In this report, we describe a blue coloration occurred on rabbit meat stored in the refrigeration cell of a slaughterhouse. The alteration was observed after about 72 hours of storage at 4-6°C. Bacteriological analyses were performed, and a microorganism included in the Pseudomonas fluorescens group was identified. The experimental contamination was planned, using a bacterial suspension with 1×108 UFC/ml load to spread on rabbit carcasses. The blue pigmentation appeared after 24 hours of storage in a cell with the same conditions of temperature. The bacterium was reisolated and identified as responsible for the alteration on meat. These findings highlight the importance of considering the members of the genus Pseudomonas and, more specifically, of the P. fluorescens group when the microbiological quality of food is to be ascertained. In fact, even if these bacteria are not considered a public health problem, their presence should be monitored by food industry operators in self-control plans because they may cause alteration in food. In fact, any altered product should be withdrawn from the market in agreement with Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council.

Quality of life and mental health in emerging adults with cerebral palsy compared to the general population

BackgroundWhile evidence concerning Quality of Life (QoL) in youth with cerebral palsy (CP) in comparison to the general population has been accumulating, there is a lack of studies exploring differences on a wider range of positive and negative mental health outcomes in emerging adults.MethodsThis binational case control study is part of the SPARCLE cohort study on QoL and participation of youth with CP. QoL (WHOQOL-BREF), depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7) and self-efficacy (GSE) were assessed in 198 emerging adults with CP and 593 emerging adults from the general population, matched for country of residence, age and gender. ANCOVAs with impairment and pain as covariates were run.ResultsSimilar levels of QoL were found in both samples, except for the environmental domain, with better QoL for emerging adults with CP compared to the general population. There were significant descriptive differences regarding depression with worse levels in the CP sample, however, also worse levels of self-efficacy. Pain as a covariate had a significant negative impact on all measures, leading to poorer self-efficacy while worsening depression and anxiety; impairment had a significant worsening impact on physical QoL and self-efficacy only.ConclusionSimilar expressions of mental health outcomes in emerging adults with CP and the general population indicate the high adaptive capability of emerging adults with CP.

LOGGING CRAFTS OF UDMURT PEASANTS IN VYATKA PROVINCE DURING THE MODERNIZATION PERIOD (SECOND HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY)

The article considers logging crafts of Udmurt peasants of Vyatka province as an independent type of craft activity in interaction with other elements of the peasant economy in the second half of the 19th century. Logging and wood-chopping trades were the most attractive for Udmurt peasants, because of their proximity to the familiar world, sacred ideas about spatial differentiation, ethnic and linguistic comfort. Therefore, they were the most traditional and massive for the peasantry of Udmurtia. The analysis of their development in the Russian modernization dynamics of the second half of the 19 century allows us to answer the questions of the coexistence of traditions and innovations in the Russian province. The dominant influence of the natural factor on the territorial division of labor, the choice of one or another type of non-agricultural occupations of the population is shown. The unique combination of huge woodlands and a dense network of floating rivers with access to the Kama and Vyatka determined not only the preservation of logging and wood-cutting industries in the second half of the 19 century, but also the growth of wood production. The constant growth of the market demand for wood, combined with the preserved methods of logging and timber transportation, showed the high adaptive capabilities of these traditional crafts during the studied period. The abolition of serfdom, the elimination of the institution of indispensable workers, the active penetration of market mechanisms into traditional foundations laid the grounds for the process of gradual transformation of logging into one of the elements of the emerging capitalist economy.

Coping and adaptation of adults with cancer: the art of nursing care

Objective: To determine the coping and adaptive capabilities in patients with cancer undergoing treatment. Methodology: This was a quantitative and descriptive cross-sectional study; the sample consisted of 100 patients with a cancer diagnosis who received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy treatment between June and August 2019, meeting the inclusion criteria. The Coping and Adaptation Processing Scale (CAPS) was used. Results: 53 % of the patients participating in the study presented high coping and adaptive capabilities; 40 % presented medium capabilities, and 7 % presented low capabilities. Conclusion: Continuous follow-up is extremely important throughout the disease process; having a romantic partner becomes a protective factor since patients feel heard and cared for, which motivates them to follow through with the treatment. In the nursing field, knowing the experience of those who live with an illness allows for transcending and impacting care by providing holistic attention to patients.

Omega-3-fatty acids from algae for health benefits

Algal biotechnology grew progressively into a widespread industry with escalating statistics of entrepreneurial inventions endeavoring the utilization of its biochemical assortment for a broad range of applications in the recent past. They find their application in various industries such as the pharma and nutraceutical industries that use high-value biologically active ingredients such as omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and other significant products. The algal growth metabolism is attractive to the eyes of researchers because of their potential to undergo photosynthesis alike the plants and unlike other microorganisms. They have a high adaptive capability, which helps them endure extreme environments such as temperature, salinity, pH, and photoperiod. Since they are photosynthetic organisms, they can harness their energy easily from CO2 and sunlight. In a biorefinery concept, omega-3 fatty acids extracted from microalgae are extensively applied in the field of nutrition and thus paving the way for the development of a cost-effective microalgal bio-refinery. Furthermore, the production of a high-value product, such as omega-3 from microalgae, will help promote the establishment of the microalgal industry for entrepreneurs. This article reviews the importance of omega 3 fatty acids, challenges in microalgal ω-3 fatty acids extraction, Lipid extraction methods used and their significance, and more feasible, yet, lucrative techniques for extraction in the current scenario.

Molecular and morphological evidence for the presence of a non-native oyster (genus Crassostrea) in the Persian Gulf

Oysters are widespread throughout the intertidal regions, and accurate identification and monitoring of their ecological status are still difficult due to their high level of plasticity. Anthropogenic activities facilitate oyster dispersal to new habitats through the shipping and elimination of existing barriers. In this study, a combination of morphological and molecular techniques was used to clarify the identity of an oyster species occurring along the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf. Specimens were collected from the jetties of the ports and the rocky shores along the northern Persian Gulf. Oyster identification was carried out to the lowest possible taxonomic level based on shell morphology. The phylogenetic analysis was done using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) fragments. Morphological results confirmed that studied samples belong to the genus Crassostrea and showed close to the Vietnamese (Crassostrea markushuberi) species. Molecular analysis reveals that species are a sister species to a clade containing Crassostrea zhanjiangensis and Crassostrea talonata. According to the relatively high genetic distances and lack of similarity in shell characteristics, the species is considered as distant sister species of C. zhanjiangensis and C. talonata. The results showed a non-native small size of oyster in the northern Persian Gulf, which might be a new species. The relative abundance of this species in the introduced location (Imam Khomeini port) may be linked to the high adaptation capability to the new environment.