Hidden Faults Research Articles

Hidden Faults: Recognizing and Resolving Therapeutic Disjunctions

STEVEN A. FRANKEL: Hidden Faults: Recognizing and Resolving Therapeutic Disjunctions. Madison, CT: Psychosocial Press, 2000, 212 pp., $35.00, ISBN 1-887841-37-7. Asymmetries and disjunctions exist inherently in all human relationships, in varying degrees. After all, each human being, like a snowflake, is exquisitely unique and, therefore, perfect interpersonal attunement tends to be an illusory ideal that is achieved, at best, on a transient and somewhat precarious basis. The author of this book, a psychoanalyst in private practice, devotes his thoughts and theories to the task of identifying and resolving the fissures, impasses, and stalemates that ineluctably arise in therapy when patient and therapist fail to understand and empathize with one another. Frankel dynamically examines the sources of therapeutic disjunctions by using a descriptive model he calls the self and object unit model, A central tenet of this model is its recognition of the basic human striving for affiliation. As patient and therapist enter an intimately connected affiliation, they are encumbered by many personalities or selves (i.e., introjects from the past) and thus they must simultaneously contend, often on an unconscious level, with intense and complex feelings, affects, memories and fantasies that blur their perception and understanding of the other. Disjunctions in the therapeutic relationship, as Frankel points out, can be recognized by several distinguishing trends: the therapeutic process becomes superficial, bogs down, or lapses into confusion; a contentiousness arises in the therapeutic relationship; the therapist begins to feel alienated from the patient; or, patient and therapist have colluded in a conflict with the outside world to the detriment of the patient. Obviously, such trends, once they gain momentum, serve to impede and undermine the progress of the treatment. Although acknowledging and facing a serious disjunction between the patient and therapist can be a daunting prospect for both principals, Frankel is optimistic about the challenge, providing certain conditions are met. First, therapists must accept and tolerate, with genuine humility, their own cognitive and affective states of not knowing, using them as catalysts for essential inquiries into the emotional lives of their patients, as well as generative opportunities to learn and grow as therapists. In order to pursue the quest for greater therapeutic understanding the therapist first establishes what Frankel calls the facilitating relationship, therapeutic activity that largely furthers the patient's needs and the therapy itself. As rapport and trust develop, the therapist then can shift to a more analytic stance, forming with the patient an analyzing relationship, which might be viewed, as Frankel states, as the equivalent of the observing ego that provides a liberating sense of clarity and mastery. Safeguarding this process, Frankel reminds us, is the vigilance of the patient and the therapist alike who are seeking to mend disjunctions to the best of their abilities, sometimes augmented by the services of an outside consultant who can more objectively assist in the reparative endeavor. Naturally, therapists should not be relying upon their patients to conduct the therapy or be the primary agents of the reparative work, but, as Frankel correctly states, patients will often assume that arduous task anyway, often quite effectively and creatively, to the relief and dismay of their therapists. In this respect the patient becomes, at least during the disjunctive interlude, therapist to the therapist. …

Isotopic geochemistry of the groundwater system in arid and semiarid areas and its significance: a case study in Shiyang River basin, Gansu province, northwest China

Shiyang River basin, located in the eastern part of Hexi Corridor in the middle Gansu province, NW China, is a typical arid to semiarid area. Within its drainage distance of merely 300 km, the groundwater system shows a gradual hydrochemical zonation from the upper reach to the lower reach, which is composed of hydrocarbonate, sulfate to chloride zones respectively. Variation in the saturation index (SI) of calcite and dolomite shows that, under arid to semiarid conditions, the drastic evaporation causes the groundwater quality to deteriorate in the lower reach. Isotopic compositions of H, O and He in the groundwater show that the groundwater recharge sources are mainly from meteoric water. δ3He–3He/20Ne coordinates could clearly distinguish the water sources and mixing among them. In the Caiqi region, there is apparent mixing of the crevice water containing excess 4He with the overlying groundwater, which also implies a much lower circulation rate of the groundwater. Fairly high 3He/4He ratios of the groundwaters collected from the adjacent area of hidden faults along Qilian Mountains show the eminent input of mantle-derived helium, indicating that these faults not only cut the crust deeply, but are currently active.

Flash flood and debris flow in the Harihara River, Kyushu, Japan

The flash flood and debris flow after a heavy rainfall wiped out a village of southern Japan on the tragic midnight of 10 July 1997, and a great loss of property and lives took place in this ill-fated incident. After the heavy rainfall, the debris flow induced by a sudden flash flood took 21 lives in Southern Kyushu. Detailed field investigation, in situ survey, electrical survey, and hydrogeological analyses were conducted to find out the triggering factors of the disaster.
 The main factors of this disaster were a hidden fault and the perched groundwater. Moving soil mass downhill into the agricultural pond had triggered the flash flood. The details of sequential disaster events as perceived from the observation and analyses are presented in this paper.

Combined AOI/AXI inspection system recognises both visible and hidden faults on circuit boards

Combined AOI/AXI inspection system recognises both visible and hidden faults on circuit boards

干渉SARによって得られた地表変位の勾配解析による1995年兵庫県南部地震の地表断層位置推定

The 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake in Japan caused large crustal deformation, however, only a few exposed faults have been identified by ground survey and detailed positions of the earthquake faults have not been mapped. The displacement field on the surface associated with the earthquake was mapped by a satellite radar interferometry image. The Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferogram generally shows elastic motion caused by the main earthquake but many discontinuities of the fault displacements are found, the latter of which can be most easily visualized in the surface displacement gradient. During the earthquake a concentration of damage, so-called damage belt, was observed. Though we found displacements probably caused by hidden faults just under the damage belt, the hidden faults were shorter in length and their displacements were smaller than those of the known faults running along the northern edge of the damage belt. However, strong seismic vibration was observed just on the small faults found in surrounding area of the main faults. Accordingly there is some possibility that the hidden small faults accelerated the main seismic vibration.

Geochemical investigations applied to active fault detection in a volcanic area: the North‐East Rift on Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy)

Geochemical investigations were performed on the Northeast Rift of Mt. Etna, a prominent volcanic structure of this volcano. Low‐temperature fumaroles were found on the upper part of this area and the isotopic compositions of C(CO2) and He suggest a likely magmatic origin of the emitted gases. On the contrary, very low degassing was found in the lower part of the NE‐Rift, with CO2 concentrations generally very close to those in air. This pattern is probably due to sealing of the eruptive fissures by the repeated injections of magma solidified into dikes and by consequent shallow hydrothermal alteration of the fissured rocks due to residual magma degassing. High soil CO2 concentrations were also found in an elongated area parallel to the NE‐Rift and located immediately to the east of it. The geometry of these anomalies suggests the existence of several hidden faults, sub‐parallel to the NE‐Rift and likely connected to the Pernicana fault system. This latter structure seems to merge with the NE‐Rift at the altitude where the fumarole emissions are located. The hidden structures, together with the Pernicana system and the NE‐Rift, represent the western and northern boundaries of a large eastward collapsing sector of Mt. Etna.

Earthquake surface faulting at Mount Etna volcano (Sicily) and implications for active tectonics

Recognition of active faults and assessment of their kinematics constrain thedeformative model of an area. Thus, observations on coseismic faulting at Etna can provideeffective evidence on ongoing tectonics and fault activity. The present study has allowed therecognition of surface ruptures for a large number of earthquakes (50) that have occurred since1818 by means of a careful search and re-examination of historical sources and recent data.Analysis of surface faulting has provided a clearer relationship between seismicity and mappedstructures, and also a better definition of the volcanos tectonic framework through theidentification of previously unknown, hidden faults. Critical interpretation of data and ad hoc field investigations also allowed the verification of kinematics, slip per event, length ofrupture, and the geometry of seismogenic segments providing new data for seismic hazardassessment. © 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

A gamma-ray approach for hidden faults in the disaster zone of 1995 Kobe earthquake

Gamma-ray intensities were measured of the ground on an eastern part of the Kobe urban area, where a strong earthquake occurred in January 1995 killing 6000 people, in order to investigate hidden faults and its relation to the damage of constructions. Several linear alignments of relatively high γ-ray intensity points were detected and at least some of them are considered to be ascribed to small-scale faults. It can be pointed out that the localities of such high γ-ray alignments are almost in accordance with those of relatively highly damaged zones. However, a long and distinct high γ-ray alignment as expected for a large fault which runs through the heavy damage belt does not exist beneath the area, supporting non-fault origin for the overall heavy damage belt.

Seismic source study of the Racha-Dzhava (Georgia) earthquake from aftershocks and broad-band teleseismic body-wave records: an example of active nappe tectonics

SUMMARY The Racha-Dzhava earthquake (Ms= 7.0) that occurred on 1991 April 29 at O9 : 12: 48.1 GMT in the southern border of the Great Caucasus is the biggest event ever recorded in the region, stronger than the Spitak earthquake (Ms=6.9) of 1988. A field expedition to the epicentral area was organised and a temporary seismic network of 37 stations was deployed to record the aftershock activity. A very precise image of the aftershock distribution is obtained, showing an elongated cloud oriented N105, with one branch trending N310 in the western part. The southernmost part extends over 80 km, with the depth ranging from O to 15 km, and dips north. The northern branch, which is about 30 km long, shows activity that ranges in depth from 5 to 15 km. The complex thrust dips northwards. A stress-tensor inversion from P-wave first-motion polarities shows a state of triaxial compression, with the major principal axis oriented roughly N-S, the minor principal axis being vertical. Body-waveform inversion of teleseismic seismograms was performed for the main shock, which can be divided into four subevents with a total rupture-time duration of 22s. The most important part of the seismic moment was released by a gentle northerly dipping thrust. The model is consistent with the compressive tectonics of the region and is in agreement with the aftershock distribution and the stress tensor deduced from the aftershocks. The focal mechanisms of the three largest aftershocks were also inverted from body-wave records. The April 29th (Ms=6.1) and May 5th (Ms= 5.4) aftershocks have thrust mechanisms on roughly E-W-oriented planes, similar to the main shock. Surprisingly, the June 15th (Ms = 6.2) aftershock shows a thrust fault striking N-S. This mechanism is explai'ned by the structural control of the rupture along the eastdipping geometry of the Dzirula Massif close to the Borzhomi-Kazbeg strike-slip fault. In fact, the orientation and shape of the stress tensor produce a thrust on a N-S oriented plane. Nappe tectonics has been identified as an important feature in the Caucasus, and the source mechanism is consistent with this observation. A hidden fault is present below the nappe, and no large surface breaks were observed due to the main shock. The epicentral region is characterized by sediments that are trapped between two crystalline basements: the Dzirula Massif, which crops out south of Chiatoura, and the Caucasus Main Range north of Oni. Most, if not all, of the rupture is controlled by the thrusting of overlapping, deformed and folded sediments over the Dzirula Massif. This event is another example of blind active faults, with the distinctive feature that the fault plane dips at a gentle angle. The Racha Range is one of the surface expressions of this blind thrust, and its growtb is the consequence and evidence of similar earthquakes in the past. II 5

Two-Dimensional Analysis of Gravity Anomaly across the Rokko Fault System.

We carried out dense gravity measurements with the Fast Static GPS positioning along five survey lines across the Rokko fault system. We calculated the Bouguer anomaly to estimate the underground structure relevant to the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. We applied the two-dimensional Talwani's method to the modeling, assuming that the density structure is similar for all the five survey lines. All the Bouguer anomaly profiles are characterized by flat areas on the Rokko Mountains and Kobe Plain, with steep gradient between them. The gradient is most likely due to the fault scarps between the Rokko granite and the sedimentary layer of the Osaka and Kobe groups. It also indicates that the faults are vertical or reverse ones, at least just below their surface traces. This finding is consistent with the tectonic background of the Rokko Mountains that have upheaved under the east-west compression in the Quaternary. Moreover, we found the southwestward extension of the Koyo Fault underneath the sedimentary layer. The extension runs on the edge of the earthquake disaster zone. We inferred that the thickness of the sedimentary layer is 1-2 km near the sea, decreasing gradually toward the mountain side. The wedge-like structure and the hidden fault under the Kobe Plain may have served as a focusing lens of seismic rays during the earthquake.

Precariously balanced rocks and seismic risk

Groups of precariously balanced rocks are effectively low-resolution strong-motion seismoscopes that have been operating on solid rock outcrops for long periods of time. Zones of precarious rocks are direct evidence that no strong ground accelerations have occurred in the zone for thousands of years. They thus provide important information about seismic risk and have the potential of providing constraints on strong ground motion attenuation from great earthquakes, as well as constraining the probabilities of large earthquakes on possible hidden faults, and on mapped faults of unknown activity. The results will have important implications for seismic zonation and for siting of sensitive structures such as hospitals and power plants.

Optimal testing policy for a computer system with fault margin

Abstract The periodic testing policy is considered, for a computer system which fails when the total number of hidden faults exceeds a threshold level N of tolerence. Periodic tests are scheduled at times kT(k = 1,2,[tdot]) to detect hidden faults. A fault occurs according to a non-homogeneous Poisson processes. When the ith fault occurs at age Si < T, (i) it causes a system failure with probability p1(Si), (ii) it becomes a hidden fault with probability p2(Si) and is accumulated, or (iii) it is removed with probability p3(Si). The expected cost rate is derived. The aim of the paper is to find the optimal T which minimizes the expected cost rate per unit time of the policy. Various special cases are considered.

Study of dislocation model and evolution characteristics of vertical deformation field of gongheM S=6.9 earthquake

The preliminary research results of vertical deformation dislocation model of GongheM S =6.9 earthquake show that, the causative structure is a hidden fault with strike N60°W, dipping S47°W, which lies near the current subsidence center of Gonghe basin. The rupture length and width are 30km and 14km, the upper and lower bound depth of the fault in width direction are 3km and 17km respectively. The maximum coseismic and preseismic vertical deformation of GongheM S =6.9 earthquake are 247mm and about 100mm. The reasons why there existed rapid postseismic uplift are also given a tentative discussion.

Optimal testing policy for a computer system with fault margin

Abstract This paper considers the periodic testing policy for a computer system, which fails when the total number of hidden faults exceeds a threshold level N of tolerance. A fault occurs at a non-homogeneous Poisson process, and (i) becomes a system failure with probability p1, (ii) becomes a hidden fault with probability p2 and is accumulated, or (iii) is removed with probability p3. Periodic tests are scheduled at times kT ( k = 1,2,… ) to detect hidden faults. The expected cost rate is derived and an optimal time T∗ to minimize it is discussed. A numerical example shows that T∗ depends little on p1.

Trend analysis and its tectonic implications using digital bathymetric data

Abstract Quantitative and objective trend analysis of bottom topography in order to detect the tectonic structures has become available by use of the processed Seabeam data. The following two procedures of trend analysis are introduced. (1) Edge detection procedures in digital image processing are applicable to the analysis of topography for extraction of the lineament of tectonic structures and prediction of the existence of faults based on the digital bathymetric data. (2) Automatic calculation of water flow using the topographic grid data is used for estimation of not only water flow pattern and volume but also the construction of the ridge or trough axis by calculating the accumulated water volume. This method was also applied to the Seabeam bathymetric data. This is quite useful for detection of offset structures and hidden faults. These two methods are applied to the topographic data obtained in the North Fiji Basin, which is characterized by active spreading ridges. The regional tectonic structure ...

Optimal testing policy for a computer system with intermittent faults

Abstract A computer system with intermittent faults fails with probability p when it is used in hidden faults. Periodic tests are scheduled at times kT(k = 1, 2,…) to detect a hidden fault. The mean time, the expected number of tests and the expected cost until detection of a fault or system failure are derived, using the theory of Markov renewal processes. An optimal testing time T ∗ to minimize the expected cost is discussed. A finite T ∗ is given by a unique solution of an equation.

近畿地方北西部地域の活構造 (4)

Geological, geophysical and hydrogical surveys were carried out in the westward extended area of the Yamada fault. The Yamada fault is well known as a seismic fault occurred at Tango earthquake (March 7, 1927: M 7.5) as well as that of the Go-mura fault. From geological and hydrogical surveys, some remarkable outcrops, topographical evidences and mineral springs which show the existence of the fault were found in the surveyed area, especially Izushi-Cho, Hyogo Prefecture. The hidden fault was traced by gamma-ray and ELF-MT soundings. Gamma-ray intensity was measured at three sites at Izushi-Cho. Resistivity surveys by a ELF-MT method were conducted in the two sites. The spatial distribution of the obtained gamma-ray intensities and apparent resistivities reveals the existence of high intensity and low resistivity belts along the fault which was inferred form the other surveys. These belts have a width more than 1km in a direction of N70-80°E and a width of some hundred meters in a direction of N70°W.The results of these surveys show that this fault system was followed from the Yamada fault to the west of Izushi-Cho. This fault system bounds this region into two blocks, as Hokutan and Maizuru blocks.

The Use of the Non-Contacting Temperature Measuring Techniques in the Early Detection of Hidden Faults in Electronic Components

One of the reasons for a reduction of production quality is the so-called ‘hidden faults’, i.e. defects which will not be detected by the available testing equipment in spite of measures for ensuring a good quality. These testing methods, which are mostly electrical, can be supplemented in a suitable way by non-contacting temperature measuring techniques, since the variation of temperature as a function of operating conditions and environment constitutes one of the most important problems in the design of electronic components and sub-assemblies, and of their reliability.In this paper a relation is presented between a qualitative diagnostic model, reserve stability and other characteristics, on the one hand, and the permissible thermal energy that can be radiated, on the other hand, which facilitates the detection of hidden faults.

Duration of Hidden Faults in Randomly Checked Systems

The pdf of the duration of hidden (non self-reporting) faults is derived. It depends on the pdf of item's life and the pdf of the distance between checks.

On the Mean Duration of Hidden Faults in Periodically Checked Systems

One occasionally assumes that the mean duration of a hidden, i.e., not immediately self-reporting, fault is approximately half the time between consecutive checks. The precision of this approximation is investigated.