HFSS Simulation Research Articles

A split ring resonator slot based fabricated crescent microstrip patch antennas for UWB wireless system applications

This paper clarifies significant bandwidth and optimum gain for a split ring resonator slot based fabricated microstrip patch antenna for ultra wide band (UWB) wireless telecommunication system applications. The antenna has a circular slot partially cut into a circular patch and radiates in the UWB frequency range. The design system features a steady radiation pattern and an impedance bandwidth of 3.3 to 10.96 GHz. The proposed UWB notch antenna is at 4.6 GHz, 7.29 GHz, and 9.36 GHz, with an impedance bandwidth of 3.3 to 10.96 GHz. The UWB notch antenna offers linear phase response and a group delay of fewer than 1 ns. It is practical for UWB applications due to less group delay and stable radiation patterns. FR4 material with a 4.4 relative permittivity. The reported antenna is measured following the manufacturing of the prototype design using HFSS simulations. The suggested fabricated antenna minimizes return loss. The findings demonstrate that when combined with VSWR 2, the reflection coefficient covers the band ranges from 3.3-10.96 GHz.

A circularly polarized graphene based wideband 1 × 2 array antenna for terahertz spectrum applications

A graphene-based 1 × 2 array antenna with circular polarization for terahertz applications is prescribed in this article. Initially, a novel concept of a folded quarter wave impedance transformer is utilized in the design process of a single element for minimizing the overall antenna size. The opposite corners of the patches have been truncated and structural modifications are performed with the insertion of four flower-shaped slots along with an additional circular slot for achieving a much-improved reflection coefficient and better impedance bandwidth. It also shows a much wider 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth, confirming circular polarization due to the suggested modifications in its geometry. Then, an array antenna has been formed to provide better gain. The configured patches are fed by a magic-T power divider to attain the required impedance matching. The results of the CP antenna array have been analyzed using the HFSS and CST simulators. The propounded 1 × 2 array antenna shows circular polarization with a 3 dB AR bandwidth of 205 GHz (2.345–2.55 THz) and wide spectral coverage of 210 GHz (2.345 − 2.555 THz) along with a maximum gain of 8.65 dB and 99.8 % radiation efficiency with a total size of 53.5 × 102 × 1.56 μm3. It could be utilized for high-speed data transmission, material characterization, terahertz spectroscopy, terahertz imaging, etc. applications.

Multilayer multiband hybrid fractal antenna for public safety and 5G Sub-6 GHz bands

In this work, a multiband hybrid fractal antenna is developed for public safety and 5G Sub-6 GHz bands. Proposed antenna design is designed, analyzed, and optimized using HFSS simulator. Radiating element of the proposed antenna consists of Hybrid Fractal shape which is designed using Koch and Hilbert curve fractal geometry. Hybrid Fractal Antenna (HFA) is designed on a Multilayer FR4 substrate which has an overall size of 0.22 × 0.47 × 0.044 ƛ3. Parametric analysis of the proposed design is done to get the optimum results. Proposed HFA resonates at 2.64 GHz (2.34–2.80 GHz), 3.87, 4.54, 5.02, 5.35 GHz (3.73–5.55 GHz), and 6.42 GHz (5.70–6.72 GHz) with a gain of 4.2, 0.9, 2.9, 3.3, 4.6, and 3.7 dBi respectively. The proposed HFA is useful for 5G bands such as: N7 band, N38 band, N40 band, N41 band, N47 band, N53 band, N79 band, N90 band and N93 band, and also useful for public safety band (4.9 GHz). Prototype of the proposed HFA is fabricated and tested in lab for the verification of simulated results. The results show good performance in terms of reflection coefficient, gain, and bandwidth. Measured results are in good agreement with the simulated results.

A wideband polarization diversified MIMO antenna with improved isolation using machine learning optimized metasurface absorber

This communication presents a model and optimization of a dual-sense circularly polarized (RHCP/LHCP) 2-port MIMO antenna with increased isolation. The antenna operates in a broad frequency range of 1.76–4.0 GHz and is loaded with a metasurface. It has dimensions of 98.5 × 39 mm2 and an edge-to-edge distance of 55.5 mm. The MIMO antenna is created by replicating a single unit and placing it in a mirrored configuration around the y-axis. The dimensions of the unit antenna are 40 × 39 × 0.8 mm3 and it is printed on a substrate made of FR4 with a thickness of 0.8 mm. The substrate has a relative permittivity (ε r) of 4.4 and a loss tangent (tanδ) of 0.02. The isolation between the ports may be enhanced by including a metasurface absorber, increasing from 12 dB to 23 dB. To verify the wideband and CP properties, we examine the MIMO antenna unit element for its reflection coefficient, peak gain (4.2 dB), radiation efficiency (about 90%), axial ratio, and surface current distribution. Machine learning is used to improve the design of metasurface unit cells to achieve optimum absorption. The Envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), Diversity gain (DG), and Channel capacity loss (CCL) of the proposed metasurface absorber-enabled antenna are simulated and calculated to prove its MIMO identity. The HFSS simulations are consistent with the experimental results obtained from the developed model.

Design and preparation of L-band multilayer low-group delay filter based on inner sputtering

Article propose a design for an L-band multi-layer MEMS cross-finger filter based on pore interior wall sputtering. Article analyze the structural parameters, such as resonator thickness and TSV structure, using HFSS simulation software. Findings indicate that the filter has a central frequency of 1.5 GHz, a bandwidth of 140 MHz, a band loss of less than 1 dB, return loss is greater than 25 dB, and a band group delay of less than 800 ps. Furthermore, Article conduct process design optimization and finished product testing for the filter, including optimizing the TSV process for the hole inner wall sputtering process. These results demonstrate the filter's broad application prospects.

Generative Model for Dual-Band Filters Based on Modified Complementary Split-Ring Resonators

This article presents a generative model for the inverse design of dual-band filters based on a type of modified complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR). It consists of a series of convolutional neural networks that incorporate the conditional deep convolutional generative adversarial network (GAN) technique. The filters are designed by etching the modified CSRRs on the surface of substrate-integrated waveguides. This design allows us to achieve two passbands with a compact size. In this GAN-based generative model, the CSRRs are represented as two-dimensional matrices. Each matrix corresponds to a training sample of the designed filter, and its S-parameters are extracted through an HFSS simulation. Both the matrices and the S-parameters are fed into the model as the training datasets. Different CSRRs with various sizes are employed for a wider applicable frequency band. Normalized matrices and normalized S-parameters are utilized to simplify the complex generative model resulting from the variations in CSRR sizes. The effectiveness of the generative model is validated through four design examples of dual-band filters, with their center frequencies located within 5 to 18 GHz. The inference time for each design is approximately 18.5 min. The measurement results of the fabricated filters are in good agreement with the simulation ones.

High Gain Defected Slots 3D Antenna Structure for Millimeter Applications

The antenna is designed as a 3D structure and is made from a conductible cylindrical antenna cone. The cone structure is realized using etching of elliptical slot array on the antenna. We use a conductible circular reflector under the proposed cone and increase the gain of the antenna. The proposed antenna provides effective bandwidth from 1GHz to 30GHz, but the gain of the proposed antenna is varying between 3dBi and 15dBi in the frequency band we are interested in. Geometrical details of the antenna are optimized numerically using parametric study using CST MWS Software Package. Once the optimal design is arrived at, the results are validated with another software package using HFSS Simulation Technology. The obtained results from both software packages agree very well.

UWB-MIMO 4-Port Fractal Antenna with Reduced Mutual Coupling

Abstract: UWB MIMO antenna loaded structure Mutual coupling between the four radiating elements is obtained to be less than - 25 db. The patterns of radiation are stable over the operating range and a peak gain of 4.5 dB is obtained at 7.5GHz and Return loss is obtained less than 10dB. Simulation is conducted using HFSS simulation tool and printed on a 30 X 30 X 1.6 mm3 FR4 material. 4 linear SRR structures are used between adjacent elements to ensure good isolation. MIMO antenna with grounded stubs and fractal geometry are used to improve isolation and to achieve wide band phenomena. UWB-MIMO antenna using to achieve better isolation. The UWB MIMO 4-port fractal antenna combines the characteristics of ultra-wideband operation, multiple input multiple output capability, four-port configuration for simultaneous data streams, and a fractal antenna design for wide bandwidth and compact size. This makes it suitable for high-speed, reliable communication in applications requiring UWB technology, such as high-speed data transfer, localization, and radar systems. By integrating a copper rectangular plane between ports, interference and crosstalk are minimized, enhancing the antenna's capability to handle multiple input and output signals efficiently. This innovative design approach not only improves isolation but also contributes to the antenna's overall effectiveness in various communication applications.

Ring Resonator Measurement: Characterizing High Dielectric Constant Materials for the Fourth Industrial Revolution

This study introduces a ring resonator measurement technique targeting high dielectric constant materials. Operating within a frequency range of 0.1 GHz to 5 GHz, the resonator utilizes FR4 substrate and copper conductor. A significant departure from existing methods involves employing a silver-coated ring directly on the sample, mitigating Wheeler's gap issue induced by airgaps across material layers. Furthermore, the research reveals that as dielectric constants increase, microstrip line impedance drastically falls below 25 ohms, potentially leading to inaccurate loss tangent determinations. This paper focuses solely on HFSS simulations to demonstrate the method's feasibility. The proposed technique offers promising prospects for accurately characterizing high dielectric constant materials, thereby facilitating advancements in various applications, particularly within the Fourth Industrial Revolution framework- 5G and 6G technologies.

DESIGNING G-SHAPED MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR 5G APPLICATION

This paper presents the design and simulation of a G-shaped microstrip antenna operating at 3.7 GHz for 5G applications using ANSYS HFSS software. The antenna is fabricated on a substrate with dimensions 30x60 mm2. The G-shaped geometry is chosen for its compact size and improved bandwidth characteristics. The design process involves parameter optimization to achieve the desired resonant frequency and impedance matching. ANSYS HFSS simulations are utilized to analyze the antenna's performance in terms of return loss, radiation pattern, 3D polar plot and efficiency. The proposed antenna demonstrates promising characteristics suitable for 5G communication systems, offering wide bandwidth and efficient radiation properties with specific application in the S band frequency range. Key Words: G-shaped patch antenna, 3D polar plot, 5G, S band, ANSYS HFSS design.

Design of multi-band flexible microstrip antenna based on micro drop jetting

Due to the high compatibility of micro-droplet jetting 3D printing technology within the realm of printed electronics, a flexible and miniaturized multi-band microstrip antenna was designed. The purpose of this is to extend the wireless signal response range of wearable devices and to investigate the feasibility of producing wearable devices with high efficiency. The antenna uses polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the dielectric substrate and nanosilver as the conductive material for the radiating patch, demonstrating remarkable flexibility. The antenna’s structure underwent simulation and analysis through frequency sweeping using ANSYS HFSS simulation software. The outcomes illustrate the antenna operating within three frequency bands at 2.5GHz, 3.5GHz, and 5.8GHz, and the return loss is kept below -18dB for each central frequency. Simultaneously, it displays favorable flexibility. The radiation pattern of the antenna indicates that it has good directivity and no extra side lobes are generated. Ultimately, Antennas were fabricated using microdroplet spraying technology, and the final product’s characteristics and morphology were analyzed. The aforementioned findings demonstrate that micro-droplet jetting technology’s remarkable precision and efficiency render it a viable approach for the processing and production of flexible microstrip antennas.

Enhanced Electrical Conductivity of Graphene-Incorporated Copper Wire and its Performances on Coaxial Cable Application at Sub 6 GHz

Intensive global research is focused on advanced conductive materials to meet the electrical requirements of the telecommunication and power industry. The primary aim is to enhance electrical conductivity, resulting of improved current-carrying capacity and reduced energy loss during transmission. Copper and its composites are vital for power transmission and telecommunications due to their electrical, thermal, and mechanical qualities. However, current methods have drawbacks, such as compromised conductivity with alloying. Graphene, an extraordinary carbon allotrope with exceptional properties and high conductivity, offers promising opportunities for the development of superior materials; such as graphene-incorporated copper (GrCu). The incorporation of graphene into copper wire holds significant potential for various industries, including electronics, energy transmission, and telecommunications, where high conductivity and reliability are paramount. This study investigates GrCu characteristics through mixing graphene and copper, vacuum melting, fine copper wire drawing, and GrCu coaxial cable manufacturing. Graphene infusion enhances conductivity and mechanical properties, altering microstructure and inducing twin boundaries in copper grains. Graphene's disruption during wire drawing triggers this effect, elevating wire conductivity to 103.5% by IACS. GrCu coaxial cable demonstrates performance coherence with HFSS simulation up to 6 GHz. Graphene's inclusion offers tailored material properties. Ongoing research promises further optimization and advancement of graphene-copper composites, paving the way for novel technological progress.

A miniaturized airplane blade antenna for radio navigation and communication systems

Blade antennas are preferred antenna structures for airborne applications due to their compact size, lightweight and drag-reducing aerodynamic shape. In this paper, we present the design, simulation and realization of a miniaturized blade antenna requiring a small ground plane and covering the frequency band 0.8–1.1 GHz. To reduce air drag, the proposed antenna is placed inside an aerodynamically optimized airborne radome. The return loss, the radiation patterns and the realized gain of the proposed antenna are studied using HFSS simulations. The comparison of the simulated return loss and radiation patterns to their measured counterpart demonstrates a good agreement. A minimum realized gain of 3.6 dB was achieved at the frequency of 0.9 GHz.

Antipodal vivaldi array MIMO antenna for 5G FR2 applications at 28 GHz with improved isolation

Abstract This paper proposed a two port antipodal vivaldi antenna (AVA) for 5G FR2 (frequency range 2) applications at 28 GHz with improved bandwidth,gain and isolation. Each antenna consists of two array elements. The proposed antenna has dimensions 23.8 × 54 × 0.79 mm3 and is fabricated on Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 material. This material has a 2.2 low dielectric constant and mainly suitable for broadband high frequency applications. Proposed antenna covers −10 dB below from 25.51 to 33 GHz band, which having 7.49 GHz bandwidth. Gain for the presented MIMO (Multiple input multiple output) AVA array is varying from 8.50 to 12.44 dBi. A better isolation −34.56 dB is obtained between two antenna elements. MIMO characteristics like ECC (Envelope correlation coefficient), CCL (Channel capacity loss), DG (Diversity Gain), TARC (Total active reflection coefficient), and MEG (Mean effective gain) are satisfied with good results for presented antenna. The proposed antenna is designed using ansys HFSS simulation tool.

Correction of antenna far-field image error data based on spherical scanning

The antenna pattern is an important graph for measuring antenna performance, and various parameters of the antenna can be observed from the antenna pattern. The method of obtaining antenna far-field pattern through near-field measurement technology and near-to-far-field transformation algorithm has the advantages of being free from environmental interference, low cost, and fast speed, making it an effective research method. In the process of spherical near-field measurement, it is necessary to ensure the stable operation of the probe used for measurement. If one of the probe channels is abnormal, it will have a serious impact on the measurement of the antenna pattern. This article proposes an algorithm for repairing near-field measurement data through Newton interpolation based on spherical scanning. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified by using the HFSS simulation data and the measured data of the microwave anechoic chamber. It is proved that the algorithm proposed in this paper has obvious effect on improving the accuracy of antenna pattern.

A single feed circularly polarized dual band microstrip monopole antenna for wireless applications

AbstractThe paper proposes a circularly polarized dual band single feed microstrip monopole antenna. The proposed antenna consists of a radiating patch, a shrink ground plane, and a 50 Ω microstrip transmission line feed. The radiating patch is a combination of three modified metallic strips, a modified rectangular strip and a semicircular strip. The ground plane consists of two modified open ended slots. The substrate area of the antenna is only 40 mm × 42 mm × 1.6 mm. The antenna has been designed by HFSS simulation software and after getting simulated results the antenna has been fabricated to verify its results. The antenna provides measured bandwidths (−10 dB impedance bandwidth) of 600 MHz (2.2–2.8 GHz) in the lower band and 2.1 GHz (7.5–9.6 GHz) in the higher band. The measured results show its 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth of 120 MHz (2.2–2.32 GHz) for lower band and 1.4 GHz (7.2–8.6) GHz for the upper band. The high measured peak gain of 8 dBi has been obtained from the proposed antenna. The lower band is useful for WiMAX application and upper band is useful for C band application. The desired radiation patterns (RHCP and LHCP) have been obtained from the proposed antenna.

A New Miniaturized Double Stop-band Frequency Selective Surface

A miniaturized double stop-band FSS for WLAN was proposed based on the structure of a ring patch with internal branches and a cross zigzag loaded line. This construction is obtained by using the multilayer connection method to paint the two layers of the patch that we designed on the top and bottom of the dielectric substrate to simulate the designed construction by using HFSS simulation. Analyzing the frequency response characteristics of the FSS indicates that the construction can generate two transmission band gaps at 1.92-2.17 GHz and 4.94-5.99 GHz in the WLAN wave. This construction has stronger polarization stability and angle stability when the incident electromagnetic wave is 0-60∘. It also has a simple construction, small size, and significant engineering applicationvalue.

Fabrication of compact circular ring antenna loaded with Gd-YIG ferrites: Photon–magnon interaction

In telecommunications technology, transmitting and receiving signals is not possible without an integrated antenna. Recently, novel approaches of transmitting and receiving signals using advancement in quantum technology as “information coherent transfer” have been emphasized which overcomes the limitations of superconducting qubits. In the present investigation, a compact-sized circular-ring antenna was designed for a 12 GHz centre frequency. The antenna was topped with Gd(x)-doped YIG (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) thin disks to investigate its tunable operation over the tri-band (C to Ku) frequencies due to the photon–magnon coupling, which enables coherent qubit information transmission from an electromagnetic (EM) carrier to the magnons. The proposed prototype of the antenna is validated using HFSS simulation. To characterize the frequency tunability of the designed antenna, we measured the return loss (S11) via a vector network analyzer as a function of dc magnetic field. Different concentrations of Gd-doped YIG ferrites (Gdx-YIG) have been loaded on ring antennas to observe strong anti-crossing phenomena with the application of an external magnetic field. The designed antenna has a tunability of around 300% for a small applied magnetic field up to 3.7 kOe. The maximum gain of dual resonance antenna is 1.4 for higher magnetic field of 3.7 kOe. The highest efficiency and lowest bandwidth of 30% and 14% respectively, for Gd0.1-YIG disk are observed. The measured normal mode splitting spectrum as a function of bias magnetic field that gives the maximum coupling strength is 153 MHz for a Gd concentration of 0.1. For practical applications, such antennas are suitable for use in tunable tri-band or multi-band applications (C to Ku).

Optimizing Arbitrary Patch Antenna Design Using HFSS Simulation: A Comparative Analysis of FR4 and Rogers Materials

The study of arbitrary patch antenna design represents a critical endeavor in the advancement of wireless communications technologies. This study delves into the construction of a random patch antenna using 3D electromagnetic software, namely the HFSS simulation program. By altering the antenna's physical structure, particularly its ground plane and patch section, we hope to enhance the antenna's performance. Antenna efficiency as measured by gain, S11 parameter, and bandwidth is compared between two different materials, FR4 and Rogers, with varying relative permittivity. Advancements in communications systems and technologies have been made possible by optimizing efficiency, reducing antenna size, and improving performance through modifications to the patch antenna's material composition and design. Keywords: Arbitrary Patch Antenna, HFSS, FR4,

Measurement Analysis of Non-Invasive Blood Glucose On Sensor Coplanar Waveguide Loaded Square Ring Resonator with Interdigital Coupling Capacitor

This study presents the experimental results of a system with a sensor structure detecting human blood glucose levels. A microwave-based sensor is used for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring. The sensor design uses an asymmetrically loaded CPW structure as a square ring resonator with an interdigital coupling capacitor on the ground side. Simulated with a load of artificial finger tissue made from gelatin, modeled in four layers. The first layer is the skin is the outermost tissue, the next layer is fat, blood and bone. Each layer of tissue has a certain thickness size; skin (0.3mm), fat (0.2mm), blood (1.5mm), and bone (4mm). The measurement simulation is used, HFSS as modeling simulation and VNA as a measurement of the physical representation of the design results with parametric optimization methods. To verify the correlation and the expected sensitivity, media with different dielectrics were mounted on the surface of the sensor resonator with blood glucose levels of 1mg/dl, 72mg/dl, 126mg/dl, 162mg/dl and 216mg/dl. Reflection factor S11 was observed based on dielectric constant blood glucose levels (dB) fluctuations. Analysis of the data on the graph between the independent variables, namely blood glucose concentration and the dependent variable levels of S11 has an “R” correlation value of 0.97. The sensitivity level of the sensor on the S11 reflection factor with HFSS simulation averages 73.36mdB/mgdl-1 and VNA reaches 82.39mdB/mgdl-1. The results are interesting for developing a more optimal glucose sensor system.