Hexane Fraction Research Articles

In Vitro Anticoccidial Activities of the Extract and Fractions of Garcinia kola (Heckel h.) Against Eimeria tenella Oocyst.

Commercial poultry farming is expanding every day and contributing to the provision of affordable and high-quality protein. However, this sector is confronted with many diseases of which coccidiosis is among the most important. There are many registered patents affirming the health benefits of Garcinia kola in poultry. Evaluation of in vitro anticoccidial activities of the extracts and fractions of Garcinia kola against Eimeria tenella oocyst was carried out. Fresh seeds of G. kola were collected, dried under shade at room temperature, and pulverized using a mortar and a pestle. The powder was exhaustively extracted with a soxhlet apparatus using 70% methanol, and the crude methanol extract (CME) was concentrated to dryness using a rotary evaporator. The CME was further partitioned using butanol, ethylacetate, and n-hexane. The CME, butanol fraction (BTF), ethylacetate fraction (EAF), and hexane fraction (HXF) were concentrated in vacuo and tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents using standard procedures. Similarly, the CME, butanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane fractions were evaluated in vitro for oocyst sporulation inhibition. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, steroids/triterpenes, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids in the CME and BTF. The EAF contains all the metabolites mentioned except saponins. Similarly, HXF contains only cardiac glycosides, tannins, and steroids/ triterpenes. The CME and BTF caused a concentration-dependent increase in the inhibition of sporulation of unsporulated oocysts of E. tenella. In the acute toxicity studies, the CME did not produce any toxic effect or mortality at doses between 10 and 5000 mg/kg. The CME was then considered safe, and the LD50 was assumed to be >5000 mg/kg. The data obtained in this study suggested that the crude methanol extract (CME) of G. kola could be an appreciable beneficial effect as an anticoccidial agent against Eimeria tenella oocyst.

Phytochemical screening, phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant and cytogenotoxicity activities of Combretum leprosum Mart. (Combretaceae)

ABSTRACT Combretum leprosum Mart. (Combretaceae), a shrub popularly known as mofumbo, is used in folk medicine for treatment of uterine bleeding, pertussis, gastric pain, and as a sedative. The aim of this study was to (1) determine the phytochemical profile,(2) identify chemical constituents and (3) examine antioxidant and cytogenotoxic activity of ethanolic extracts and fractions of stem bark and leaves. The plant material (leaf and stem bark) was submitted to extraction with ethanol, followed by partition using hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. It was possible to identify and quantify the epicatechin in the ethanolic stem bark extract (0.065 mg/g extract) and rutin in the leaf extract (3.33 mg/g extract). Based upon in vitro tests a significant relationship was noted between findings from antioxidant tests and levels of total phenolic and flavonoid. Comparing all samples (extracts and fractions), the ethyl acetate fractions of stem bark (411.40 ± 15.38 GAE/g) and leaves (225.49 ± 9.47 GAE/g) exhibited higher phenolic content, whereas hexanic fraction of stem bark (124.28 ± 56 mg/g sample) and ethyl acetate fraction of leaves (238.91 ± 1.73 mg/g sample) demonstrated a higher content of flavonoids. Among the antioxidant tests, the intermediate fraction of stem bark (28.5 ± 0.60 μg/ml) and ethyl acetate fraction of leaves (40 ± 0.56 μg/ml) displayed a higher % inhibition of free radical DPPH activity, whereas intermediate fraction of stem bark (27.5 ± 0.9 μg/ml) and hydromethanol fraction of leaves (81 ± 1.4 μg/ml) demonstrated inhibition of the free radical ABTS. In biological tests (Allium cepa and micronucleus in peripheral blood), data showed that none of the tested concentrations of ethanolic extracts of leaves and stem bark produced significant cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenic activity.Abbreviations AA%: percentage of antioxidant activity; ABTS: 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); CEUA: Ethics Committee in the Use of Animals; TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; EEB: ethanol extract of the stem bark; HFB: Hexanic fraction of stem bark; IFB: Intermediate fraction of stem bark; CFB: Chloroform fraction of stem bark; EAFB: Ethyl acetate fraction of stem bark; HMFB: Hydromethanol fraction of the stem bark; EEL: Ethanol extract from leaves; HFL: Hexane fraction of leaves; CFL: Chloroform fraction of leaves; EAFL: Ethyl acetate fraction of leaves; HMFL: Hydromethanol fraction of leaves; GAE: Gallic Acid Equivalent; IC50: 50% inhibition concentration; HCOOH: Formic acid; HCl: hydrochloric acid; HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography; MN: micronucleus; WHO: World Health Organization; UFLC: Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography; UESPI: State University of Piauí.

Antibacterial Activities of Echinops kebericho Mesfin Tuber Extracts and Isolation of the Most Active Compound, Dehydrocostus Lactone.

Echinops kebericho Mesfin is traditionally used for the treatment of various infectious diseases. This study investigated antibacterial activity of the essential oil (EO) and the different fractions of ethanol extract. The most active component was isolated and identified. Isolation and purification was accomplished using chromatographic techniques while identification was done by spectroscopic method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth micro-dilution method. In bioactive-guided isolation, percent inhibition was determined using optical density (OD) measurement. The MICs of the essential oil ranged from 78.125 μg/ml to 625 μg/ml, and its activity was observed against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, NCTC 12493). Ethyl acetate fraction showed high activity against MRSA (NCTC 12493), MIC = 39.075 μg/ml followed by Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 49532), MIC = 78.125 μg/ml and was least active against Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), MIC = 1,250 μg/ml. MIC of hexane fraction ranged from 156.2 µg/ml to Escherichia coli (ATCC 49532) to 1,250 μg/ml to E. coli (NCTC 11954). The MICs of chloroform fraction ranged from 312.5 to 2500 μg/ml; while butanol fraction could be considered pharmacologically inactive as its MIC value was 2,500 μg/ml for all and no activity against E. coli (NCTC 11954). Dehydrocostus lactone was successfully isolated and identified whose MIC was 19.53 μg/ml against MRSA. Dehydrocostus lactone isolated from E. kebericho M. showed noteworthy antibacterial activity which lends support to ethnopharmacological use of the plant. Further optimization should be done to improve its antibacterial activities and pharmacokinetic profile.

Terpenoids from Abies holophylla Attenuate LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in Microglial Cells by Suppressing the JNK-Related Signaling Pathway.

We have previously reported that phytochemicals from Abies holophylla exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects by decreasing nitrite production and increasing nerve growth factor production. However, the exact mechanism underscoring these effects has not been revealed. In the present study, we aimed to explore the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms of A. holophylla and its phytochemicals. We studied various solvent fractions of A. holophylla and found the chloroform and hexane sub-fractions showed the most significant anti-neuroinflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine microglia. Concomitantly, the terpenoids isolated from chloroform and hexane fractions showed similar anti-neuroinflammatory effects with significant inhibition of NO and reactive oxygen species production, and decreased protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase. Interestingly, these terpenoids inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which further inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, including prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukins (IL-6 and IL-1β), with a potency greater than that of the well-known iNOS inhibitor NG-mono-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA). These results suggest that the chloroform- and hexane-soluble fraction mediated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibition, in particular the JNK pathway, thereby lowering the inflammatory cascades in LPS-activated murine microglia. Thus, our study suggests that the chloroform and hexane fractions of A. holophylla and their terpenoids may be potential drug candidates for drug discovery against LPS-induced neuroinflammation and neuroinflammatory-related neurodegeneration.

EXTRACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF FRUIT BODY GOLDEN CHANTERELLE (CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS FR.) AND HEDGEHOG MUSHROOM (HYDNUM REPANDUM FR.)

The purpose of this work was to perform a comparative study of the chemical composition of Cantharellus cibarius Fr. and Hydnum repandum Fr. and the revision of the data in the occurrence of carotenoids, ergocaliferol, tocopherols and phenolic compounds.
 Substances extracted with 80% ethanol from dried fruit bodies of both fungi were investigated. The fatty acids quantitative and qualitative contents were examined by Gas chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).
 Lipophilic substances of hexane extract were investigated by chemical reactions and Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) after the separation of compounds from this fraction on a silica gel column.
 It was determined that the hexane fraction of both mushrooms contained a large amount of higher fatty acids and their esters. Linoleic acid (31.42 %) and oleic acid (57.89 %) were the dominant components in Cantharellus cibarius and Hydnum repandum accordingly.
 Tocopherols, carotenoids and ergocalciferol were also found in the hexane extracted fraction. The estimated content of tocopherols was ≈0.82% of the total mass of ethanolic extract for chanterelle and ≈0.22% for hedgehog mushroom, respectively.
 Chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions did not contain tocopherols, carotenoids and ergocalciferol and their mass was insignificant.
 Carbohydrates content was ≈ 54% and ≈ 49 % of the total mass of ethanolic extract and the content of aminoacids was found as ≈ 4.5% and ≈ 4.7% for Cantharellus cibarius and Hydnum repandum accordingly.
 Flavonoids, phenolic substances and hydroxycinnamic acids were not found in the fractions of ethanol extracts of both mushrooms.

The Reproductive Toxicity Associated with Dodonaea viscosa, a Folk Medicinal Plant in Saudi Arabia.

Dodonaea viscosa is a medicinal plant which is being used to treat various diseases in humans. The available safety data suggest that the plant does not produce any side effects, or toxicity, in tested adult experimental animals. However, the influence of D. viscosa on fetus or embryonic development is largely not known. This study was conducted in order to find out the reproductive toxicity of D. viscosa in experimental animals. Zebrafish embryos were used as the in vivo developmental toxicity animal model. Methanolic crude extract, hexane, chloroform, and butanol fractions were prepared from the leaves of D. viscosa. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to serial dilution of crude extract and other fractions. The crude extract and hexane fraction induced higher level of toxicity in zebrafish embryos as compared to chloroform and butanol fractions. The phenol and flavonoid estimation revealed that crude leaves extract and hexane fractions had lower content of phenol and flavonoid. Two major compounds, phytol and methyl ester, of hexadecanoic acid were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis. More detailed studies are needed to check the toxicity of D. viscosa in pregnant experimental animals; however, the results from this study have shown that D. viscosa possesses reproductive toxicity and its use and doses must be carefully monitored in pregnant patients.

Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Helianthus tuberosus L. Induces Anti-Diabetic, and Wound-Healing Activities in Insulin-Resistant Human Liver Cancer and Mouse Fibroblast Cells.

Traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine are globally accepted alternative methods for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the mechanism of anti-diabetic effects of Helianthus tuberosus L. remains unproven. In the present study, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of the tubers of H. tuberosus were studied in detail. Methanolic extracts of H. tuberosus tubers were subjected to solvent fractionation method by increasing the polarity of the solvent using n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. The obtained methanol extracts and its fractions were subjected to free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS assay) and in vitro enzyme (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) inhibition assay. Moreover, glucose uptake in insulin-resistant HepG2 cell line was analyzed. The preliminary phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the active fraction. The radical scavenging and in vitro diabetic related enzyme inhibitory activities were found to be dose dependent. The maximum ABTS+ and DPPH scavenging activity was documented in ethyl acetate fraction of the H. tuberosus followed by methanol extract, hexane fraction, and methanol fraction. We also found that H. tuberosus showed a less toxicity in mouse fibroblast cells and enhance the glucose uptake in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells. Besides, the ethyl acetate fraction of the H. tuberosus analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS-MS and GC/MS revealed the presence of phenolic compounds such as neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, 5-O-(4-coumaroyl)-quinic acid, feruloylquinic acid, caffeoylquinic acid, isoxazolidine, salicylic acid β-D-glucoside, dicaffeoylquinic acid isomers, salvianolic acid derivative isomers, and 1,4 dicaffeoylquinic acid etc. Among the identified phytochemicals, six were chosen for molecular docking study to explore their its inhibitory interactions with α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Taken together, the findings of the present study suggested that phytocompounds of EAF were responsible for the significant in vitro antioxidant, wound-healing, and anti-diabetic activities.

Two species of Ulva inhibits the progression of cervical cancer cells SiHaby means of autophagic cell death induction.

Edible green algal seaweeds, namely Ulva intestinalis and Ulva lactuca constitute a significant repository of popular herbal medicines in the Traditional Chinese Medicinal system. The present study aimed to assess the anticancer potential of these algal members and its mode of action in cervical cancer cells SiHa. The algal samples primarily extracted in methanol was fractionated into hexane, chloroform, and aqueous algal fractions, which inhibited the proliferation of SiHa cells in a dose-dependent manner, with the algal chloroform fractions harbouring the lowest IC50 dose of 141.38µg/ml in U. intestinalis and 445.278µg/ml in U. lactuca. These algal chloroform fractions when studied for their in-depth mode of action, were found to damage and pulverise the nuclei, resulting in a concomitant increase in subG0-phase of SiHa cells, studied by flow cytometry. The algal treatment also caused an increase in the number of acidic vesicles and enhanced the expression of LC3BII, p62 and atg12 proteins, which together pointed out autophagy as the induced mode of cell death. Upregulated Bax and p53 expression along with decreased Bcl2 expression also correlated to autophagic cell death. Decreased expression of E6 viral oncogene was noted as a significant response to algal fractions. Lastly, these potent algal fractions when characterised pharmacologically through GC-MS analysis were found to be rich in unsaturated fatty acids, majorly palmitic acid. Hence, this study concludes that the two species of Ulva successfully decreased the proliferation of SiHa cervical cancer cells through autophagy, hinting at palmitic acid being the major responsible bioactive compound in both.

Ovicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and repellent activity of Helicteres velutina K. Schum against Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae).

Aedes aegypti is a vector of emerging and neglected diseases, such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Helicteres velutina, known as “pitó” in Brazil, is traditionally used as an insect repellent, and several studies have demonstrated its larvicidal activity. The aim of this study was to investigate this species and evaluate its potential ovicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and repellent activity. The viability of the eggs was evaluated using different concentrations of the test substances for 25 days. The hexane fraction killed 72.7% of the eggs, while dichloromethane killed 67.7%. The survival of the pupae and adults was verified after 72 h and 48 h, respectively. The LC50 for the hexane and dichloromethane fractions was 0.12 mg/mL and 8.85 mg/mL for pupae, 8.01 mg/mL and 0.74 mg/mL for adults (tarsal test), and 0.05 mg/mL and 0.23 mg/mL for adults (body test), respectively. Repellency was assessed for 240 min using neonatal Wistar rats on a Y-tube olfactometer. The hexane fraction attracted mosquitoes to the test chamber, while the dichloromethane fraction had a repellent action. The 7,4’-di-O-methyl-8-O-sulfate flavone provides greater repellency, and this finding is similar to the results of the in silico studies that have shown the potential of this substance against adult mosquitoes. This suggests that 7,4’-di-O-methyl-8-O-sulfate flavone may be one of the substances present in the extract from aerial parts of H. velutina that is responsible for the repellent activity mentioned in traditional medicine. These findings provide a better understanding of the insecticidal and repellent activity of the extract, fraction, and compounds isolated from H. velutina against Ae. aegypti, thereby revealing its potential in the development of a more effective botanical insecticide.

Antidiabetic properties of oral treatment of hexane and chloroform fractions of Morus nigra leaves in streptozotocin-induced rats.

Morus nigra L. has been widely used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. We evaluate the chemical composition and antidiabetic properties of the hexane (Hex-Mn) and chloroform (Chlo-Mn) fractions obtained by partition of the crude ethanolic extract from the leaves in rats. Chemical composition analysis of Hex-Mn and Chlor-Mn was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (CG-MS). In vivo and in vitro studies were carried out to compare the antidiabetic activities of the Hex-Mn and Chlor-Mn fractions. Most of the compounds identified in Hex-Mn were α-linolenic acid, stigmast-5-en-3-ol and linolenic acid ethyl ester, while in Chlor-Mn, stigmast-5-en-3-ol, palmitic acid and α-linolenic acid were mainly identified. Only Hex-Mn treatment reduced both fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia. Additionally, Hex-Mn preserved body weight gain, preserved the hepatic glycogen content, and also reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and nitrite levels, as well as restored the superoxide dismutase. Furthermore, digestion of complex carbohydrates and intestinal glucose absorption was prevented by Hex-Mn treatment. Our results suggest that the antidiabetic activity of Hex-Mn may be explained, at least in part, by the insulin sensitivity increase, antioxidant properties and reduction in carbohydrate absorption in the small intestine.

Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal activity of extracts and fractions from Ocotea nutans (Nees) Mez against Aedes aegypti.

INTRODUCTION: Aedes aegypti is the main vector of dengue and yellow fever. Recently, the use of plant-sourced larvicides has gained momentum. METHODS: The hydroethanolic extracts and fractions ofOcotea nutansleaves and stems were bioassayed to determine the larvicidal efficacy of these samples. RESULTS: S-HEX (hexane fraction from the crude stem extract) demonstrated high potential for controlling third-stage larvae, with an LC50 of 14.14 µg.mL-1 (concentration required to inhibit 50% of the treated larvae). CONCLUSIONS Extracts from O. nutans were effective against third-stage larvae ofA. aegyptiafter 24 h of exposure.

The Brazilian octocoral Phyllogorgia dilatata as a source of cytotoxic compounds.

The extensive marine biodiversity has proved to be a promising source of substances with biomedical potential. In this study, the cytotoxicity of the Brazilian octocoral Phyllogorgia dilatata (Gorgoniidae) was evaluated against two tumor cell lines and three bacterial strains. The methanol/dichloromethane crude extract presented no antibacterial activity up to the highest concentration tested (512 µg/mL), however it revealed a noteworthy antiproliferative effect against HCT-116 (80%) and MCF-7 (54%) cell lines at 50 μg/mL. Therefore, guided by the cytotoxic activity, a multistep chemical fractionation of the extract provided the subfraction 5 (PDPH2-5) with IC50 values of 3.18 and 17.80 μg/mL against HCT-116 and MCF-7, respectively. The LC-HRMS/MS analysis of PDPH2-5 showed ions of m/z 219.1742 and 219.1743, characterized as (E,E) and (Z,E) germacrone, after a LC-DAD-SPE/NMR analysis of the hexanic fraction and comparisons of NMR data with the literature. Previously reported assessments to the cytotoxic activity of the (E,E)-diastereoisomer disclosed higher IC50 values than that obtained for the PDPH2-5 fraction, suggesting, herein, a potentiated effect of the diastereoisomeric mixture. Such remark encourage further bioactivity studies with stereoisomer mixtures and reduce the urge for compound isolation.

Antifungal Activities of Vernonia amygdalina Crude Extracts and Fractions against Strain1161, P37005 and RM1000

This research study was focused in determining antifungal activities of the crude extracts and fractions of Vernonia amygdalina against strain 1161, P37005 and RM1000. Vernonia amygdalina leaves were extracted by the reflux extraction protocol which was done in a successive method. This study also analysed quantitatively the phytochemical that were present in the crude leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina. The study identified the presence of tannin, flavonoid, alkaloids, saponin and phenols. The three strains used in this study were tested for their susceptibility, However, activity of the crude extract was assayed at a varying concentration of 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/ml. The methanol leaf extract (MLE) at a concentration of 100mg/ml showed the highest zones of inhibition 15.33± 1.23 mm against strain 1161(isolate S5). The result of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration showed for active crude extracts were 12.5 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml presented for the n- hexane crude extract against strain 1161(IsolateS5). The value for the methanol crude extract were 12.5 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml against strain 1161 (Isolate: S5). Furthermore, the value of 12.5 mg/ml and 100mg/ml were showed for n- hexane crude extract against P37005 (isolate: B4) However, The antifungal activity of the fractions against the strains were determined at a concentrations of 5mg/ml and 10mg/ml. The various fractions of Vernonia amygdalina showed inhibitory activity against all the strains.16.00± 0.0mm was the highest value that was presented for n-hexane fraction of Vernonia amygalina against strain 1161 and P37005. The result of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for active fractions (F1) are 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml showed for n- hexane fraction of Vernonia amygdalina against strain P37005(Isolate:B4). The value of 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml were showed for n- hexane fraction (F4) of Vernonia amygdalina against strain 1161 (isolate: S5). Fraction (F4) showed 3.125 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml against strain P37005 (isolate: B4). The methanol fraction (F1) showed values of 3.125 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml respectively against strain RM1000(isolate B2). Fraction F6 had values of 3.125 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml against strain P37005 (isolate: B4). It can be deduced from this study that the n- hexane and methanol crude extracts showed a significant result than the ethyl acetate crude extracts. Furthermore, there was inhibitory activity for the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions against all the tested strains.

Protective effects of hexane fraction of Costus afer leaves against sodium arsenite-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male albino wistar rats

Protective effects of hexane fraction of Costus afer leaves against sodium arsenite-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male albino wistar rats

Antibacterial, Anticandidal, Phytochemical, and Biological Evaluations of Pellitory Plant

Pellitory plant (Parietaria judaica (PJ)) is one of the most widely used Arabian traditional medicinal plants due to its ability to cure several infectious diseases and other illnesses. The current study is aimed at assessing the phytoconstituents, antilipase, antiamylase, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic characters of the Pellitory plant (Parietaria judaica (PJ)). Phytochemical screening and procyanidin detection were conducted according to the standard phytochemical procedures. Porcine pancreatic lipase and α-amylase inhibitory activities were carried out using p-nitrophenyl butyrate and dinitrosalicylic acid assays, respectively. In addition, antimicrobial activity was determined utilizing a microdilution assay against several bacterial and fungal strains. Besides, the cytotoxic effect against HeLa cell line was tested employing 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. The quantitative test results revealed that the methanol fraction of PJ contains 18.55 ± 0.55 mg of procyanidin and has a potential α-amylase inhibitory activity compared with the antidiabetic drug Acarbose with IC50 values of 15.84 ± 2.25 and 28.18 ± 1.22 μg/ml, respectively. Also, it has a potential antilipase activity compared to the commercial antiobesity drug, Orlistat, with IC50 values of 38.9 ± 0.29 and 12.3 ± 0.35 μg/ml, respectively. The acetone, hexane, and methanol fractions have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against the screened bacterial strains, while the acetone fraction has shown anticandidal activity with a MIC value of 0.195 mg/ml. The PJ hexane and acetone fractions decreased HeLa cell viability significantly (p value < 0.0001) by approximately 90% at the concentration of 0.625 mg/ml. The revealed outcomes showed that the methanol fraction has strong α-amylase and lipase inhibitory characters. Besides, acetone, hexane, and methanol fractions have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, while the acetone fraction revealed potent antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Moreover, at low concentrations, hexane and acetone fractions have potent cytotoxic and antiproliferative activity against HeLa cancer cells. Nevertheless, PJ acetone, hexane, and methanol fractions can serve as an effective source of natural products to develop new antiobesity, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents.

POTENSI EKSTRAK DAUN PALIASA (Kleinhovia hospita) SEBAGAI ANTI Plasmodium falciparum

&lt;em&gt;Paliasa (&lt;/em&gt;Kleinhovia hospita&lt;em&gt;) is known as a plant that has been used empirically for malaria treatment, especially in Eastern Indonesia. However, scientific publications regarding to the antiplasmodial activity of these natural resources are still limited. The aim of this study was to examine the potency of paliasa leaves as antiplasmodial against &lt;/em&gt;Plasmodium falciparum&lt;em&gt; parasite. The procedure included sample and extract preparation, antiplasmodial in vitro activity testing on &lt;/em&gt;P. falciparum&lt;em&gt; strain 3D7, and phytochemical screening using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). The extracts and fractions were prepared through maceration process for 72 hours with 96% ethanol, then continued with multilevel liquid-liquid partition using hexane, ethyl acetate and 96% methanol. Antiplasmodial &lt;/em&gt;in vitro&lt;em&gt; testing showed that ethyl acetate (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;1.08&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;µg.ml&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;) and hexane (IC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; 1.24 µg.ml&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) fractions were include to the highly activity category. The research samples contained alkaloids, triterpenoids and steroids as the major compounds. The terpenoid alkaloid compound was a cycloartane triterpenoid alkaloid that had been isolated from paliasa leaves. Therefore, it is assumed that the leaf of palasia has a compound with antiplasmodial activity. However, more research needs to be done to determine the active compound and the antiplasmodial mechanisms involved&lt;/em&gt;

In vitro antileishmanial activity and phytochemical analysis of Casearia javitensis Kunth (Salicaceae)

The objective of this study was to carry out phytochemical analysis of the bark extract of Casearia javitensis and to evaluate its antipromastigote activity against Leishmania amazonensis. The ethanol extract (EE) was fractionated in open-column chromatography to obtain the hexane (FrHex), dichloromethane (FrDcm), ethyl acetate (FrAcOET) and methanol (FrMeOH) fractions. The EE and its fractions were analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). FrDcm was analyzed in high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The antipromastigote assay of Leishmania amazonensis and the cytotoxicity test against the acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) were performed by the MTT colorimetric assay. The phytochemical profile in TLC detected terpenes in all samples. However, in the ultraviolet spectrum (HPLC-DAD) for FrDcm suggested the presence of a phenolic compound. FrHex and FrDcm showed antipromastigote activity (IC50 = 116.6 ± 0.9 and 59.4 ± 1.1 μg mL-1, respectively) and low cytotoxicity (CC50 = 333.4 ± 3.2 and 241.2 ± 1.9 μg mL-1, respectively). The selectivity index for FrDcm was 4.1. We conclude that the FrDcm of C. javitensis has potantial as a leishmanicide, and this activity may be related to the presence of phenolic compound.

Mollicute Anti-Adhesive and Growth Inhibition Properties of the Methanolic Extract of Propolis from the Brazilian Native Bee Melipona quadrifasciata.

Hydroalcoholic propolis extracts from the bee species Melipona quadrifasciata have been shown to possess antimicrobial activity against different mollicute strains, but a methanolic extract (ME) could contain an increased diversity of nonpolar bioactive components with a potentially higher antimicrobial activity. The ME obtained by maceration of the propolis sample was fractionated with solvents of different polarities and then, purified by silica gel column chromatography through biomonitoring of its antimicrobial activity against mollicute strains. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) enabled the identification of compounds using the NIST library. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the samples were determined by broth microdilution. Anti-adhesive assays were performed with Mycoplasma pneumoniae cells. The hexane (MIC=62.5 mg/L) and dichloromethane (MIC=125 mg/L) fractions presented the most promising results against M. pneumoniae. They were fractionated into 74 subfractions, and even the best ones did not show better results (MIC>250 mg/L) than their original fractions, likely due to the loss of terpene compounds that seem to act in synergy. The dichloromethane subfraction FD4 was highlighted in the anti-adhesive assay with an inhibitory activity of 21.6 %. A synergistic effect of the nonpolar compounds in M. quadrifasciata propolis may be responsible for its antibacterial activity, but several purified components can improve its anti-adhesive properties.

Maximising phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity from Laurencia intermedia using ultrasound-assisted extraction

<i>Laurencia intermedia</i>, which belongs to red algae (Rhodophyta), has been found in tropical shore areas. Recently, it has been reported to be a rich source of bioactive compounds; however, there have been limited studies on extraction techniques for recovering bioactive compounds from <i>L. intermedia</i>. Hence, this study was conducted to optimise the ultrasound extraction conditions for maximising recovery yield of total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidants from <i>L. intermedia</i> using response surface methodology. The results showed that the ratio of sample to solvent had the strongest effect on TPC, while extraction temperature, extraction time, ethanol concentration and ratio of sample to solvent had significant influence on antioxidant power. The yield of TPC, DPPH scavenging ability and ferric reducing antioxidant power were 161.79 ± 3.52 mg GAE/100 g, 32.30 ± 1.20 mg TE/100 g and 87.77 ± 3.17 mg TE/100 g, respectively at the optimum extraction conditions (50 ℃, 60 min, 30% ethanol and sample to solvent ratio of 2 g/100 mL). These conditions were employed to prepare <i>L. intermedia</i> extract for subsequent fractionation step, which generated <i>n</i>-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. Among these fractions, ethyl acetate fraction was found to possess the highest yield of TPC and the greatest antioxidant capacity that could be used for further isolation and purification of individual compounds.

STUDIES ON GC-MS ANALYSIS OF BLACK PEPPER (Piper nigrum) AND PAWPAW (Carica papaya) SEEDS USING METHYLATED SPIRIT AND HEXANE EXTRACT

The study was carried out to determine the phytochemical compounds present in the black pepper and pawpaw seeds extract using gas chromatography analytical techniques. Interpretation of each compounds identified from GC-MS analysis was conducted using the database of National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST) library. Identification of compounds was done by comparing the mass spectrum fragmentation pattern of each of the constituents in the methylated spirit and hexane fraction with those stored in the NIST library. The result revealed presences of compounds like Oleic Acid (29.43%), piperine (3.19%), Caryophyllene (1.24%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (21.12%), l-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate (1.15%), Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro- (2.68%), Hexadecanoic acid (0.82%), 9-Octadecenamide (39.87%), Heptadecanoic acid (15.65%) and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (4.79%) in methylated spirit and hexane extract of black pepper and pawpaw seeds. These compounds have potential anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, pesticide and anticancer activity. The study provided a detailed comparison of detection and identification of various bioactive phytochemicals from of black pepper and pawpaw seeds. The study recommended the use of these plants (black pepper and pawpaw seeds) for the pest control and pharmaceutical.