Hexagonal Honeycomb Research Articles

Bounds on the Optimal Radius When Covering a Set with Minimum Radius Identical Disks

The problem of covering a two-dimensional bounded set with a fixed number of minimum-radius identical disks is studied in the present work. Bounds on the optimal radius are obtained for a certain class of nonsmooth domains, and an asymptotic expansion of the bounds as the number of disks goes to infinity is provided. The proof is based on the approximation of the set to be covered by hexagonal honeycombs and on the thinnest covering property of the regular hexagonal lattice arrangement in the whole plane. The dependence of the optimal radius on the number of disks is also investigated numerically using a shape-optimization approach, and theoretical and numerical convergence rates are compared. An initial point construction strategy is introduced, which, in the context of a multistart method, finds good-quality solutions to the problem under consideration. Extensive numerical experiments with a variety of polygonal regions and regular polygons illustrate the introduced approach. Funding: This work was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo [Grants 2013/07375-0, 2016/01860-1, 2018/24293-0, and 2019/25258-7] and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico [Grants 302682/2019-8, 303243/2021-0, 304258/2018-0, and 408175/2018-4].

Bayesian optimisation of hexagonal honeycomb metamaterial

Periodic mechanical metamaterials, such as hexagonal honeycombs, have traditionally been designed with uniform cell walls to simplify manufacturing and modelling. However, recent research has suggested that varying strut thickness within the lattice could improve its mechanical properties. To fully explore this design space, we developed a computational framework that leverages Bayesian optimisation to identify configurations with increased uniaxial effective elastic stiffness and plastic or buckling strength. The best topologies found, representative of relative densities with distinct failure modes, were additively manufactured and tested, resulting in a 54% increase in stiffness without compromising the buckling strength for slender architectures, and a 63% increase in elastic modulus and a 88% increase in plastic strength for higher volume fractions. Our results demonstrate the potential of Bayesian optimisation and solid material redistribution to enhance the performance of mechanical metamaterials.

Resistance of Graphene/Epoxy Resin—Based Composite Materials to γ Radiation Damage and Their Mechanical Properties

This study aims to explore the role of graphene in enhancing the radiation resistance of epoxy resin (EP) composites. Through the resin transfer molding process, we prepared 0.3 wt% graphene oxide (GO) and Hummer’s method reduced graphene oxide (Hh-RGO) reinforced EP composites, respectively. By comparing the microstructure, free radical content, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of EP, GO/EP, and Hh-RGO/EP composites before and after γ-ray irradiation, we found that GO and Hh-RGO can effectively reduce the generation of free radicals in EP during irradiation, thereby reducing chemical bond breakage and enhancing its radiation resistance. Particularly, GO demonstrated stronger radiation damage resistance. The results showed that after γ-ray irradiation, the glass transition temperature, nano-indentation depth, and hardness of GO/EP composites decreased by 20.32%, 416.3 nm, and 16.00%, respectively, whereas EP decreased by 30.34%, 502.1 nm, and 41.82% respectively. This is mainly attributed to the fact that the addition of graphene nanoparticles as a reinforcement reduces the free radical content in EP and reduces the damage of free radicals to the EP crosslinked network during irradiation, thereby improving the thermal stability and mechanical properties of the composites. In addition, the Π electrons formed by the hexagonal honeycomb structure of GO and the Π-Π stacking effect formed with free radicals can slow down the aging of epoxy resin in a high-energy radiation environment, thereby prolonging its service life. This study provides important references for further optimization and application of graphene-modified epoxy resin.

Multi-Layer Fabric Composites Combined with Non-Newtonian Shear Thickening in Ballistic Protection-Hybrid Numerical Methods and Ballistic Tests.

Multi-layer fabrics are commonly used in ballistics shields with a lower bulletproof class to protect against pistol and revolver bullets. In order to additionally limit the dynamic deflection of the samples, layers reinforced with additional materials, including non-Newtonian fluids compacted by shear, are additionally used. Performing a wide range of tests in each case can be very problematic; therefore, there are many calculation methods that allow, with better or worse results, mapping of the behavior of the material in the case of impact loads. The search for simplified methods is very important in order to simplify the complexity of numerical fabric models while maintaining the accuracy of the results obtained. In this article, multi-layer composites were tested. Two samples were included in the elements subjected to shelling. In the first sample, the outer layers consisted of aramid fabrics in a laminate with a thermoplastic polymer matrix. The middle layer contained a non-Newtonian shear-thickening fluid enclosed in hexagonal (honeycomb) cells. The fluid was produced using polypropylene glycol and colloidal silica powder with a diameter of 14 µm in the proportions of 60/40. The backing plate was made using a 12-layer composite made of Twaron® para-aramid fabrics with a DCPD matrix-not yet used in a wide range of ballistics. Then, numerical simulations were carried out in the Abaqus/Explicit dynamic analysis. The Johnson-Cook constitutive strength model was used to describe the behavior of elastic-plastic materials constituting the elements of the projectiles. For the non-Newtonian fluid, a Up-Us EOS was used. The inner layers of the fabric were treated as an orthotropic material. Complete homogenization of the sample layers was carried out, thanks to which each layer was treated as a homogeneous continuum. As a parameter of fracture mechanics for shield components, the strain criterion was used with the smooth particles hydrodynamics method (SPH). Then, the results of simulations were compared with the results of the ballistic test for both samples placed next to each other, which resulted in the formation of a multi-layer composite in one ballistic test subjected to impact loads during firing with a 9 × 19 mm Parabellum FMJ projectile with an initial velocity of 370 ± 10 m/s. The results of numerical tests are very similar to the ballistic tests, which indicates the correct mapping of the process and the correct conduct of layer homogenization. The applied proportions of the components in the non-Newtonian fluid allowed a reduction in the deflection compared to previous studies. Additionally, the proposal to use a DCPD matrix allowed to obtain a much lower deflection value compared to other materials, which is a novelty in the field of production of ballistic shields.

HEXAGONAL HONEYCOMB PL-GaN NANOSHEET AS ADSORBENT SURFACE FOR GAS MOLECULES SENSING: A QUANTUM CHEMICAL STUDY

Regarding two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials as gas sensors, we have studied the adsorption of gas molecules (NH3, NO2, NO) on the graphitic GaN sheet (PL-GaN) using density functional theory calculations. “Langmuir” adsorption of gas molecules of NH3, NO2, and NO on the graphitic GaN sheet has been accomplished using density functional theory. The changes in charge density have shown a more important charge transfer on the hexagonal honeycomb nanosheet of gallium nitride (GaN) which acts as the electron acceptor while gas molecules act as the stronger electron donors through adsorption on the graphitic-like GaN surface. The adsorption of NH3, NO[Formula: see text] and NO, respectively, on GaN nanosheet has more contribution with high expansion curves of hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. The results extracted from PDOS curves after optimization show the electron transferring from nitrogen and oxygen of gas molecules (adsorbate/donor) towards gallium in the active site of GaN surface (adsorbent/acceptor). GaN nanosheet represents enough capability for adsorbing gases of NH3, NO2, and NO through charge transfer from nitrogen and oxygen atoms to the gallium atom regarding the intra-atomic and interatomic interactions. Concerning the change of physicochemical properties of the PL-GaN sheet before and after molecule adsorption, the PL-GaN nanosheet can be applied as an appropriate selective gas sensor for NH3, NO2 and NO detection.

Dynamic Characteristics and Effective Stiffness Properties of Sandwich Panels with Hierarchical Hexagonal Honeycomb.

The dynamic characteristics of sandwich panels with a hierarchical hexagonal honeycomb (SP-HHHs) show significant improvements due to their distinct hierarchy configurations. However, this also increases the complexity of structural analysis. To address this issue, the variational asymptotic method was utilized to homogenize the unit cell of the SP-HHH and obtain the equivalent stiffness, establishing a two-dimensional equivalent plate model (2D-EPM). The accuracy and effectiveness of the 2D-EPM were then verified through comparisons with the results from a detailed 3D FE model in terms of the free vibration and frequency- and time-domain forced vibration, as well as through local field recovery analysis at peak and trough times. Furthermore, the tailorability of the typical unit cell was utilized to perform a parametric analysis of the effects of the length and thickness ratios of the first-order hierarchy on the dynamic characteristics of the SP-HHH under periodic loading. The results reveal that the vertices serve as weak points in the SP-HHH, while the vertex cell pattern significantly influences the specific stiffness and stiffness characteristics of the panel. The SP-HHH with hexagonal vertex cells has superior specific stiffness compared to panels with circular and rectangular vertex cells, resulting in a more lightweight design and enhanced stiffness.

Impact response analysis of stiffened sandwich functionally graded porous materials doubly-curved shell with re-entrant honeycomb auxetic core

Owing to unique deformation behavior and high capacity of energy absorption, auxetic structures have garnered significant research attention. To reveal the energy-absorbing properties of the auxetic structure, the impact response of stiffened sandwich functionally graded porous materials (FGPM) doubly-curved shell with re-entrant honeycomb auxetic core is studied by the established analytical model in the present work. The material properties in the thickness direction of FGPM face sheets are adjusted according to the volume fraction of constituents by power law and exponential law, while the core layer is made of the re-entrant honeycomb auxetic core with negative Poisson's ratio. On the basis of the Hertz theory for elastic impacts and the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), an analytical model is developed to study its impact phenomenon. Equations of motion are derived using Hamilton's principle, which are further solved analytically using Navier's technique of assuming unknown variables in the double trigonometric series. The time-dependent contact force is obtained by applying the spring-mass (SM) model consisting two-degrees-of freedom. Afterward, the transverse central displacements of the stiffened sandwich FGPM doubly-curved shell are calculated by adopting the Duhamel integration. The impact force and transverse displacements are compared with the previously published results, indicating that the theoretical results agree with the previously published results.Parametric analyses have been carried out to investigate the effect of variation of various parameters such as volume fraction exponents, radii of principal curvatures, porosity volume fraction, core layer inclined angle on the impact response of the sandwich shell. Additionally, the results show that compared with the traditional hexagonal honeycomb core type, the stiffened sandwich FGPM doubly-curved shell with re-entrant honeycomb core type has significant advantages in impact energy absorption. This work may provide an extensive reference and valuable guidance in the impact design and application of auxetic sandwich shell structures.

Mechanical properties of horsetail bio-inspired honeycombs under quasi-static axial load

The bionic strategy is regarded as a highly effective design approach for honeycomb structures. To improve the crushing resistance of the honeycombs, some novel bio-honeycombs are proposed by introducing the microstructure of horsetail stems into regular hexagonal honeycomb (RH) cells in this study. Two types of developed bio-honeycombs are considered, including MP type and CC type. A circular honeycomb compression test is carried out to validate the finite element (FE) model. Subsequently, FE models of bio-honeycombs are established to investigate their out-of-plane crashworthiness. The results suggest that the introduced bionic units and the RH frame component will produce a significant interaction effect, where more severe plastic deformation will be formed at their intersections and more folding lobes are formed on the cell walls. Furthermore, the effect of geometric parameters on crashworthiness of MP_6 (MP type with six ribs) bio-honeycombs is discussed. It demonstrates that the smaller cell size of bio-honeycomb is beneficial for improving the utilization efficiency of materials. The deformation modes of MP_6 bio-honeycombs are determined by the ratio of cell wall thickness to cell length (t/l), and the global bending occurs when t/l exceeds 0.0625. In addition, a theoretical model for estimating the mean crushing force of MP_6 bio-honeycombs is derived, and the error with the FE results is within 7%, confirming that the theoretical solution is in good agreement with the simulation.

Dynamic response of the hybrid honeycomb sandwich panel with zero Poisson’s ratio under low-speed impact

The dynamic response of the hybrid honeycomb sandwich panel under low-speed impact is studied. According to Hamilton’s principle and first-order shear deformation theory, the motion equation of the hybrid honeycomb sandwich panel is deduced. Then the Navier method and Duhamel’s integral are used to solve the vibration displacement of panels. Besides, the mass-spring (MS) model is used to calculate the contact force between the honeycomb sandwich panel and the impactor. The results of this model are compared with those of Abaqus and published studies, which verifies the feasibility of the theoretical model in this paper. Based on the developed theoretical model, the influences of the unit cell angle, cell wall length, cell wall thickness, core layer height and impact speed on the dynamic response of sandwich panels have been studied. The results show that under the same low-speed impact, the maximum lateral displacement of hybrid sandwich panels was 11.65% smaller than that of conventional sandwich panels when honeycomb parameter θ = 60°, and was 15.45% when honeycomb parameter The energy absorption character of the hybrid honeycomb sandwich panel are better than those of the traditional hexagonal honeycomb sandwich panel and the concave hexagonal honeycomb sandwich panel.

In‐Plane Crushing Behaviors of Hexagonal Honeycombs with Hollow‐Circle Joint under Different Compressive Velocities

The in‐plane crushing behaviors of hierarchical hexagonal honeycombs, structured by replacing every three‐wall vertex of both the conventional and reentrant hexagonal honeycombs with a small hollow‐circle, are investigated herein. The finite element (FE) models are first verified by an empirical formula from the literature and then further used to simulate the in‐plane crushing behaviors of the honeycombs under different compressive velocities. The deformation mode, plateau stress, and specific energy absorption (SEA) are studied based on the FE simulations. With respect to the conventional hierarchical honeycombs, the reentrant hierarchical honeycombs, in most instances, are found to exhibit higher plateau stress but lower SEA. It is remarkable that the hierarchical hexagonal honeycombs exhibit higher plateau stress and SEA than the basic hexagonal ones, which indicates that the hierarchical design is effective in improving both the impact resistance and energy absorption capabilities of the honeycombs.

A novel design method of circular sandwich panels with gradient continuous controllable core based on space-filling design and 2D-Voronoi method

In this paper, a novel method based on the space-filling design and 2D Voronoi method was proposed to design the in-plane gradient continuous controllable honeycomb (GCCH) structures. Low-velocity impact tests were carried out using the sandwich panels with GCCH core layers, which were all made of Aluminium alloy material and fabricated with the wire-cut machine. A concise theoretical solution for loading capacity and denting profile was developed and verified. Three-dimensional finite element models were implemented in ABAQUS/Explicit to model sandwich panels.The FE models were validated with experimental results and, subsequently, the simulation results were further extended to study the impact response and energy absorption characteristics. Results show that the method proposed in this work was effective to design multi-cell structures with graded mechanical properties in the radius direction and approximately homogeneous in the circumferential direction by controlling the distribution of the sites. Sandwich panels with GCCH core layers had better energy absorption properties compared with sandwich panels whose core layers were hexagonal honeycomb with similar cell wall lengths.

Dynamic Compressive and Flexural Behaviour of Re-Entrant Auxetics: A Numerical Study.

Re-entrant auxetics offer the potential to address lightweight challenges while exhibiting superior impact resistance, energy absorption capacity, and a synclastic curvature deformation mechanism for a wide range of engineering applications. This paper presents a systematic numerical study on the compressive and flexural behaviour of re-entrant honeycomb and 3D re-entrant lattice using the finite element method implemented with ABAQUS/Explicit, in comparison with that of regular hexagonal honeycomb. The finite element model was validated with experimental data obtained from the literature, followed by a mesh size sensitivity analysis performed to determine the optimal element size. A series of simulations was then conducted to investigate the failure mechanisms and effects of different factors including strain rate, relative density, unit cell number, and material property on the dynamic response of re-entrant auxetics subjected to axial and flexural loading. The simulation results indicate that 3D re-entrant lattice is superior to hexagonal honeycomb and re-entrant honeycomb in energy dissipation, which is insensitive to unit cell number. Replacing re-entrant honeycomb with 3D re-entrant lattice leads to an 884% increase in plastic energy dissipation and a 694% rise in initial peak stress. Under flexural loading, the re-entrant honeycomb shows a small flexural modulus, but maintains the elastic deformation regime over a large range of strain. In all cases, the compressive and flexural dynamic response of re-entrant auxetics exhibits a strong dependence on strain rate, relative density, and material property. This study provides intuitive insight into the compressive and flexural performance of re-entrant auxetics, which can facilitate the optimal design of auxetic composites.

On the out-of-plane crashworthiness of incorporating hierarchy and gradient into hexagonal honeycomb

Hierarchical design and gradient design have proven to be effective in improving the crashworthiness of honeycombs. In this study, a novel graded hierarchical hexagonal honeycomb (GHHH) is proposed by introducing wall thickness variation into the vertex-based hierarchical hexagonal honeycomb (VHHH). The VHHH is obtained by replacing every vertex of the regular hexagonal honeycomb (RHH) with a smaller hexagon. Numerical simulations and theoretical analysis are performed to study the crashworthiness performance of GHHH under the out-of-plane impact. The numerical results show that the specific energy absorption (SEA) of GHHH can be 146.09%, 39.01%, and 50.23% higher than that of RHH, VHHH, and graded hexagonal honeycomb (GHH), respectively, while their peak stresses are nearly the same. In addition, a theoretical model for the plateau stress of GHHH is developed, and the theoretical values show good consistency with numerical results of GHHH with in-extensional mode. The findings of this study provide an effective guideline for the design of honeycombs with enhanced crashworthiness.

Crashworthiness analysis of a novel bioinspired hexagonal honeycomb under out-of-plane crushing

In this paper, a novel bioinspired hexagonal honeycomb (NBHH) is proposed. Different from the conventional honeycomb (CH), the core wall of the NBHH has a saw-tooth corrugated shape. Firstly, LS-DYNA R11.0 is used to construct a finite element model and conduct experimental verification; then, a comparative analysis is carried out with the CH and the bionic honeycomb sandwich panel (BHSP) with sinusoidal curves, and the proposed NBHH exhibits excellent energy absorption capability under dynamic impact. In particular, compared with the CH and the BHSP with the same wall thickness, the specific energy absorption of the NBHH is 58.60% higher than that of the CH. Compared with the BHSP, the specific energy absorption of the NBHH has increased by 7.23%. Finally, parametric research is carried out on the NBHH.

Study on mechanical properties of cellular structures with negative Poisson's ratio based on the development of Abaqus plug-in tool

A parametric modeling approach is proposed based on secondary development of Abaqus and a plug-in tool is designed for emulation analysis on cellular structures through graphical user interface. Firstly, star honeycomb (SH), double-headed arrow honeycomb (DAH), and re-entrant hexagon honeycomb (RHH) are chosen, and prediction models are established to estimate their mechanical properties based on homogenization theory. Then, equivalent Poisson's ratio, elastic modulus and platform stress are verified through quasi-static compression tests and simulation analysis on DAH. Subsequently, the corresponding prediction models can be integrated into the plug-in tool to pre-analyze mechanical properties of cellular structures by inputting various geometric parameters. Secondly, parametric modeling on the three cellular structures is executed. Then, attribute assignments of material, load and constraint properties are set based on Python program. Based on this, the plug-in tool is utilized to output geometric models automatically and acquire target output data employed to draw curves by MATLAB. Then, quasi-static compression tests on RHH are performed to verify the accuracy of parametric models generated by plug-in tool. Eventually, multi-condition impact mechanical properties of RHH and the influences of structural parameters on mechanical properties of the SH are investigated based on the developed plug-in tool.

A novel 3D hexagonal honeycomb Zn-MOF for effective detection of Fe3+, CrO42-, and Cr2O72- and selective dye adsorption in aqueous media

Heavy metal ions and organic dye pollutants in water cause serious environmental problems and endanger human health. A 3D honeycomb Zn-MOF, Zn(C22N4O4H12)·16H2O (1), was synthesized by solvothermal reaction with ligand H2L (H2L = 2,5-bis-(1H-1,3-benzimidazol-1-yl)-terephthalic acid) as the skeleton and zinc cations as connecting points. The structure of Zn-MOF features one-dimensional channels with a window size of 4.6 Å. The 3D structure is simplified into a (4,4)-binode grid {426282}{4264}. Because of the structural characteristics of Zn-MOF, it exhibits superior luminescent properties and rapid separation of dye molecules of different sizes. The maximum adsorption capacity of Zn-MOF for cationic organic dyes CV, RHB, and JB was as high as 233 mg/g, 218 mg/g, and 168 mg/g, respectively. Luminescent sensing experiments show that Zn-MOF can simultaneously and selectively detect three heavy metal ions Fe3+, CrO42-, and Cr2O72- in aqueous media, and the detection limits are 1.68 μM, 0.15 μM, and 0.46 μM, respectively.

Neighborhood Number-Based Topological Indices of Graphene

The study of topological indices prompted mathematicians to venture into mathematical chemistry, specifically chemical graph theory. They are quantitative measures that reflect the topology of the molecular graph of a compound, without taking into account of any information about the chemical bonds or the atom positions. Graphene is a monolayer carbon allotrope that is tightly bound in a hexagonal honeycomb lattice. It is an eco-friendly compound and a sustainable solution for almost countless applications. In this paper, we estimate three neighborhood number-based topological indices; Mostar index, PI index and Szeged index of Graphene structure, considering all possible cases in the number of rows and hexagons. The results are obtained and corresponding graphs are plotted along with the contour plot.

Tensile Properties of 3D‐Projected 4‐Polytopes: A New Class of Mechanical Metamaterial

In this article, we research the tensile behavior mechanical metamaterial based on the 3D projections of 4D geometries (4‐polytopes). The specific properties of these mechanical metamaterials can be enhanced by more than fourfold when optimized within a framework powered by an evolutionary algorithm. We show that the best‐performing metamaterial structure, the 8‐cell (tesseract), has specific yield strength and specific stiffness values in a similar range to those of hexagonal honeycombs tested out‐of‐plane. The 8‐cell structures are also cubically symmetrical and have the same mechanical properties in three orthogonal axes. The effect of structure is quantified by comparing metamaterial tensile strength against the Young's modulus of constituent solid material. We find that the strength‐to‐modulus value of the 8‐cell structures exceeds that of the hexagonal honeycomb by 76%. The 5‐cell (pentatope) and 16‐cell (orthoplex) metamaterials are shown to be more effective under tensile loading than gyroid structures, while 24‐cell (octaplex) structures display the least optimal structure‐properties relationships. The findings presented in this paper showcase the importance of macro‐scale architecture and highlight the potential of 3D projections of 4‐polytopes as the basis for a new class of mechanical metamaterial.

Investigation of the effect of the degree of hollowness and internal cavity structure on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed parts

Despite the wide growth of additive manufacturing, it is still very expensive to mass produce 3D-printed parts. The costs can be minimized if the quantity of material required to produce a part can be substantially reduced by introducing hollow cavities into the structure, without compromising its properties. This study investigates the effect of the degree of hollowness and different internal cavity structures on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed materials. Test specimens were prepared with four polymeric materials (i.e., acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA), carbon fiber-reinforced (CFR) ABS, and CFR PLA) using the fused deposition modeling 3D printing technique. Internal hollow cavities were introduced to the specimens during printing and the specimens were prepared with three different cavity structures (i.e., hexagonal honeycomb, circular drills, and squares), and the degree of hollowness was varied from 0% to 30% in 10% increments. Tensile and flexural properties of the 3D-printed specimens were evaluated and analyzed. The mechanical properties of all specimens were found to decrease with increasing hollowness levels, regardless of the type of material or the internal cavity structure. The hexagonal honeycomb structure showed the best tensile properties out of the three internal cavity structures, while the flexural properties were not significantly affected by the internal cavity structure. The material type had a significant impact on the mechanical properties with PLA exhibiting better tensile and flexural properties than ABS, while their carbon fire reinforced counterparts showed enhanced mechanical properties than pure ABS and PLA.

Energy absorption characteristics of a super hexagonal honeycomb under out-of-plane crushing

Designing innovative honeycomb materials with improved energy absorption capacity is a long-term pursuit to provide adequate impact protection for crucial structural components. The edge-based design has been regarded as an effective strategy to enhance the mechanical properties and energy absorption of honeycomb materials. This paper proposes a novel super hexagonal honeycomb (SHH) structure to pursue better energy absorption capacities. Its geometry is derived from the outline of a hexagonal honeycomb. The crushing performance of the SHH is investigated based on the out-of-plane compression experiments, and an explicit finite element model is established to explore the crashworthiness characteristics of the structure. Furthermore, a theoretical model based on the simplified super folding element (SSFE) method is established to predict the mean crushing force during the crushing process. The comparison with the experimental and numerical results verifies its accuracy. Besides, the crushing mechanisms and collapse modes of the constitutive Y and V elements in the SHH are discussed. The parametric analysis of the crashworthiness of the SHH is conducted in terms of the cell-wall length ratio, sub-corner angle and hierarchy. The results reveal that the crashworthiness of SHH is much superior to traditional hexagonal honeycomb and presents 106%, 62%, 104% and 162% improvement in the mean crushing force, crushing force efficiency, specific energy absorption and volumetric energy absorption, respectively. This work can inspire future research on lightweight edge-based honeycombs with excellent energy absorption capacity.