Palmitic Acid Methyl Ester Research Articles

Identification of volatiles from larval faecal pellets of Indian strain of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)

The present study was carried out to identify the volatiles from larval faecal pellets of fall armyworm and to explore these in novel semiochemical based pest management options like oviposition deterrents. The volatiles were identified from larval faecal pellets of fall armyworm reared on maize under laboratory conditions. Samples were prepared using methanol as solvent and analysed in GC-MS. In the present study, total thirteen volatiles have been identified from methanol extract of faecal pellets. On the basis of percent area, the individual compound has been categorized as major (>10%), minor (1–10%) and negligible (<1%). Among identified compounds, three volatiles; namely hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)- methyl ester, 9-octadecenoic acid (E)- methyl ester constituted more than 70% were major compounds. Minor compounds include 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- methyl ester, methyl stearate, phytol, 9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (Z), and pentadecanoic acid methyl ester comprising 26.43% area in total, along with negligible amounts of tetradecanoic acid 12-methyl methyl ester (S), hexadecanoic acid 14-methyl methyl ester, methyl tetradecanoate, octadecanoic acid 10-methyl methyl ester and neophytadiene constituting 3.16% of total area. Plant derived components phytol and neophytadiene were identified as the larvae were reared on plant parts.

INTEGRATED EXTRACTION BY PERCOLATION, DISTILLATION, AND SOXHLET EXTRACTION TO SEPARATE BIOACTIVE AND BIOENERGY COMPOUNDS FROM SPENT COFFEE GROUND

The spent coffee ground has potential compounds applied in food and bioenergy. In this study, an integrated extraction to separate chemical compounds from the spent coffee ground was designed. Furthermore, the extraction apparatus was combined for percolation, distillation, and Soxhlet extraction. The distillation technique produces flavored coffee, Soxhlet extraction separates coffee oil; while percolation produces the coffee extract. Analysis of coffee aroma using distillation techniques obtained alpha furfuryl alcohol (52.16%), methyl pyrazine (15.63%), and 2.6-dimethyl paradiazine (9.62%). Analysis of coffee extract using the percolation technique obtained antioxidant compounds with IC50 (56.61 µg/mL), polyphenols (1.25 mg/g), caffeine (7.88%), chlorogenic acid (1.25%), and tannins (21.22%). Analysis of coffee oil using the Soxhlet extraction technique obtained methyl ester compounds that have the potential for biodiesel such as linoleic acid methyl ester (39.90%), palmitic acid methyl ester (34.30%), oleic acid methyl ester (8.74%), and stearic acid methyl ester (8.66%). The integrated extraction has successfully separated many chemical components from spent coffee ground dan it has added value to be applied in food, beverage, pharmaceutical, and bioenergy.

Identification of lipid compounds in the plant of Ceratophyllum demersum using two different solvents

Ceratophyllum demersum considered a native common species in Iraq. The current study aimed to identify the concentration of lipid compounds in that plant using two types of solvents (Hexane and benzene:methanol mixture). The results showed that 25 compounds were identified in plants when using benzene:methanol mixture solvents, whereas 28 compounds were found using hexane solvent. The present study concluded that the C. demersum could be a good source of many fatty acids especially Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, Octadecadienoic acid and Phytol.

Phytochemistry and Antiviral Properties of Two Lotus Species ‎Growing in Egypt

Background: Lotus arabicus L and Lotus glaber Mill. belong to the family Fabaceae, and they grow in the wild in ‎Egypt and have different therapeutic uses in folk medicine. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical profile and ‎antimicrobial properties of the methanolic extracts of two Lotus spp. growing in Egypt, L. ‎arabicus and L. glaber. Material and methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the compounds of the extracts of two Lotus species. An MTT colorimetric assay and the disc diffusion method were performed to investigate the antiviral and antimicrobial activities of two lotus species, respectively. Results: The n-hexane and methanol extracts of L. ‎arabicuscontained high percentages of alkane hydrocarbons, such as 5-methyloctadecane, ‎while L. glaber contained dodecane. The major compounds in the methanol extract of L. ‎arabicus were hexadecanoic acid methyl ester and dodecanoic acid,2,3-bis(acetyloxy)propyl ‎ester. The major compounds in the methanol extract of L. glaber were palmitic acid and ‎lucenin 2. The indole alkaloid ditaine was found only in L. arabicus. This alkaloid was ‎identified for the first time in the genus Lotus. The antimicrobial properties of the extracts of ‎the two Lotus species showed that the n-hexane extract of ‎both Lotus species may have potential antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis and ‎Aspergillus flavus. Moreover, the methanolic extracts of both Lotus species have potential ‎antiviral activity against the coxsackie B virus, but only the L. arabicus extract showed ‎activity against the hepatitis A virus.‎ Conclusion: Lotus arabicus might have potential antifungal or antiviral activity greater than L. glaber.

Identification of Potential Antimicrobial Compounds from a Marine Streptomyces sp. SM2.4 Strain (MH752437) Isolated from Rachgoun Island in Western Algeria

Background: Marine actinobacteria are a potential resource for natural products; their secondary bioactive metabolites have shown several biological activities. Most of the isolated and identified actinobacteria in Algeria were usually explored from caves, Saharan soil or palm groves. The marine ecosystem is poorly explored and documented. Methods: Five Streptomyces strains producing bioactive compounds were isolated from Rachgoun Island located in Western Algeria and characterised phenotypically and genotypically using microbiological and 16S rRNA sequencing methods, respectively. The crude extract of the most representative strain “Streptomyces sp. strain SM2.4” and its seven active fractions were characterised by GC/MS analysis. Results: Streptomyces sp. strain SM2.4 revealed the strongest activity against the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, the fungus Aspergillus niger and was inactive against Gram-negative bacteria. : GC/MS analysis of the methylated crude extract of Streptomyces sp. strain SM2.4 revealed the presence of 11 major compounds, including fatty acids methyl ester (12-methyltridecanoic acid methyl ester, 9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 14-methylhexadecanoic acid methyl ester and 16-methylheptadecanoic acid methyl ester), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, (4S,4aS,8aR)-4,8a-dimethyloctahydro-4a(2H)-naphthalenol (geosmin), 2,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 3,4-difluorobenzaldehyde, dimethylfuran-2,4-dicarboxylate and pyrrolo(1,2-a)pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)-. Partial purification of the crude extract by Thin-layer chromatography provided seven active fractions, which were tested by radial diffusion assay. GC/MS analysis of the active TLC-fractions revealed the presence of a mixture of active compounds from which 2- (bromomethyl)-2-(2-methylphenyl)-1,3-dioxolane was found to be a new 1,3 dioxolane derivative. Furthermore, 3,4-dimethylbenzamide and pyrido[2,3-d] pyridazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro- 3-(2-methylpropyl)-, were extracted for the first time from a natural source. Conclusion: Our study reveals that marine Streptomyces sp. strain SM2.4 has an interesting antimicrobial potential due to its panel of bioactive compounds.

Biodiesel production and comparison using commercial lipase and chemical catalyst from Cassia auriculata oil

In this present investigation, Cassia auriculata was explored as a feedstock for production of biodiesel. Transesterification reaction was performed by both enzyme (lipase) and chemical (potassium hydroxide) catalyst with diverse acyl acceptors such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, n-propanol, butanol, n- butanol, and finally their biodiesel yield were also recorded. Process optimization was performed by both one factor at a time method and response surface method. The maximal biodiesel yield of 92% (weight/weight) was obtained at the following optimal conditions: Oil:Methanol molar ratio of 1:6 (moles/moles), the lipase concentration of 2% (weight/weight), at 35 ​°C and 120 ​min. The highest biodiesel yield from Cassia auriculata oil was occurred with excess methanol that aids the equilibrium shift in the forward direction. The kinetics of the transesterification reaction was investigated under optimal conditions and the activation energy was found to be 14.91 ​kJ/mol. Simultaneously Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy was also carried out for the biodiesel produced from Cassia auriculata and the same has been reported. The GC analysis declares the existence of fatty acid esters like hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, methyl stearate and the peak with retention time 12.8 ​min signifies the evidence of hexadecanoic acid methyl ester with 28% of yield content. This investigation also evaluated the biodiesel quality produced from lipase-transesterified Cassia auriculata oil based on fuel properties. Biodiesel properties Flash Point (FC), Pour Point (PP) and kinematic viscosity were compared with American (ASTM 6751) and European (EN 14214) Standards. Cassia auriculata oil had PP 6.7 ​°C and Kinematic viscosity (813 ​kg/m3) that agreed with both the standards. Thus this study showed that Cassia auriculata oil could be a better fuel alternative with further improvement of fuel properties.

GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R. Dutta.

Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R. Dutta is a plant species belonging to the family Costaceae. It is widely distributed in China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, tropical, and subtropical Asia. In Ayurveda, the rhizome of this plant has been extensively used to treat fever, rash, asthma, bronchitis, and intestinal worms. The objective of the present study was to investigate the phytochemical constituents of the leaf of Hellenia speciosa using gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy analysis (GC-MS). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 17 phytochemical components in the ethanolic leaf extract of Hellenia speciosa. The prevailing bioactive compounds present in Hellenia speciosa were thymol (RT-10.019; 3.59%), caryophyllene (RT-11.854; 0.62%), caryophyllene oxide (RT-13.919; 1.34%), artumerone (RT-14.795; 1.35%), hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (RT-17.536; 2.77%), 9,12-octadecanoic acid methyl ester (RT-19.163; 1.35%), squalene (RT-24.980; 1.19%), piperine (RT-25.745; 3.11%), beta tocopherol (RT-26.681; 2.88%), vitamin E (RT-27.290; 2.64%), progesterone (RT-29.608; 3.18%), caparratriene (RT-29.861; 9.72%), and testosterone (RT-30.73; 5.81%). The compounds were identified by comparing their retention time and peak area with that of the literature and by interpretation of mass spectra. The results and findings of the present study suggest that the plant leaf can be used as a valuable source in the field of herbal drug discovery. The presence of bioactive compounds justifies the use of plant leaves for treating various diseases with fewer side effects and recommended the plant of pharmaceutical importance. However, further studies are needed to undertake its bioactivity and toxicity profile.

Chemical profiling and anti-breast cancer potential of hexane fraction of Sphaeranthus indicus flowers

Purpose: The current study aimed to determine the phytochemicals and anti-breast cancer potential of Sphaeranthus indicus.Methods: S. indicus flowers were extracted with methanol followed by fractionation using n-hexane. For the chemical composition of n-hexane fraction, qualitative phytochemical and GC-MS analysis were performed. The anti-proliferative activity was measured by MTT assay, whereas, cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects in MCF-7 (breast cancer) cells were determined using propidium iodide, 4′,6-diamidino- 2-phenylindole, dichlorofluorescin diacetate, and JC-1 staining through fluorescent microscopy.Results: The phytochemical analysis indicated presence of phytosterols, oils and resins in the nhexane fraction. GC-MS analysis showed that n-hexane fraction comprises of 11 compounds including methyl esters of caprylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and behanic acid. The tested fraction showed remarkable cytotoxic activity against breast cancer (MCF-7) cells while it was found less toxic towards non-cancerous (BHK-21) cells. Furthermore, morphological assessment through fluorescent microscopy revealed cytotoxic and apoptotic effects by improved cell membrane permeability, increased reactive oxygen species level, compromised mitochondrial activity and condensation of chromatin network.Conclusion: The n-hexane fraction of S. indicus contains phytosterols, oils and fatty acid methyl esters and produced apoptotic effect against breast cancer cells.

Production of biodiesel over ZnO-TiO2 bifunctional oxide catalyst supported on natural zeolite

In this paper, biodiesel is produced from palm oil and methanol via the transesterification process over the heterogeneous catalyst. The metal oxide ZnO-TiO2 was impregnated into natural zeolite over the dry impregnation method. The ZnO-TiO2/NZ catalyst was prepared over the dry impregnation method. The catalysts' characteristic was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The biodiesel was analyzed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed a functional group of methyl ester (C=O, carbonyl group) at 1744.51 cm-1. The components of methyl ester such as hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (C17), cis-9-heptadecanoic acid methyl ester (C18), oleic acid methyl ester (C19), are present in the biodiesel with the percent area of 0.05%, 0.08%, 0.63%, 7.06%, 16.3%, respectively, over ZnO-TiO2/NZ catalyst with a metal ratio of 1:1. This catalyst was successful in the transesterification of palm oil to produce biodiesel.

Bioactive principles in exudate gel from the leaf of Aloe fleurentiniorum, traditionally used as folkloric medicine by local people of Aridah and Fayfa mountains, Saudi Arabia

Abstract Aloe fleurentiniorum is a desert plant that is occasionally used to treat wounds by local people of Aridah and Fayfa mountains in Saudi Arabia. However, medicinal value of the plant has not been scientifically established. The purpose of this study was to determine the bioactive phytocomponents contained in the exudate gel (EG) from the leaves of Aloe fleurentiniorum using GC–MS and FT-IR studies, as well as antibacterial assays. Medicinally important bioactive compounds were identified using GC–MS analysis. The bioactive compounds are “pregn-5-ene-3α,20-diol”, “16α-methyl-pregnane-11,20-dione”, “3-hydroxy-(3α,5α)-, ursodeoxycholic acid”, “1-heptatriacotanol”, “allopregnane-7α,11α-diol-3,20-dione”, “D-arabino-hexopyranoside”, “2-octadecenoic acid methyl ester”, “D-ribo-hexose,2,6-dideoxy-3-O-methyl glucosamine”, “N-acetyl-N-benzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside”, “nonyl 1-thio pregnenolone”, “5-cholestene-3-ol, 24-methyl-cholestanol”, and “D-allose hexadecanoic acid methyl ester”. Furthermore, specific groups and their respective chemical compounds were identified via FT-IR spectroscopy studies. The FT-IR spectroscopy of EG showed various functional groups at 3354, 2945, 2832, 2523, 2046, 1707, 1451, 1108, 1031, 880, 737 and 610 cm−1. The FT-IR peaks revealed the likely presence of various compounds such as glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, amino sugars, cutin and isothiocyanate. Moreover, EG produced a wide range of antibacterial effects on some screened human pathogenic bacteria.

Fatty acids and their derivatives from Chlorella vulgaris extracts exhibit in vitro antimicrobial activity against the honey bee pathogen Paenibacillus larvae

The green microalga Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck (Chlorellaceae) is widely used as a food supplement for humans and animals. In beekeeping practice, Chlorella vulgaris has potential as a pollen supplement. We studied whether Chlorella extracts display antimicrobial properties against Paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of the honey bee bacterial disease American foulbrood. We identified components responsible for antimicrobial activity and evaluated the added values of Chlorella as a food supplement for honey bees. Different extracts (water, acetone, methanol) were prepared from Chlorella biomass (phototrophically and heterotrophically cultivated) and screened for antimicrobial activity against ERIC I and ERIC II genotypes of P. larvae. Active acetone extracts of phototrophically cultivated Chlorella vulgaris biomass were fractioned via preparative reverse-phase chromatography. Antimicrobial activity was detected for 9 of the resulting 33 fractions. Further analysis revealed the chemical composition of the active fractions. C. vulgaris extracts showed a significant antimicrobial effect against vegetative cells and spores of P. larvae strains of ERIC I and ERIC II genotypes. The lowest MIC of the most active acetone extract was 6.3 µg/mL for both tested genotypes. In the majority of the active fractions, monolinolenin, fatty acid linoleic acid, and methyl esters of linoleic and/or palmitic acid were identified via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. Based on our results, we concluded that algal C. vulgaris food supplements not only contain nutritional but also potential prophylactic properties for honey bee health.

Palmitic Acid Methyl Ester Enhances Adipogenic Differentiation in Rat Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells through a G Protein-Coupled Receptor-Mediated Pathway.

Adipogenic differentiation from stem cells has become a research target due to the increasing interest in obesity. It has been indicated that adipocytes can secrete palmitic acid methyl ester (PAME), which is able to regulate stem cell proliferation. However, the effects of PAME on adipogenic differentiation in stem cell remain unclear. Here, we present that the adipogenic differentiation medium supplemented with PAME induced the differentiation of rat adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rAD-MSCs) into adipocyte. rAD-MSCs were treated with PAME for 12 days and then subjected to various analyses. The results from the present study show that PAME significantly increased the levels of adipogenic differentiation markers, PPARγ and Gpd1, and enhanced adipogenic differentiation in rAD-MSCs. Furthermore, the level of GPR40/120 protein increased during induction of adipocyte differentiation in rAD-MSCs. Cotreatment with PAME and a GPR40/120 antagonist together inhibited the PAME-enhanced adipogenic differentiation. Moreover, PAME significantly increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), but not AKT and mTOR. Cotreatment with PAME and a GPR40/120 antagonist together inhibited the PAME-enhanced ERK phosphorylation and adipogenic differentiation. PAME also increased the intracellular Ca2+ levels. Cotreatment with PAME and a Ca2+ chelator or a phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor prevented the PAME-enhanced ERK phosphorylation and adipogenic differentiation. Our data suggest that PAME activated the GPR40/120/PLC-mediated pathway, which in turn increased the intracellular Ca2+ levels, thereby activating the ERK, and eventually enhanced adipogenic differentiation in rAD-MSCs. The findings from the present study might help get insight into the physiological roles and molecular mechanism of PAME in regulating stem cell differentiation.

Antifungal Activity of the Extract of a Macroalgae, Gracilariopsis persica, against Four Plant Pathogenic Fungi.

Nowadays, the extract of seaweeds has drawn attention as a rich source of bioactive metabolites. Seaweeds are known for their biologically active compounds whose antibacterial and antifungal activities have been documented. This research aimed to study the profile of phenolic compounds using the HPLC method and determine biologically active compounds using the GC-MS method and the antifungal activity of Gracilariopsis persica against plant pathogenic fungi. G. persica was collected from its natural habitat in Suru of Bandar Abbas, Iran, dried, and extracted by methanol. The quantitative results on phenolic compounds using the HPLC method showed that the most abundant compounds in G. persica were rosmarinic acid (20.9 ± 0.41 mg/kg DW) and quercetin (11.21 ± 0.20 mg/kg DW), and the least abundant was cinnamic acid (1.4 ± 0.10 mg/kg DW). The GC-MS chromatography revealed 50 peaks in the methanolic extract of G. persica, implying 50 compounds. The most abundant components included cholest-5-en-3-ol (3 beta) (27.64%), palmitic acid (17.11%), heptadecane (7.71%), and palmitic acid methyl ester (6.66%). The antifungal activity of different concentrations of the extract was determined in vitro. The results as to the effect of the alga extract at the rates of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 μL on the mycelial growth of four important plant pathogenic fungi, including Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium expansum, and Pyricularia oryzae, revealed that the mycelial growth of all four fungi was lower at higher concentrations of the alga extract. However, the extract concentration of 1000 μL completely inhibited their mycelial growth. The antifungal activity of this alga may be related to the phenolic compounds, e.g., rosmarinic acid and quercetin, as well as compounds such as palmitic acid, oleic acid, and other components identified using the GC-MS method whose antifungal effects have already been confirmed.

In vitro and in vivo investigation of polypharmacology of propolis extract as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and chemical properties

Abstract Numerous compounds derived from natural sources such as microbes, plants, and insects have proven to be safe, efficacious, and cost-effective therapeutics for human diseases. This study examined the bioactivities of propolis, a structural sealant and antibacterial/antifungal agent produced by honey bees. Chinese propolis was extracted in methanol or hexane. Propolis significantly reduced the numbers of viable cancer cells when applied as a methanol extract (IC50 values in μg/mL for the indicated cell line: MDA-MB-231, 74.12; LoVo, 74.12; HepG2, 77.74; MCF7, 95.10; A549, 114.84) or a hexane extract (MDA-MB-231, 52.11; LoVo, 45.9; HepG2, 52.11; MCF7, 78.01; A549, 67.90). Hexane extract also induced apoptosis of HepG2 cells according to activated caspase-3/7 expression assays (17.6 ± 2.9% at 150 μg/mL and 89.2 ± 1.9% at 300 μg/mL vs 3.4 ± 0.4% in vehicle control), suppressed the growth of Candida albicans and multiple multidrug-resistant and nonresistant Gram-positive bacteria, and inhibited croton oil-induced skin inflammation when applied as topical treatment. GC-MS identified hexadecanoic acid methyl ester as a major constituent (33.6%). Propolis hexane extract has potential anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities.

In vitro cytotoxic, antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and volatile constituents of Coccoloba peltata Schott cultivated in Egypt

Coccoloba peltata Schott (C. peltata) is an evergreen, small tree mainly growing in Brazil. Since there is no relevant report for its biological activities or phytochemical data, this study aimed to assess the volatile components and bioactivity potential of leaves extract and fractions of C. peltata Schott cultivated in Egypt. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis allowed the tentative identification of thirty secondary metabolites including α-tocospiro A (17.20%), α-tocospiro B (12.02%), squalene (7.78%), 13-epi-manoyl oxide (6.80%), nonacosane (5.12%), pentatriacontane (4.17%) and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (3.78%) as major compounds. The crude extract was subjected to in vitro bioassays revealing a promising results against the studied cancer cell lines, HepG-2, MCF-7, HCT-116, PC3 and HeLa (IC50 7.56-14.26 µg/mL) in comparison to doxorubicin while the corresponding fractions exihibited lower activity. The antioxidant assay based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ascorbic acid as a reference, indicated the crude extract as the most active (IC50 32.86 µg/mL) followed by chloroform fraction (IC50 46.05 µg/mL), n-hexane fraction (IC50 57.42 µg/mL) and then butanol fraction (IC50 50.06 µg/mL). Finally, the total extract exihibited potent antimicrobial activity against E. coli B. subtilis and C. albicans with activity indices of 46.1, 73.9, 81.5%, respectively, as compared to ciprofloxacin and clotrimazole. Taken together, the crude extract from Coccoloba peltata displayed higher responses to the various assays, it has been suggested as a synergism among the compounds therefore.

Chemical composition of Prosopis farcta (Banks & Soland) Macbride (Leguminoseae or Fabaceae) fruits

The chemical composition of Prosopis farcta extracts was prepared and analyzed by GC-MS. Ten phytochemical constituents were identified in the fruit of P. farcta . The relative percentage of Palmitic acid methyl ester was high (32.61%) followed by 9-12 octadecenoic acid methyl ester (23.16%) and then stearic acid methyl ester (13.93%), 10-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (13.05), 9-Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (5.41%), linoleic acid methyl ester (4.13%) and some components present at lower percentages such as pentadecanoic acid methyl ester (1.01%).

Effect of Oak Chips Application on Phenolic Compounds of Wine Vinegars at Different Maturation Times

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of oak chips-supplementations on phenolic compound profiles of grape vinegar samples. Total acidity, volatile acids, non-volatile acids, pH, dry extract, ash, color, alcohol, total phenolic compound, individual phenolic compounds and aroma compounds of un supplemented control (UC) samples and oak chips-supplemented (OCS) samples were analyzed at the 0th, 1st and 3rd months of ageing. Total phenolic compound of UC vinegar samples was measured as 1256.50 mg GAE/L at the end of the 3rd month. Total phenolic compound of OCS vinegar samples was measured as 1521.03 mg GAE/L at the end of the 1st month and as 1470.67 mg GAE/L at the end of the 3rd month. Gallic acid, catechin and vanillic acid contents of UC vinegar samples were respectively measured as 8.43 mg/L, 22.26 mg/L and 1.78 mg/L at the end of the 3rd month. Gallic acid, catechin and vanillic acid contents of OCS vinegar samples were respectively measured as 19.12 mg/L, 17.98 mg/L and 2.58 mg/L at the end of the 3rd month. The 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester and 9-octadecanoic acid methyl ester quantities increased at the end of the 3rd month with oak chips-supplementation to ageing process. It was observed that oak chips-supplementation increased total phenolic compound and some individual phenolics of grape vinegar samples.

Antimicrobial activity, bioactive constituents, and functional groups in aqueous methanol extract of Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) thwaites leaves

Background: Polyalthia longifolia is an ornamental plant with various applications in traditional medicine. There is a need to identify its bioactive compounds to justify its medicinal use. Objectives: In this study, the functional groups and bioactive compounds in aqueous methanol extract of P. longifolia leaves and its antimicrobial potential were investigated. Materials and Methods: Bioactive constituents of the extract were assayed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and functional groups by Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), while its phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity were investigated in vitro using standard protocols. Results: Qualitative phytochemical screening showed the presence of therapeutically important phytochemicals, namely, alkaloids, steroidal and cardiac glycosides, saponins, triterpenes, steroids, phytosterols, resins, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and diterpenes. The extract showed promising bactericidal and fungicidal properties against the test organisms. Staphylococcus aureus was the most resistant of all the test organisms, while other test organisms were significantly inhibited by the extract in a concentration-dependent fashion. FT-IR analysis showed different characteristic peak values confirming the presence of important functional groups, namely, alcohol, alkane, ester, alkene, nitro compounds, amine, carboxylic acid, aromatics, and alkyl halide in the extract. GC-MS analysis identified 25 bioactive compounds in the leave extract. Some of these compounds include 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, copaene, aromadendrene, alpha-curcumene, caryophyllene oxide, palmitic acid methyl ester, cis-Z-alpha-Bisabolene epoxide, phytol, alpha-Santoline alcohol, and linolenic acid ethyl ester reportedly possessing antimicrobial, antioxidant, antigenotoxic, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, cardio-protective, insecticidal, pesticidal, nematicidal, antiandrogenic, antiviral, and analgesic activities. Conclusion: This study underscores the vast therapeutic importance of P. longifolia leaves as an important source of potentially useful bioactive principles.

GC-MS analysis of volatile oil and fatty acids composition of Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet leaves

The Volatile oil of Abutilon hirtum (Lam.) Sweet leaves extracted by a Clevenger approach and the fatty acid content of this species as a result of petroleum ether extraction were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. GC-MS analysis of the volatile oil revealed the presence of 63 compounds, with (2E,6E)-farnesol (6.56%), E-caryophyllene (4.68%), caryophyllene oxide (4.37%) and βcopaen-4-α-ol (3.51%) as the major components. On the other hand, 8 fatty acids of which three were identified as linolenic acid methyl ester, which was the major identified fatty acid methyl ester (38.74%), followed by palmitic acid methyl ester (29.09%) and linoleic acid methyl ester (18.14%). The identification of the compounds depends on the retention time and mass spectrum.

Cultivation of microalgae on unhydrolysed waste molasses syrup using mass cultivation strategy for improved biodiesel.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02823-7.