Heterostructure Materials Research Articles

D‐Band Center Modulation of Metallic Co‐Incorporated Co7Fe3 Alloy Heterostructure for Regulating Polysulfides in Highly Efficient Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

AbstractLithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries, with their high theoretical energy density and cost‐effectiveness, have become one of the most promising next‐generation energy storage devices. However, they still face challenges such as the “shuttle effect” caused by the dissolution of polysulfide intermediates and the slow sulfur conversion kinetics. In this study, based on the Co7Fe3 alloy catalyst, additional Co metal is introduced to form a Co7Fe3Co catalyst with a heterostructure through a simple heat treatment process. This catalyst is incorporated into Ketjenblack (KB) to form a sulfur‐infused cathode material (designated as S/KB/Co7Fe3Co). Li‐S batteries using S/KB/Co7Fe3Co as the cathode demonstrate outstanding electrochemical performance, maintaining a reversible specific capacity of over 500 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 C, with a capacity decay rate of 0.046% per cycle. DFT theoretical calculations and experimental results both reveal that the introduction of additional Co effectively regulates the d‐band center of the material, enhancing the adsorption of polysulfide intermediates by Co7Fe3Co and promoting bidirectional catalytic sulfur conversion. This work highlights the importance of the simple construction of heterostructured catalytic materials and their role in improving the performance of Li‐S batteries.

Design of heterostructure photocatalysts based on layered perovskite-like bismuth silicate

Heterostructure photocatalysts attract a lot of attention of researchers thanks to their enhanced photocatalytic performance. Herein, we focus on the formation of the p-n type heterojunction based on bismuth metasilicate Bi2SiO5 and β-Bi2O3. To date, there are some publications dedicated to these objects, however, the monitoring of the phase composition in the Bi2O3-Bi2SiO5 system and strong evidence of the heterostructure formation in the composite material have not been provided together. At first, we show with quantum-chemical calculations that such interface is possible to design. After that, using XRD in situ we clearly show the pathway of formation of Bi2SiO5 by consuming β-Bi2O3 phase with increasing of temperature. Such results allow monitoring the phase content of the composite material. Finally, we choose two calcination modes to prepare the samples. Based on the results of HRTEM, DRS, XRD, IR and Raman data we clearly show the difference between the mechanical mixture of the semiconductors and generated heterostructure material. Photocatalytic properties of the samples are tested in photodegradation of Rhodamine B under different wavelength of LEDS. Under visible light (470 nm) the heterostructure demonstrates better catalytic activity. Additionally, using air flow and trapping agents it is demonstrated that the holes h+ mainly take part in deethylation of the dye.

A Z-scheme g-C3N4/TiO2 heterojunction for enhanced performance in protecting Mg-Ni couple from galvanic corrosion

Large interfacial contact is crucial for designing novel heterostructure materials to achieve good photoelectrochemical performance. Herein, we prepared a composite photoanode consisting of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes and graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets for enhancing the photocathodic protection (PCP) capability of the nickel-coated Mg alloy (Mg/Ni). The composite g-C3N4/TiO2 (CN/TiO2) photoanode was achieved by depositing g-C3N4 on the TiO2 nanotubes grown titanium foil via a one-step thermal polymerization of melamine and thiourea mixture. A series of characterizations, including transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, manifested the successful deposition of g-C3N4 at the inner wall of the TiO2 nanotubes to achieve sufficient interfacial contact and the formation of a Z-scheme heterojunction to promote the charge carriers’ transfer and separation. Compared with the pure TiO2 photoanode, the heterojunction exhibited enhanced photoelectrochemical and photocathodic protection performances, which was confirmed by the electrochemical measurements. The heterojunction achieved a duration of 6.5h to protect the Mg-Ni couple from galvanic corrosion, representing a tenfold enhancement compared with the uncoupled Mg/Ni electrode. These findings demonstrate the great potential of constructing a unique Z-scheme heterojunction with a sizeable interfacial contact area to enhance the PCP capability of metals.

The effect of magnetic nanofilm morphology on spintronic terahertz emission performance

Femtosecond laser-driven spintronic terahertz (THz) emitters based on magnetic nanofilms are poised to be the next-generation mainstream THz radiation devices due to their low cost, high performance, ultra-broadband, and easy integration. The radiation performance of spintronic THz emitters is related to the material characteristics, heterostructure interfaces, pump laser, and magnetic field intensity. Additionally, the THz emission performance is greatly reliant on the material surface morphology. Here, we employed ultrafast THz scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy with nanoscale spatial resolution to obtain the static THz scattering nano-imaging of ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic heterostructures (W/Co20Fe60B20/IrMn3). We established the relationship between surface morphology and THz scattering intensity. Utilizing laser-induced THz emission technology, we achieve injection and detection of nanoscale ultrafast spin current without the external magnetic field. The strong consistency of the THz emission nanoscopy with the atomic force microscopy topography demonstrates that the sample surface morphology is critical to the THz radiation performance. This study serves as a valuable reference for the further optimization of spintronic THz emitters and promotes the development of high-performance, strong-field spintronic THz sources.

Emerging Chirality and Moiré Dynamics in Twisted Layered Material Heterostructures.

Moiré superstructures arising at twisted 2D interfaces have recently attracted the attention of the scientific community due to exotic quantum states and unique mechanical and tribological behaviors that they exhibit. Here, we predict the emergence of chiral distortions in twisted layered interfaces of finite dimensions. This phenomenon originates in intricate interplay between interfacial interactions and contact boundary constraints. A metric termed the fractional chiral area is introduced to quantify the overall chirality of the moiré superstructure and to characterize its spatial distribution. Despite the equilibrium nature of the discovered energetic and structural chirality effects, they are shown to be manifested in the twisting dynamics of layered interfaces, which demonstrates a continuous transition from stick-slip to smooth rotation with no external trigger.

Investigation of Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Evolution in Pure Copper with Dual Heterostructures Produced by Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment

Heterostructured materials consist of heterogeneous zones with dramatic variations in mechanical properties, and have attracted extensive attention due to their superior performance. Various heterostructured materials have been widely investigated in recent years. In the present study, a combination of two different types of heterogeneous structures, a surface bimodal structure and gradient structure, was designed using the traditional surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) method in pure copper, and the mechanical properties and microstructural evolution of dual-heterostructure Cu were studied in depth. In total, 100 stainless steel balls with a diameter of 6 mm were utilized to impact the specimen surface at room temperature for a short period of time. In this work, the sample surface was divided into hard areas and soft areas, along with a roughly 90 μm gradient structure in the cross-sectional direction after 30 s of SMAT processing. After the partial SMAT processing, lasting 30 s, the strength increased to 158.0 MPa and a considerable ductility of 25.7% was sustained, which overcomes the strength–ductility trade-off. The loading–unloading–reloading (LUR) test was utilized to measure the HDI stress, and the result showed that the HDI stress of the partial SMAT sample was much higher than the annealed one, especially for the Cu-SMAT-30S specimen, the strength of which increased from 80.4 MPa to 153.8 MPa during the tensile test. An in situ digital image correlation (DIC) investigation demonstrated that the strain developed stably in the Cu-SMAT-10S specimen. Furthermore, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was carried out to study the microstructural evolution after partial SMAT processing; the KAM value increased to 0.34 for the Cu-SMAT-10S specimen. This research provides insights for the effective combination of superior strength and good ductility in dual-heterostructure materials.

Ultrafast Charge Transfer-Induced Unusual Nonlinear Optical Response in ReSe2/ReS2 Heterostructure.

Ultrafast charge transfer in van der Waals heterostructures can effectively engineer the optical and electrical properties of two-dimensional semiconductors for designing photonic and optoelectronic devices. However, the nonlinear absorption conversion dynamics with the pump intensity and the underlying physical mechanisms in a type-II heterostructure remain largely unexplored, yet hold considerable potential for all-optical logic gates. Herein, two-dimensional ReSe2/ReS2 heterostructure is designed to realize an unusual transition from reverse saturable absorption to saturable absorption (SA) with a conversion pump intensity threshold of approximately 170 GW/cm2. Such an intriguing phenomenon is attributed to the decrease of two-photon absorption (TPA) of ReS2 and the increase of SA of ReSe2 with the pump intensity. Based on the characterization results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, femtosecond transient absorption spectrum, Kelvin probe force microscopy, and density functional theory calculation, a type-II charge-transfer-energy level model is proposed combined with the TPA of ReS2 and SA of ReSe2 processes. The results reveal the critical role of ultrafast interfacial charge transfer in tuning the unusual nonlinear absorption and improving the SA of ReSe2/ReS2 under different excitation wavelengths. Our finding deepens the understanding of nonlinear absorption physical mechanisms in two-dimensional heterostructure materials, which may further diversify the nonlinear optical materials and photonic devices.

CNTs/lamellar VSe2/Fe3O4 self-assembled a variety of unique three-dimensional multilayer interface structures and microwave absorption properties

Fabrication of microwave absorption (MA) materials of matched small thickness, low density, broad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB), as well as high absorption performance remains a technical challenge to be solved today. In this paper, three-dimensional (3D) VSe2/CNTs/Fe3O4 ternary composites with a variety of self-assembled structures were fabricated by a two-step hydrothermal and one-step carbothermal reduction method. Via varying the content of Fe3O4 in the composites, different 3D multilayer interfacial structures, such as star fruit-, bitter melon-, goldfish-, starfish-, peony- and chrysanthemum-shaped structures were self-assembled, and excellent MA absorption characteristics were obtained. The best reflection loss (RLmin) was −50.96 dB at 1.8 mm thickness. The maximum EAB was 4.93 GHz at 2.0 mm thickness. Carbon nanotubes mainly contributed to conduction and polarization losses. In situ generated VSe2 nanosheets and Fe3O4 nanoparticles promoted the assembly of multilevel interfacial structures, thus contributing to interfacial polarization loss and dipole polarization loss. Fe3O4 also created magnetic losses. This study lays the foundation for fabricating highly efficient MA materials in special self-assembled heterostructures with ternary synergistic effects at the nanoscale.

Regeneration and Single Stage Batch Adsorber Design for Efficient Basic Blue-41 Dye Removal by Porous Clay Heterostructures Prepared from Al13 Montmorillonite and Pillared Derivatives.

Porous clay heterostructures are a hybrid precursor between the pillaring process and organoclays. In this study, the organoclay was substituted by an aluminium intercalated species clay or pillared alumina clays. A porous clay heterostructure was successfully achieved from an aluminium intercalated species clay, due to the easy exchange of the aluminium species by the cosurfactant and silica species. However, using alumina pillared clays, the porous clay heterostructures were not formed; the alumina species were strongly attached to clay sheets which made difficult their exchange with cosurfactant molecules. In this case, the silica species were polymerized and decorated the surface of the used materials as indicated by different characterization techniques. The specific surface area of the porous clay heterostructure material reached 880 m2/g, and total pore volume of 0.258 cc/g, while the decorated silica alumina pillared clays exhibited lower specific surface area values of 244-440 m2/g and total pore volume of 0.315 to 0.157 cc/g. The potential of the synthesized materials was evaluated as a basic blue-41 dye removal agent. Porous clay heterostructure material has a removal capacity of 279 mg/g; while the other materials exhibited lower removal capacities between 75 mg/g and 165 mg/g. The used regeneration method was related to the acidity of the studied materials. The acidity of the materials possessed an impact on the adopted regeneration procedure in this study, the removal efficiency was maintained at 80% of the original performance after three successive regeneration cycles for the porous clay heterostructure. The Langmuir isotherm characteristics were used to propose a single-stage batch design. Porous clay heterostructures with a higher removal capacity resulted in a decrease in the quantities needed to achieve the target removal percentage of the BB-41 dye from an aqueous solution.

Enhanced degradation of venlafaxine induced by Fe2O3/CeO2 heterostructures through the thermal transformation from type I to direct Z-scheme in heterogeneous photo-Fenton

Heterostructures based on Fe2O3/CeO2 were synthesized by coprecipitating iron and cerium salts, with 70 % and 50 % atomic percentage of iron, and heat treatment at 600 and 800 °C (Fe70Ce600, Fe50Ce600, Fe70Ce800, Fe50Ce800). The catalytic activity in the Fenton and photo-Fenton process was evaluated in the degradation of venlafaxine (VEN) using UV/Vis LEDs. Treatment at 800 °C promoted greater crystallinity, increased crystallite size, decreased specific area, and high absorption between 200 and 600 nm, and bandgap energy (Eg) between 1.6 and 3.0 eV were observed. The heat treatment promoted different mechanisms in heterostructure materials with type I (straddling) schemes for Fe70Ce600 and Fe50Ce600, type II for Fe50Ce800, and direct Z for Fe70Ce800 responsible for generating a higher concentration of HO• radicals, high oxidation-reduction power (Fe2+/Fe3+) and (Ce4+/Ce3+), greater effective separation of charge carriers, providing improved catalytic activity due to the synergy between heterogeneous photocatalysis and photo-Fenton processes. LC-MS/MS analysis identified 12 transformation products (TPs), involving hydroxylation reactions, demethylation, and loss of cyclohexanol. The transformation products TP2 and TP9 were exclusive to Fe70Ce800, confirming different mechanisms among the heterostructures.

Enhanced cryogenic mechanical properties of heterostructured CrCoNi multicomponent alloy: Insights from in-situ neutron diffraction

Heterostructured materials (HSMs) has been shown to improve the strength-ductility trade-off of conventional alloys but their cryogenic performance has not been studied during real-time deformation. We investigated heterostructured CrCoNi medium-entropy alloy by in-situ neutron diffraction at cryogenic (77 K) and room (293 K) temperatures. The significant mechanical mismatch at interfaces between fine and coarse grains, due to pronounced grain size disparity, resulted in exceptional yield strength of 918 MPa at 293 K. The yield strength further increased to 1244 MPa at 77 K with an excellent uniform elongation of 34 %. The exceptional strength–ductility combination at 77 K can be attributed to enhanced geometrically necessary dislocation pile-up density boosted from high-mechanical mismatch interfaces, as well as higher planar faults, and martensitic phase transformation. Comparison with homogenous counterparts demonstrates the potential of HSMs as a new strategy to improve the mechanical performance of different materials, including medium-/high-entropy alloys for cryogenic applications.

Engineering intervention to disrupt the evolution of ZIF-67: Ultra-fast synthesis of arrayed Co(OH)2@ZIF-L in dozens of seconds for high-energy charge storage

Designing rational heterostructures of high-performance electroactive materials on conductive substrates with hierarchical structures is critical for advancing electrochemical energy storage technologies. In this study, a unique spatial structure is fabricated by vertically aligning two-dimensional (2D) structures of Co-ZIF-L on conductive nickel foam (NF) substrate through interruption of ZIF-67 formation. This is followed by an innovative electrochemical synthesis method that disrupts unstable surface coordination bonds in Co-ZIF-L, enabling the in-situ generation of Co(OH)2. The resulting Co(OH)2@ZIF-L/NF binder-free electrodes feature a hierarchical spatial structure and are synthesized in approximately 30 s. These electrodes showcase exceptional area capacity of 3.1 C cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2, attributed to their high specific surface area and layered architecture that promotes electrolyte penetration. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the Co(OH)2@ZIF-L nanostructures have superior electrical conductivity compared to the individual components. Furthermore, a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) based on Co(OH)2@ZIF-L/NF//AC exhibits an impressive energy density of 42 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 184.7 W kg−1. This research provides new insights into the efficient synthesis of high-performance electroactive materials with unique spatial structures and expands the potential applications of ZIF materials.

Recent Developments on Novel 2D Materials for Emerging Neuromorphic Computing Devices

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligent and information technology has led to a critical need for extremely low power consumption and excellent efficiency. The capacity of neuromorphic computing to handle large amounts of data with low power consumption has garnered a lot of interest during the last few decades. For neuromorphic applications, 2D layered semiconductor materials have shown a pivotal role due to their distinctive properties. This comprehensive review provides an extensive study of the recent advancements in 2D materials‐based neuromorphic devices especially in multiterminal synaptic devices, two‐terminal synaptic devices, neuronal devices, and the integration of synaptic and neuronal devices. Herein, a wide range of potential applications of memory, computation, adaptation, and artificial intelligence is incorporated. Finally, the limitations and challenges of neuromorphic devices based on novel 2D materials are discussed. Thus, this review aims to illuminate the design and fabrication of neuromorphic devices based on van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure materials, leveraging promising engineering techniques to excel the applications and potential of neuromorphic computing for hardware implementations.

A Stable Perovskite Sensitized Photonic Crystal P-N Junction with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production.

The slow photon effect in inverse opal photonic crystals represents a promising approach to manipulate the interactions between light and matter through the design of material structures. This study introduces a novel ordered inverse opal photonic crystal (IOPC) sensitized with perovskite quantum dots (PQDs), demonstrating its efficacy for efficient visible-light-driven H2 generation via water splitting. The rational structural design contributes to enhanced light harvesting. The sensitization of the IOPC with PQDs improves optical response performance and enhances photocatalytic H2 generation under visible light irradiation compared to the IOPC alone. The designed photoanode exhibits a photocurrent density of 3.42 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs RHE. This work advances the rational design of visible light-responsive photocatalytic heterostructure materials based on wide band gap metal oxides for photoelectrochemical applications.

Functionalization of ionic liquids for heterogeneous catalysis in CO2 conversion: Cycloaddition of epoxides and hydrogenation

The mitigation of environmental impacts caused by greenhouse gas emissions has become increasingly urgent, and the use of CO2 as a primary carbon source is an alternative in chemical transformations, including the synthesis of organic carbonates, formic acid, or methanol. This work aims to synthesize ionic liquids from the imidazolium cation family to be used in the cycloaddition of CO2 with ILs anchored in SiO2-clay heterostructure, MCM-41 and KIT-6 mesoporous materials, as well as the hydrogenation of CO2 with ILs added to ruthenium complexes, i.e., two catalytic systems. The most satisfactory result for CO2 cycloaddition (TON PC = 226) was obtained using the IL (MeO)3Sipmim.Cl anchored in SiO2-clay heterostructure (0.16 mol%) as the catalyst and ZnBr2 (0.04 mol%) as the co-catalyst. The hydrogenation was conducted with the IL (edaO)3Sipmim.Cl and the ruthenium complex Ru-PNN were not successful, but with co-catalyst PEHA, formic acid/formamide was produced (TON Form = 552). The unique catalytic system that showed activity for forming methanol was the commercial Ru-MACHO, Ru-C29H30ClNOP2, (TON MeOH = 3.3). These results highlight the potential of ruthenium-based complexes and supported ionic liquids as active systems in CO2 conversion.

Broadband nonlinear refraction transients in C-doped GaN based on absorption spectroscopy

Optical nonlinear response and its dynamics of wide-bandgap materials are key to realizing integrated nonlinear photonics and photonic circuit applications. However, those applications are severely limited by the unavailability of both dispersion and dynamics of nonlinear refraction (NLR) via conventional measurements. In this work, the broadband NLR dynamics with extremely high sensitivity (λ/1000) can be obtained from absorption spectroscopy in GaN:C using the refraction-related interference model. Both the absorption and refraction kinetics are found to be significantly modulated by the C-related defects. Especially, we demonstrate that the refractive index change Δn of GaN:C is negative and can be used to realize all-optical switching applications owing to the large NLR and ultrafast switching time. The NLR under different non-equilibrium carrier distributions originates from the capture of electrons by CN+ defect state, while the absorption modulation originates from the excitation of tri-carbon defects. We believe that this work provides a better understanding of the GaN:C nonlinear properties and an effective solution to broadband NLR dynamics of transparent thin films or heterostructure materials.

Electric transport and topological properties of binary heterostructures in topological insulators

The design of devices with coupled hybrid structures offers an approach to creating synthetic topological materials. This work discusses the topological and transport properties of low-dimensional binary heterostructures of topological and trivial materials. By adjusting the parameters of each component, we control the global topological properties to enhance tunneling and optimize the transmission of the topological edge states (TES). Considering a one-dimensional tight-binding model, we build heterostructures of coupled chains employing Green’s functions (GF) formalism. We determine the topological characteristics of chains and couple them together, applying Dyson’s equation to generate the heterostructure. The intensity and decay length of the TES vary depending on the coupling parameters and the size of each chain. We investigate the topological diagrams phase using the energy bands of the periodic system and calculating the invariant from the Zak phase. Using cross-band condition, we derive analytical functions of the parameter space to get the phase topological diagram, which can be compared with the LDOS maps at zero energy. Finally, we calculate the differential conductance with the Keldysh GF technique to demonstrate the tunneling of the TES at the zero bias voltage and discuss potential design and experimental applications.

Hollow porous Co0.85Se/MoSe2@MXene heterostructured anode for sodium-ion hybrid capacitors

Metal selenides have garnered significant attention as promising anode materials for sodium-ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs), yet its sluggish reaction kinetics as the battery-type anodes pose a challenge for developing high power SIHCs when coupled with capacitor-type cathodes. To overcome this limitation, constructing heterostructured metal selenides anodes has emerged as a promising strategy to balance the reaction kinetics between two different types of electrodes. Herein, the hollow porous TA-Co0.85Se/MoSe2@MXene anode with multiple heterostructures for sodium storage has been engineered via facile double-etching and self-assembly approach. The well-tailored void space and abundant heterointerfaces may effectively mitigate volumetric changes and enhance structural stability. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that the local multilevel built-in electric fields induced by the heterointerfaces can effectively accelerate charge transfer and reduce the migration energy barrier of Na+, thus boosting the reaction kinetics. The fabricated anode demonstrates superior long-term cycling performance with a reversible capacity of 414 mA h/g after 1000 cycles at 1 A/g and remarkable rate capability of 425 mA h/g at 5 A/g. Benefiting from the ingenious structure and excellent sodium storage performance, the as-built SIHCs achieves an impressive energy density of 193 W h kg−1 and high power output of 18 kW kg−1 with outstanding capacitance retention of 90 % at 2 A/g after 10,000 cycles. This study provides valuable insights into the rational design of multiple heterostructured anode materials with multilevel built-in electric fields for high-performance SIHCs.

Unusual deformation mechanisms evoked by hetero-zone interaction in a heterostructured FCC high-entropy alloy

Understanding the synergistic mechanical effects of heterostructured materials remains challenging due to the complexities in the underlying deformation mechanisms, which are usually diverse, activated at different length scales and possibly interacting. Here, we unravel a deformation fundamental for heterostructures: in addition to the direct contribution on strength, hetero-zone interaction and the development of long-range internal stress could assist in evoking extra plastic mechanisms that are difficult to activate in their homogeneous counterparts. Specifically, the deformation of a heterostructure in Al0.1CoCrFeNi alloy, featuring nanostructured hard lamellae embedded in fine-grained soft matrix, is taken as an example for study. Drawing from experimental insights, the long-range internal stress buildup at elastoplastic transition stage due to intense dislocation pile-ups against hetero-zone boundary, which increases yield strength significantly, is theoretically analyzed. At the plastic stage, the high internal stress helps to activate phase transformation in the fine-grained zones, and the inter-zone constraint leads to form dispersed stable strain bands in the nanostructured zones. These extra mechanisms, together with enhanced deformation twinning, facilitate work hardening and coordinate the strain partitioning between zones, imparting improved ductility at high flow stress. These findings indicate a principle for heterostructural design: introducing strong hetero-zone interaction to enhance internal stress and thereby invoke new deformation mechanisms.

Large superconducting diode effect in ion-beam patterned Sn-based superconductor nanowire/topological Dirac semimetal planar heterostructures.

High-quality superconductor/topological material heterostructures are highly desired for realisation of topological superconductivity and Majorana physics. Here, we demonstrate a method to directly draw nanoscale superconducting β-Sn patterns in the plane of a topological Dirac semimetal (TDS) α-Sn thin film by irradiating a focused ion beam and taking advantage of the heat-driven phase transition of α-Sn into superconducting β-Sn. The β-Sn nanowires embedded in a TDS α-Sn thin film exhibit a large superconducting diode effect (SDE), whose rectification ratio η reaches a maximum of 35% when the magnetic field is applied parallel to the current. The results suggest that the SDE may occur at the α-Sn/β-Sn interfaces where the TDS α-Sn becomes superconducting by a proximity effect. Our work thus provides a universal platform for investigating quantum physics and devices based on topological superconducting circuits of any shape.